Ms. Susan M. PojerMs. Susan M. PojerModified – Teddi BakerModified – Teddi Baker

Ms. Susan M. PojerMs. Susan M. PojerModified – Teddi BakerModified – Teddi Baker

Essential Essential Question:Question:Essential Essential Question:Question:

Champion of Champion of the the

“Common “Common Man”?Man”?

““King”King”Andrew?Andrew?OROR

Voting Voting Requirements Requirements in the Early 19cin the Early 19c

Voting Voting Requirements Requirements in the Early 19cin the Early 19c

Voter Turnout: Voter Turnout: 1820 - 18601820 - 1860

Voter Turnout: Voter Turnout: 1820 - 18601820 - 1860

Campaigning “on Campaigning “on the Stump”the Stump”

Campaigning “on Campaigning “on the Stump”the Stump”

Why Increased Why Increased Democratization?Democratization?

Why Increased Why Increased Democratization?Democratization?3 White male suffrage White male suffrage increasedincreased

3 Party nominating committees.Party nominating committees.

3 Voters chose their state’s slate of Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential electors.Presidential electors.

3 Spoils systemSpoils system..

3 Rise of Rise of Third PartiesThird Parties..

3 Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, etc.)floats, etc.)

3 Two-party system Two-party system returned in the 1832 returned in the 1832 election:election:

Dem-Reps Dem-Reps Natl. Reps.(1828) Natl. Reps.(1828) WhigsWhigs (1832) (1832) Republicans (1854) Republicans (1854)

Democrats (1828)Democrats (1828)

Jackson’s First Jackson’s First Hermitage Hermitage ResidenceResidence

Jackson’s First Jackson’s First Hermitage Hermitage ResidenceResidence

First Known First Known Painting Painting

of Jackson, 1815of Jackson, 1815

First Known First Known Painting Painting

of Jackson, 1815of Jackson, 1815

General Jackson General Jackson During the During the

Seminole WarsSeminole Wars

General Jackson General Jackson During the During the

Seminole WarsSeminole Wars

The “The “Common Common Man’sMan’s””

Presidential Presidential CandidateCandidate

The “The “Common Common Man’sMan’s””

Presidential Presidential CandidateCandidate

Jackson’s Jackson’s Opponents in 1824Opponents in 1824

Jackson’s Jackson’s Opponents in 1824Opponents in 1824

Henry ClayHenry Clay[KY][KY]

John Quincy John Quincy AdamsAdams[MA][MA]

John C. John C. CalhounCalhoun

[SC][SC]

William H. CrawfordWilliam H. Crawford[GA][GA]

Results of the Results of the 1824 Election1824 ElectionResults of the Results of the 1824 Election1824 Election

AA

““CorrCorrupt upt

BargaBargainin??””

AA

““CorrCorrupt upt

BargaBargainin??””

Opposition to John Opposition to John Quincy AdamsQuincy Adams

Opposition to John Opposition to John Quincy AdamsQuincy Adams3 Some believed he allowed too much Some believed he allowed too much

political control to be held by elites.political control to be held by elites.

3 Some objected to his support of Some objected to his support of national economic development on national economic development on constitutional grounds.constitutional grounds.

Adams believed a strong, active Adams believed a strong, active central government was central government was necessary.necessary.

A national university.A national university.

An astronomical observatory.An astronomical observatory.

A naval academy.A naval academy.

3 Many Americans saw Adams’ vision Many Americans saw Adams’ vision of a might nation led by a strong of a might nation led by a strong president as a threat to individual president as a threat to individual liberties.liberties.

3 Some believed he allowed too much Some believed he allowed too much political control to be held by elites.political control to be held by elites.

3 Some objected to his support of Some objected to his support of national economic development on national economic development on constitutional grounds.constitutional grounds.

Adams believed a strong, active Adams believed a strong, active central government was central government was necessary.necessary.

A national university.A national university.

An astronomical observatory.An astronomical observatory.

A naval academy.A naval academy.

3 Many Americans saw Adams’ vision Many Americans saw Adams’ vision of a might nation led by a strong of a might nation led by a strong president as a threat to individual president as a threat to individual liberties.liberties.

Tariff BattlesTariff BattlesTariff BattlesTariff Battles3 Tariff of 1816 Tariff of 1816 on imports of cheap on imports of cheap

textiles.textiles.

3 Tariff of 1824 Tariff of 1824 on iron goods and on iron goods and more expensive woolen and cotton more expensive woolen and cotton imports.imports.

3 Tariff of 1828 Tariff of 1828 higher tariffs on higher tariffs on imported raw materials [like wool & imported raw materials [like wool & hemp].hemp].

Supported by Jacksonians to gain Supported by Jacksonians to gain votes from farmers in NY, OH, KY.votes from farmers in NY, OH, KY.

The South alone was adamantly The South alone was adamantly against it.against it.

As producers of the world’s cheapest As producers of the world’s cheapest cotton, it did not need a protective cotton, it did not need a protective tariff.tariff.

They were negatively impacted They were negatively impacted American textiles and iron goods [or American textiles and iron goods [or the taxed English goods] were more the taxed English goods] were more expensive!expensive!

3 Tariff of 1816 Tariff of 1816 on imports of cheap on imports of cheap textiles.textiles.

3 Tariff of 1824 Tariff of 1824 on iron goods and on iron goods and more expensive woolen and cotton more expensive woolen and cotton imports.imports.

3 Tariff of 1828 Tariff of 1828 higher tariffs on higher tariffs on imported raw materials [like wool & imported raw materials [like wool & hemp].hemp].

Supported by Jacksonians to gain Supported by Jacksonians to gain votes from farmers in NY, OH, KY.votes from farmers in NY, OH, KY.

The South alone was adamantly The South alone was adamantly against it.against it.

As producers of the world’s cheapest As producers of the world’s cheapest cotton, it did not need a protective cotton, it did not need a protective tariff.tariff.

They were negatively impacted They were negatively impacted American textiles and iron goods [or American textiles and iron goods [or the taxed English goods] were more the taxed English goods] were more expensive!expensive!

Votes in the House for the Votes in the House for the “Tariff of Abomination”“Tariff of Abomination”

Votes in the House for the Votes in the House for the “Tariff of Abomination”“Tariff of Abomination”

Land & Indian Land & Indian PoliciesPolicies

Land & Indian Land & Indian PoliciesPolicies3 John Quincy Adams:John Quincy Adams:

His land policies gave westerners His land policies gave westerners anothr reason to dislike him.anothr reason to dislike him.

He attempted to curb speculation for He attempted to curb speculation for public lands public lands his opponent accused his opponent accused him of denying their individual rights him of denying their individual rights and freedoms to expand westward!and freedoms to expand westward!

He supported the land rights of He supported the land rights of Native Americans against white Native Americans against white settlers.settlers.

1825 1825 govt. officials negotiated a govt. officials negotiated a treaty with a group of Creek Indians treaty with a group of Creek Indians to cede their land rights to GA.to cede their land rights to GA.

The Creek Indians appealed to Adams The Creek Indians appealed to Adams to renounce the treaty.to renounce the treaty.

Congress sided with the governor of Congress sided with the governor of GA.GA.

3 John Quincy Adams:John Quincy Adams: His land policies gave westerners His land policies gave westerners

anothr reason to dislike him.anothr reason to dislike him.

He attempted to curb speculation for He attempted to curb speculation for public lands public lands his opponent accused his opponent accused him of denying their individual rights him of denying their individual rights and freedoms to expand westward!and freedoms to expand westward!

He supported the land rights of He supported the land rights of Native Americans against white Native Americans against white settlers.settlers.

1825 1825 govt. officials negotiated a govt. officials negotiated a treaty with a group of Creek Indians treaty with a group of Creek Indians to cede their land rights to GA.to cede their land rights to GA.

The Creek Indians appealed to Adams The Creek Indians appealed to Adams to renounce the treaty.to renounce the treaty.

Congress sided with the governor of Congress sided with the governor of GA.GA.

The 1828 ElectionThe 1828 ElectionThe 1828 ElectionThe 1828 Election3 Jackson’s campaign was engineered Jackson’s campaign was engineered

by Senator Martin Van Buren of NYby Senator Martin Van Buren of NY

He wanted to recreate the old He wanted to recreate the old Jeffersonian coalition of:Jeffersonian coalition of:

Northern farmers and artisans.Northern farmers and artisans.

Southern slave owners.Southern slave owners.

Farmers with small land holdings.Farmers with small land holdings.

He created the Democratic Party He created the Democratic Party from the remains of Jefferson’s old from the remains of Jefferson’s old party:party:

Created a national committee that Created a national committee that oversaw local and state party oversaw local and state party units.units.

Mass meetings, parades, picnics.Mass meetings, parades, picnics.

A lot of political mudslinging on both A lot of political mudslinging on both sides.sides.

3 Jackson’s campaign was engineered Jackson’s campaign was engineered by Senator Martin Van Buren of NYby Senator Martin Van Buren of NY

He wanted to recreate the old He wanted to recreate the old Jeffersonian coalition of:Jeffersonian coalition of:

Northern farmers and artisans.Northern farmers and artisans.

Southern slave owners.Southern slave owners.

Farmers with small land holdings.Farmers with small land holdings.

He created the Democratic Party He created the Democratic Party from the remains of Jefferson’s old from the remains of Jefferson’s old party:party:

Created a national committee that Created a national committee that oversaw local and state party oversaw local and state party units.units.

Mass meetings, parades, picnics.Mass meetings, parades, picnics.

A lot of political mudslinging on both A lot of political mudslinging on both sides.sides.

Rachel JacksonRachel JacksonRachel JacksonRachel Jackson

Final Divorce DecreeFinal Divorce Decree

Jackson in Jackson in Mourning for His Mourning for His

WifeWife

Jackson in Jackson in Mourning for His Mourning for His

WifeWife

1828 Election 1828 Election ResultsResults

1828 Election 1828 Election ResultsResults

The The Center of Center of Population Population in thein theCountry Moves Country Moves

WESTWEST

The The Center of Center of Population Population in thein theCountry Moves Country Moves

WESTWEST

The New The New “Jackson “Jackson Coalition”Coalition”

The New The New “Jackson “Jackson Coalition”Coalition”3 The Planter Elite in the SouthThe Planter Elite in the South

3 People on the FrontierPeople on the Frontier

3 Artisans [competition from Artisans [competition from factory labor].factory labor].

3 State Politicians State Politicians spoils systemspoils system To the victor belong the spoils

of the enemy! [William Marcy of NY]

3 Immigrants in the cities.Immigrants in the cities.

Jackson as Satan Jackson as Satan Dangles the Spoils of Dangles the Spoils of

Victory over his Victory over his SupportersSupporters

Jackson as Satan Jackson as Satan Dangles the Spoils of Dangles the Spoils of

Victory over his Victory over his SupportersSupporters

Jackson’s Faith Jackson’s Faith in the in the “Common “Common

Man”Man”

Jackson’s Faith Jackson’s Faith in the in the “Common “Common

Man”Man”3 Intense distrust of EasternIntense distrust of Eastern“establishment,” “establishment,” monopolies, & special monopolies, & special privilege.privilege.

3 His heart & soul was with His heart & soul was with thethe“plain folk.”“plain folk.”

3 Belief that the common man Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon was capable of uncommon achievements.achievements.

The Reign of “King The Reign of “King Mob”Mob”

The Reign of “King The Reign of “King Mob”Mob”

Andrew Jackson as Andrew Jackson as PresidentPresident

Andrew Jackson as Andrew Jackson as PresidentPresident

The The “Peggy Eaton “Peggy Eaton Affair”Affair”

The The “Peggy Eaton “Peggy Eaton Affair”Affair”

The The Webster-Webster-Hayne DebateHayne DebateThe The Webster-Webster-Hayne DebateHayne Debate

Sen. Daniel Sen. Daniel WebsterWebster

[MA][MA]

Sen. Robert Sen. Robert

HayneHayne[SC][SC]

• One of the most momentous debates in Senate history began over a plan to curtail western land sales.

• Senators from western states viewed this proposal by a Connecticut senator as a cynical scheme to preserve for northeastern manufacturing interests a cheap labor supply that might otherwise be lured away by the beckoning opportunities of plentiful western lands.

• Senator Robert Hayne of South Carolina saw in this developing Northeast-West dispute an opportunity to build a political alliance between the South and the West.

• Hayne shared the view of southern planters that an agricultural system built on slavery could only survive with an unlimited supply of cheap western lands.

• Hayne began the debate in this chamber on January 19, 1830.

• He contended that states, not the federal government, should control their lands and that states should have the right to set aside certain federal laws if they wished.

• Daniel Webster of Massachusetts, the Senate's leading orator, responded by challenging the South's apparent willingness to subvert the Union for regional economic gain.

• In doing so, he broadened the debate beyond land, tariffs, and slavery to a consideration of the very nature of the federal republic.

• Maintaining that the North had always been the West's ally, Webster successfully shifted the debate to one of states' rights versus national power.

• When Hayne again argued that a state had the right to openly defy an act of Congress, Webster returned on January 26 and 27 with his classic "Second Reply to Hayne."

• The chamber was jammed beyond reasonable capacity as Webster, using his organ-like voice to great effect,– thundered that the nation was not a mere association

of sovereign states, but a "popular government, erected by the people;

– those who administer it responsible to the people; – and itself capable of being amended and modified, just

as the people may choose it should be."

Overnight, the Massachusetts senator became a major national figure, respected by his many friends and enemies alike.

The Senate shelved the land sales resolution, and chances of an alliance between the South and West evaporated.

1830183018301830 WebsterWebster::

Liberty and Union, now Liberty and Union, now andand forever, one and forever, one and inseparable.inseparable. JacksonJackson:: Our Federal Union—it must Our Federal Union—it must bebe preserved. preserved.

CalhounCalhoun:: The Union, next to our The Union, next to our liberty,liberty, most dear. most dear.

Calhoun Ascends the Calhoun Ascends the Platform that Leads Platform that Leads

to Despotismto Despotism

Calhoun Ascends the Calhoun Ascends the Platform that Leads Platform that Leads

to Despotismto Despotism

1832 Tariff 1832 Tariff ConflictConflict

1832 Tariff 1832 Tariff ConflictConflict

3 1832 --> new tariff1832 --> new tariff

3 South Carolina’s South Carolina’s reactionreaction??

3 Jackson’s responseJackson’s response??

3 Clay’s “Compromise” Clay’s “Compromise” TariffTariff??

Clays Sews Up Clays Sews Up Jackson’s Mouth Jackson’s Mouth (1834)(1834)

Clays Sews Up Clays Sews Up Jackson’s Mouth Jackson’s Mouth (1834)(1834)

Indian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian Removal3 Jackson’s GoalJackson’s Goal??

3 1830 1830 Indian Removal ActIndian Removal Act

3 Cherokee Nation v. GACherokee Nation v. GA (1831)(1831) ** “domestic dependent “domestic dependent nation”nation”

3 Worcester v. GAWorcester v. GA (1832)(1832)

3 Jackson:Jackson: John Marshall has made hisJohn Marshall has made his decision, now let him decision, now let him enforce enforce it! it!

The Cherokee The Cherokee Nation After 1820Nation After 1820

The Cherokee The Cherokee Nation After 1820Nation After 1820

Indian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian Removal

The Grand National The Grand National Caravan Moving WestCaravan Moving WestThe Grand National The Grand National

Caravan Moving WestCaravan Moving West

Trail of Tears Trail of Tears (1838-1839)(1838-1839)Trail of Tears Trail of Tears (1838-1839)(1838-1839)

Jackson’s Jackson’s Professed “Love” Professed “Love”

forforNative AmericansNative Americans

Jackson’s Jackson’s Professed “Love” Professed “Love”

forforNative AmericansNative Americans

Jackson’s Use of Jackson’s Use of Federal PowerFederal Power

Jackson’s Use of Jackson’s Use of Federal PowerFederal Power

VETOVETO

1830 1830 Maysville RoadMaysville Road projectproject in KY [state of his in KY [state of his political rival, Henry political rival, Henry Clay] Clay]

The National Bank The National Bank DebateDebate

The National Bank The National Bank DebateDebate

NicholasNicholasBiddleBiddle

[an arrogant aristocrat from Philadelphia]

PresidentPresidentJacksonJackson

Opposition to the Opposition to the 22ndnd B.U.S. B.U.S.

Opposition to the Opposition to the 22ndnd B.U.S. B.U.S.

“Soft”(paper) $

“Soft”(paper) $

“Hard”(specie) $

“Hard”(specie) $

3 state bankers state bankers feltfeltit restrained it restrained theirtheirbanks from banks from issuingissuingbank notes bank notes freely.freely.

3 supported rapid supported rapid

economic economic growth growth & speculation.& speculation.

3 felt that coin was felt that coin was

the only safethe only safecurrency.currency.

3 didn’t like any didn’t like any bankbankthat issued bankthat issued banknotes.notes.

3 suspicious of suspicious of expansion &expansion &speculation.speculation.

The “Monster” Is The “Monster” Is Destroyed!Destroyed!

The “Monster” Is The “Monster” Is Destroyed!Destroyed!

3 ““Pet Banks”Pet Banks”

3 1832 1832 Jackson Jackson vetoed the vetoed the extension of the 2extension of the 2ndnd National Bank of the National Bank of the United States.United States.

3 1836 1836 the charter the charter expired.expired.

3 1841 1841 the bank went the bank went bankrupt!bankrupt!

The Downfall of The Downfall of “Mother Bank”“Mother Bank”The Downfall of The Downfall of “Mother Bank”“Mother Bank”

The Bank & the The Bank & the 1832 Election1832 Election

The Bank & the The Bank & the 1832 Election1832 Election3 Jackson saw Biddle’s pushing Jackson saw Biddle’s pushing

forward a bill to renew the Bank’s forward a bill to renew the Bank’s charter earlier as an attempt to charter earlier as an attempt to block his re-election!block his re-election!

Biddle & his associates preferred Biddle & his associates preferred Clay.Clay.

Jackson refused to sign the bill to Jackson refused to sign the bill to re-charter.re-charter.

The Bank is trying to destroy me, The Bank is trying to destroy me, but I will destroy it!but I will destroy it!

Jackson drops Calhoun and runs Jackson drops Calhoun and runs with Martin Van Buren.with Martin Van Buren.

BUT, both parties [Democrats & BUT, both parties [Democrats & Whigs] had contradictory positions Whigs] had contradictory positions regarding their party principles, to regarding their party principles, to many of the issues of the day!many of the issues of the day!

3 Jackson saw Biddle’s pushing Jackson saw Biddle’s pushing forward a bill to renew the Bank’s forward a bill to renew the Bank’s charter earlier as an attempt to charter earlier as an attempt to block his re-election!block his re-election!

Biddle & his associates preferred Biddle & his associates preferred Clay.Clay.

Jackson refused to sign the bill to Jackson refused to sign the bill to re-charter.re-charter.

The Bank is trying to destroy me, The Bank is trying to destroy me, but I will destroy it!but I will destroy it!

Jackson drops Calhoun and runs Jackson drops Calhoun and runs with Martin Van Buren.with Martin Van Buren.

BUT, both parties [Democrats & BUT, both parties [Democrats & Whigs] had contradictory positions Whigs] had contradictory positions regarding their party principles, to regarding their party principles, to many of the issues of the day!many of the issues of the day!

An An 1832 1832 CartoCartoon:on:

““KingKingAndreAndrew”w”??

An An 1832 1832 CartoCartoon:on:

““KingKingAndreAndrew”w”??

Positions on the Key Positions on the Key Issues of 1832Issues of 1832

Positions on the Key Positions on the Key Issues of 1832Issues of 1832WHIGSWHIGS DEMOCRATSDEMOCRATS

• Less concerned about the Less concerned about the widening gap between rich widening gap between rich and poor.and poor.

• Opposed “liberal capitalism” Opposed “liberal capitalism” because they believed it because they believed it would lead to economic would lead to economic chaos.chaos.

• Strong national govt. to Strong national govt. to coordinate the expanding coordinate the expanding economy was critical.economy was critical.

• Opposes Indian removal.Opposes Indian removal.• Favored tariffs.Favored tariffs.• Supported a National Bank.Supported a National Bank.

• Felt the widening gap Felt the widening gap between rich and poor was between rich and poor was alarming.alarming.

• Believed that bankers, Believed that bankers, merchants, and speculators merchants, and speculators were “non-producers” who were “non-producers” who used their govt. connections used their govt. connections to line their own pockets.to line their own pockets.

• Govt. should have a hands-Govt. should have a hands-off approach to the economy off approach to the economy to allow the little guy a to allow the little guy a chance to prosper.chance to prosper.

• For Indian removal.For Indian removal.• Oppose tariffs.Oppose tariffs.• States’ rights.States’ rights.• Oppose federal support for Oppose federal support for

internal improvements.internal improvements.• Opposed the National Bank.Opposed the National Bank.

1832 Election 1832 Election ResultsResults

1832 Election 1832 Election ResultsResults

The 1836 Election The 1836 Election ResultsResults

The 1836 Election The 1836 Election ResultsResults

Martin Van Martin Van BurenBuren

““Old Old Kinderhook”Kinderhook”

[O. K.][O. K.]

The Specie The Specie Circular (1836)Circular (1836)

The Specie The Specie Circular (1836)Circular (1836)3 Speculators created Speculators created

“wildcat banks” “wildcat banks” that that fueled the runaway fueled the runaway inflation.inflation.

3 So, buy future federal So, buy future federal land only with gold or land only with gold or silver.silver. This move shocked the This move shocked the

system.system.

3 Jackson’s goal Jackson’s goal to curb to curb the land speculation.the land speculation.

Results of the Results of the Specie CircularSpecie CircularResults of the Results of the Specie CircularSpecie Circular$ Banknotes loose their Banknotes loose their value.value.

$ Land sales plummeted.Land sales plummeted.

$ Credit not available.Credit not available.

$ Businesses began to fail.Businesses began to fail.

$ Unemployment rose.Unemployment rose.

The Panic of 1837!The Panic of 1837!

The Panic of 1837 The Panic of 1837 Hits Everyone!Hits Everyone!

The Panic of 1837 The Panic of 1837 Hits Everyone!Hits Everyone!

The Panic of 1837 The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!Spreads Quickly!The Panic of 1837 The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!Spreads Quickly!

Andrew Jackson in Andrew Jackson in RetirementRetirement

Andrew Jackson in Andrew Jackson in RetirementRetirement

Photo of Andrew Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844Jackson in 1844

(one year before his (one year before his death)death)

Photo of Andrew Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844Jackson in 1844

(one year before his (one year before his death)death)

1767 - 18451767 - 1845