Ms. Darlene TempeltonJanuary, 2010

Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain

Henry VIII of England

Population increases following the Black Death of the 15th century

Increased urban population Increasing number of people in the

“Middle Class” More people, both male and female,

who are literate in the vernacular

Emphasis on the individual Humanism Interest in Classical literature and

art

Problems

Rule of celibacy largely ignored No standardized education for

priests Simony common Pluralism and absenteeism

After the Fall of the Roman Empire in the West, the popes had taken on increased political and civil responsibilities

The Papal states were established in 756, giving the popes political control over central Italy

The height of Papal power and authority had taken place in the early 13th century with the pontificate of Pope Innocent III

The Avignon Papacy1309 - 1378

1378 – 1417 Two popes; later three! Ended with Council of Constance conciliarism

The Beginning of the Protestant Reformation

Born 1483 in Eisleben, Germany

Studied law at University of Erfurt

Enters the Augustinian monastery at Erfurt in 1505

Ordained a priest in 1507

Received a PhD in theology in 1513 at Wittenberg University

Becomes a professor of theology at Wittenberg

Archbishop Albrecht of Mainz

Pope Leo X

When your coin into the coffer

ringsAnother soul from

purgatory to heaven springs!

Johann Tetzel

Luther’s arguments against the Catholic teachings on indulgences

“Sola Fidei” – salvation comes from faith alone

“Sola Scriptura” – religious authority rests in the Bible alone

“Sola Gratia” – salvation comes from God’s grace

“Sola Christus” – Christ alone is the mediator between God and humanity

“Priesthood of all Believers” – all are equal by virtue of their baptism

Only two sacraments have been divinely founded – baptism and Lord’s Supper

All vocations have equal value

“Here I stand. I can do no other. God help me!”

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V

Frederick, the Elector of Saxony

Luther as Junker Jorge

Luther’s hidden room at Wartburg where he translated the New Testament to German

The Small Catechism (1529) The Large Catechism (1529) Luther’s German Bible (1534) The Augsburg Confession (1530)

Philip Melanchthon The Augsburg Confession

Luther’s Tomb

The Catholic Church was in need of reform The Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, was

more concerned with the threat of a Turkish invasion than with dealing with heresy

Luther had the support of local German princes, such as the Elector of Saxony

German princes wished to have authority over their local church and were resentful of paying taxes to Rome

The emphasis on Scripture reading and a more democratic style of church government appealed to the educated laity

The Reformation in Zurich

Catholic priest Pastor at

Grossmunster Church, Zurich

Influenced by the writings of Erasmus and Luther

Awesome preacher who studied the Bible texts in their ancient languages

Zwingli

Baptism is a sign of God’s Covenant, but does not take away Original Sin

Denies the Real Presence in the Eucharist (memorialism)

The State governs with Divine sanction – both Church and State are governed by God

Luther and Zwingli -1529

The Reformed Church

Born in Noyon, France in 1509

Studied law at Orleans Studied theology at

Bourges Had a conversion

experience and became a Protestant

Fled France for Switzerland Settled in Geneva, where

he became the leader of the Reformed community there

Calvin’s explanation of Reformed teachings

T Total Depravity

U Unconditional election

L Limited atonement

I Irresistible Grace

P Perseverance of the saints

Christ is spiritually present in the Eucharist

Scripture as authoritative Democratic church government –

presbyters Church should be purified of all non-

Biblical elements No separation of Church and State –

establishment of the City of God on earth

Calvin’s writings had a greater impact on the

future of Protestant thought

than did the writings of any other reformer, including Luther

PuritansPuritans in England Presbyterians Presbyterians in Scotland HuguenotsHuguenots in France The Dutch ReformedThe Dutch Reformed in the Netherlands German ReformedGerman Reformed in the Holy Roman

Empire

The Anglican Church of England and, later, the Methodist and Baptist Churches were also strongly influenced by Calvinist thought

Henry VIII, Elizabeth I and the Reformation in England

The Reformation in England The Reformation in England was different from the was different from the Reformation on the Continent Reformation on the Continent in that it took place over in that it took place over politicalpolitical, not , not theologicaltheological, , issuesissues

Catherine of Aragon married Henry VIII after having been married to his older brother Arthur

Henry wanted to marry Anne after Catherine failed to produce a son

The pope refused to make a decision concerning Henry’s request for an annulment

Thomas Cranmer suggested asking theologians and university professors about the legitimacy of Henry’s marriage

They agree that the pope does not have the right to interfere in political matters Thomas Cranmer

First Anglican Archbishop of Canterbury

Act of SupremacyAct of Succession

Made Henry VIII “Supreme Head” of the Church of

England

The monarch was the Supreme head of the church

Some parts of the Mass were in English

An English translation of the Bible was placed in all parishes

Henry married four more times in an attempt to find love, to have a male heir and to make alliances with Protestant Europe

Jane Seymour

Anne of Cleves

Catherine Howard

Katherine Parr

Henry’s son by Jane Seymour

Strongly Protestant

During his reign the English church was influenced by the teachings of Calvin and Zwingli

Act of Uniformity of 1549 Book of Common Prayer Forty-Two Articles of Faith

Mass replaced with Protestant Service Two sacraments Denied transubstantiation Adopted much of Calvin’s theology

Edward died of tuberculosis before much of this could be implemented

The Catholic daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon

Reinstated Catholic Church as official church in England

Married Philip II of Spain

Inquisition

Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn

Reinstated the Anglican Church of her father

Act of Supremacy of 1559 Monarch is “Supreme Governor” of

the Church Act of Uniformity Thirty-nine Articles of Faith

Established the Anglican Church as the “via media” between Catholicism

and Protestantism

Anabaptists, Swiss Brethren, Mennonites, Amish, Quakers

Conrad Grebel and Felix Manz were followers of Zwingli who broke away over the issue of infant baptism

They were the first to be “rebaptized” as adults

Conrad Grebel

“Believers baptism” Separation of Church and State Love of neighbor – which resulted in

pacifism Strong church discipline – a sinner who

does not repent is cast out

These beliefs – especially separation of Church and State – were extremely radical for the 16th century and led to intense persecution of Anabaptists by both Catholics and Protestants

Catholic priest from Friesland

Joined Anabaptists in 1536

Became leader of Anabaptists in Holland and by the time of his death in 1561 the Dutch Anabaptists were being referred to an “Mennonites”

Menno Simons

Split from the Mennonites over the issue of shunning

Most of his followers would emigrate to Pennsylvania

Jacob Amman

PROTESTANTPROTESTANT CATHOLICCATHOLIC

Justification by faith alone

2 sacraments instituted by Christ

Scripture alone as source of doctrine

No hierarchy

No Real Presence (except Lutherans)

Justification by faith and works

7 sacraments instituted by Christ

Scripture and Tradition as source of doctrine

Hierarchy divinely instituted

Real Presence

PROTESTANTPROTESTANT CATHOLICCATHOLIC

Clergy – teachers and leaders

Clergy non-celibate Christ alone

mediates between humanity and God – no reliance on saints and Mary

Clergy – necessary for sacraments

Clergy celibate Saints and Mary as

mediators between humans and God

In addition, Protestant churches who follow Calvin believe in predestination and limited atonement.Some Protestant churches also read Scripture literally