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10AP
This review packet was created by Ms. Buffalino in order to prepare students for the AP World Examination on May 16, 2019. Students are to use their AP Barron’s Review Book, Prentice Hall Review Book, 9th and 10th
grade Weekly Assignment Books, and Traditions and Encounters textbook/website while filling out this review
packet. Throughout the packet Ms. Buffalino has referenced page numbers and the recommended reference
source(s) for additional assistance! Students are to use their 9th grade review materials as well. The first half
of this packet was completed last year. This packet will also serve as review for the Regents Examination on
June 3, 2019.
Student’s Name (Printed): ______________________________________________
S
Geography Review
Ms. Buffalino
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 2
Category Russia India England China Japan Latin
America
Important Geographic Features
Lack or
warm water
ports
Ural Mountains
Straight of Dardanelles
Himalayas Mountains
Limited Cultural Diffusion
Subcontinent
Monsoons
Lack of natural
resources
Isolation
Monsoons
Ethnocentric
Lack of
natural resources
Island
Mountainous
Andes Mountains
Diverse
Rainforest
Impact of Features Socially
Limited
cultural
diffusion Isolated
Island
Lack of natural
resources
Limited
cultural diffusion
Isolated Diverse
Impact of Features Politically
Limited
cultural diffusion
After, they
gained access to Baltic and Black Sea
Isolated Strong Navy Limited
cultural
diffusion
Isolated
Vulnerable to
invasion
Difference
ideas and voices were
heard
Impact of Features Economically
No access to
warm water
ports
Prevented
Russia from
trading year
round Large size
prevented
prosperous
economy
from
developing
Monsoons affected agriculture by revolving harvest between the
wet and dry monsoons Fertile farmland results in agriculture economy
Island location
helps increase
trade but limits fertile farmland England to
become an industrial
nation
Rely heavily
on farming due to fertile soil in the east;
majority of population are peasants & farmers Large size prevented prosperous
economy from developing
Limited farming due to little fertile
soil Rely heavily
on fish as
food due to
the island
location
Diverse
landforms
lead to
prosperity in certain areas Deforestation
increases
amount of
farming lands
AP World Regions
These are referenced for the MC and Essay Questions.
Barron’s, Unit 1
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 3
Technological and Environmental Transformations
10,000BCE to 600 BCE
What was the Paleolithic Era and why is it significant?
The Paleolithic Era was era before the Neolithic Revolution, where many of the people were
nomadic hunters-and-gatherers.
What is the significance of hunting-foraging bands of humans gradually migrating
from their origins in East Africa to Eurasia, Australia and the Americas?
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 4
Hunting-foraging bands of humans gradually migrating from their origins in East Africa to
Eurasia, Australia and the Americas is significant because it shows that their culture is being
spread throughout the world.
What was the Neolithic Revolution and why is it significant?
The Neolithic Revolution was one of the greatest turning points in history. During the Neolithic
Revolution, permanent settlements, the domestication of plants and animals, and advanced
tools became better known. This is significant because it changed and shaped the people’s lives
to be more advanced than it once was.
Prentice Hall, page 3
Define: Pastoralism and give an example of where it was used:
Pastoralism is when people raise and domesticate livestock. This concept is first brought up
during the Neolithic Revolution and used throughout the river vPrentice Hall, pages 4-8 alley
civilizations throughout
Barron’s, Unit 2 history.
Traditions and Encounters, Chapters 2-3
Ancient Civilizations Chart
Civilizations Geography Religion Government Contributions
Neolithic
Revolution
How did agricultural
advancements impact society?
Permanent s ettlements ( civilizations) were created
as the nomads started to
settle down close to each other and became farmers .
The domestication
of plants and
animals
Advancements in
society, such as the
polished t ools
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 5
Egypt
Africa (Middle East) -North Africa Nile River -flows north -
delta deposits
fertile land from
silt deposits -
irrigation -used for trade & travel
*cultural
diffusion Deserts
Polytheistic God of the Nile *Osiris Chief god (Sun God) -Amon- Re
*Pharaoh is
decedent of sun god Pyramids &
mummification
of pharaohs
Pharaoh -god/ king *dynasty (blood line) Patriarchal
Rosetta Stone -helped to decipher
hieroglyphics Papyrus Science and Medicine -mummification Calendar Artistic (poetry) Monuments Temples Architecture
Mesopotamia (Sumer)
Located between Tigris and Euphrates River -
AKA “the land
between the two rivers” Modern Day Iraq, Iran & Syria No natural barriers for protection Good farmland City- states
Polytheistic Ziggurats -step like
pyramid
structures
dedicated to a god/ goddess -center of
education,
religion, government and trade Chief/ priest
semi divine
Theocracy City- states are
selfgoverning region,
decentralized form of gov’t Patriarchal
Produced the earliest written records First unified law code Invented the wheel,
calendar, clock and
plows Cuneiform “wedge-
shaped writing” Irrigation Algebra, Geometry, Astronomy
Indus River
Valley
(Harappa and
Mohenjo-Daro)
Modern Day India/ Pakistan Subcontinent Monsoons Indus & Ganges Rivers
Polytheistic Patriarchal Strong central
government. Mohenjo- Daro and
Harrappa were laid
out in a grid pattern
-each city was dominated by a citadel
Plumbing Wells Cotton -weave/grow Uniform systems of
weights and
measurements -based on #0 Sanskrit Pictogrph
China
Huang He (Yellow River, China’s Sorrow) Loess
Dynasty Daoism/ Taoism -Ying/Yang
Dynasty -ruling family *mandate of Heaven -dynastic cycle
Pictograph -tens of thousands of
characters Caligraphy
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 6
-yellow silt deposits Yangtze Isolation -Middle Kingdom *ethnocentrism Monsoons
-Spirit of Nature Confucianism -Code of Conduct
Shang- first dynasty
-Xia believed to be the first Dynasties until 1900s Patriarchal
Oracle Bones -inscribed questions with heat and cracks Zhou literature Ice Cream, silk, pasta
Terms and Concepts Answer/Description
1. What is a nomad? A nomad is a person, usually in tribes,
who don’t have permanent settlements. They migrate based on their needs and
the availability of supplies in their area
2. Define irrigation: Irrigation is a manmade way to transport
water from a body of water to the civilizations in need of water
3. Define: social stratification Social stratification is the concept of organizing the people in a civilization
4.
What role did women play in ancient
civilizations?
Women were confined in their houses
because the Neolithic Revolution created a Patriarchal Society. During the Stone Age,
the women were able to contribute to the gathering of foods because the women
would gather berries as the men hunted. As the Neolithic Revolution came about,
people believed that only men were capable of going all the work in the fields
and the women were only capable of house work.
5.
How did agriculture and pastoralism transform human society (social
structure/technology)?
Agriculture and pastoralism transformed
human society because instead of relying
on animals to hunt for food, people were able to grow crops and create new
technologies to facilitate agriculture.
6.
How did improvements in agricultural production, trade and
transportation impact metallurgy?
Improvements in agricultural production,
trade and transportation impacted metallurgy because as time progressed,
the people created more advanced tools out of newly found metallurgy.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 7
7. Define: Compound bows and give an example of where they were used.
Compound bows were multifunctional bows that were brought by the Aryans.
8. Define: Iron weapons and give an example of where they were used.
Iron weapons are weapons that were made out of iron, first brought by the Aryans
9. Define: Chariot and give an example
of where they were used.
Chariots were drawn by horses into battle,
first used by the Aryans.
10. Define: Quipu and include where it
was used.
Quipu was a system of recordkeeping used
by the Andeans, by tying knots into strings.
11. What is the significance of the Vedic religion during this periodization?
Vedism was considered the most influential over the long term. They were the first to
use the caste system, which paved a way to Hinduism.
12. What is the significance of Zoroastrianism during this
periodization?
Zoroastrianism is significant during this periodization, due to the fact that some
historians believe that Zoroastrianism was the first monotheistic faith. They believed
that Ahura Mazda was the “wise lord” and creator of the world.
13. What is the significance of Hebrew monotheism during this
periodization?
Hebrew monotheism is significant during this periodization because it was the first
of the three Abrahamic monotheistic faiths to arise.
14. Why was China known as the “Middle
Kingdom?”
China was known as the Middle Kingdom
because of its ethnocentricity and isolation from the rest of the world. They believed
that they were the most civilized and advanced country in the world because of
their lack of communication with the rest of the world
15. What is a dynasty? What was the
mandate of heaven?
A dynasty is a family or group of rulers that
govern a nation and the Mandate of Heaven
was the god given right to rule in
China.
Trade expanded locally to regional and transregional:
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 8
Describe illustrative forms of literature such as:
1. The Epic of Gilgamesh:
The Epic of Gilgamesh is a cycle of stories in which Gilgamesh is the main figure.
Stories include Gilgamesh and his friend, Enkidu’s adventures in seeking fame by
completing various, dangerous tasks.
2. The Rig Veda:
The Rig Veda was the most important collection of the Vedas.
3. The Book of the dead:
The Egyptian Book of the Dead was the principal religious text in Egypt. The book
concerned life after death after the rise of mummification.
Explain the significance of the trade that occurred between:
Egypt and Nubia
The Nile River was a great impact on trade to Nubia. This river was used for trading and traveling. This was
one of the first sea trading experiences.
Mesopotamia and the Indus River Valley
These river valleys used both maritime trade and land trade.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 9
Organization and Reorganization of Human Societies 600
BCE – 600 CE
Prentice Hall, pages 21-27
Traditions and Encounters, Various Chapters
Belief Systems (not organized by periodization)
Belief System
Place of Origin and/or
Place Worshiped
Founder, Beliefs and Sacred
Text
Animism
China
Founder: No single founder Belief: Everything in nature has a
spirit,
ancestor worship
Sacred Text: No, oral story
telling
Shintoism
Japan around 500 BCE
Worship at a Torri
Founder: No specific founder Belief: kami- everything in nature
has a spirit,
ancestor worship
Sacred Text: - Kokiji, or Record of Ancient Matters and Nikong,
or Chronicles of Japan
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 10
Taoism
China around 550 BCE
Worship at temples
Founder: Lao Tzu Belief: to be laid back,
against violence,
harmony with nature
Sacred Text: Tao Te Ching
Hinduism
India around 1500 BCE
Worship in temples
Founder: Aryan Tribes
Belief: Ahimsa- non-
violence, dharma/ karma,
women were evil, caste
system, reincarnation of the
soul
ultimate goal- moksha
Sacred Text: Vedas, Upanishads,
Bhagavad & Gita
Buddhism
Northern India around 550 BCE but more
commonly practiced in China
Worship mainly in the home, but temples
are available for worship
Founder: Siddhartha Guatama
Belief: Non- violence, Four Noble Truths- suffering
can lead to enlightenment,
Eightfold Path- ending human
desire for enlightenment,
Women are equal to men
Ultimate goal- nirvana Rejects all Hindu gods and caste
system
Sacred Text: Tripitaka
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 11
Judaism
Israel (3500 to 1200 BC)
Worship in synagogues
Founder: Abraham (Moses)
Belief: maintain good morals, Be good to others, 10 Commandments Old Testaments Religiously Tolerant
Sacred Text: the Torah and Talmud
Christianity
Israel (Judea) around 30 CE
Worship in a church
Founder: Jesus
Beliefs: Jesus is the Messiah sent
by God to bring salvation, Love others,
Respect others, Do good deeds with faith
Sacred Text: the Bible (Old
Testament, New Testament)
(came from Judaism)
Islam
Arabian Peninsula around 622 CE
Founder: Muhammad
Belief: submission of god,
Believed that they are judged in
afterlife based on life on earth, Religiously tolerant, Believe they should give to those
in need Five Pillars of Islam- basic teachings by Muhammad
Sacred Text: Qu’ran
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 12
Confucianism
China around 500 BCE
Founder: Confucius
Belief: strict patriarchal society, 5 Relationships,
religiously tolerant,
everyone must receive an
education, respect elders or superiors must
be order and rules for a society
*More of a Way of Life*
Sacred Text: Analects
Zoroastrianism
T& E
Chapers 7-12
Ancient Persia, modern day Iran around
500 BCE
Worship in fire temples
Founder: Zoroaster
Belief: all evil must be eradicated Fire is sacred and helps purify, Ahura Mazda- “the wise lord”
Angra Mainyu- conjurer of wrath
and evil Hold positive views and aspects,
Morality should be maintained Helping one another
Sacred Text: Gathas/ Avestas
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 13
Sikhism
T& E
Chapers 7-12
India around 1500 CE
Worship in temples (Gurdwara)
Founder: Guru Narak Dev
Belief: reincarnation,
generous to less
fortunate, karma,
reincarnation, all humans
are equal, God has two natures- material
and spiritual, Salvation consists of breaking the
cycle of death and rebirth
Religiously tolerant
Sacred Text: Adi Granth, Guru
ranth
Baha’i
T& E
Chapers 7-12
Iran (Persia) around 1863
Place of worship: temples
Founder: Baha’u’llah Belief: peace, unity, equality, All
humans are members of the
same race and that no one should
be judged by any basis (gender
equality), Against injustice
Ahimsa
Sacred Text: Kitbi I Aqdas
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 14
Legalism
T& E
Chapers 7-12
China
Founder: Qin Dynasty
Belief: form of communism, very strict laws, keep
people in order by promoting law codes and justice
*More of a Way of Life*
Sacred Text: Book of Lord
Shang, Han Fei Tzu
Jainism
T& E
Chapers 7-12
India around 500 BCE
Place of worship: Jain temples
Founder:
Belief: don’t hate others, have
good karma/ dharma, ultimate
well-being, nonviolence
Sacred Text: Agamas
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 15
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 16
EMPIRE GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION/SIGNIFICANCE
Assyrians
Mesopotamia (Tigris River)
Advanced in architecture, agriculture and trade along the Tigris River
Also part of the Bronze Age
Babylonians
Persia
Believed to have the first written law code, The Code of Hammurabi, and the first record of the westernized alphabet.
They also created the Hanging Gardens of Babylon and the first re-curb bow.
The conquests of the Assyrians, Babylonians and Roman empires contributed to the
growth of Jewish diasporic communities around the Mediterranean and Middle East.
The Parthinians were able to defeat ancient
Greece when they tried to conquer their empire. The picked up on cultures during this time and
were big on the arts and architecture.
This empire was very advanced in education and
cultures. This empire influenced the future beliefs, customs and writing of the Islam
religion.
Parthian
Sassanid
Achaemenid
Describe the
significance of the Persian
empires:
This was th e first Persian Empire & was founded by Cyrus. The
Achaemenids greatly expanded their empire & were able to conquer Egypt. They expand ed and reached parts of
Asia, Africa & Europe.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 17
Prentice Hall, 9-17 Greece
Athens Sparta
Socrates Plato Aristotle
Socratic Method of
questioning as a learning
tool.
Wrote The Republic Favored a strong,
controlling government
Developed ideas on
government Favored the one strong and
wise rule as best form.
Considered to be first
western philosopher
Society has three classes: Philosophers, Soldiers,
and Workers
Human Reason was the
key to learning
Terms and Concepts for Greece & Rome Answer/Description
Limited democracy,
Laws made by assembly
Only male citizens in assembly
Trade with other city - states
Education for boys
Women were inferior
Common language
Shared heroes
Olympic Games
Same gods and religious beliefs
Monarchy with 2
Kings
Military society
No trade and travel
Military training for boys
Girls trained to be
mothers of soldiers
Women obey men
Women own property
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 18
1. Define a direct democracy:
When the citizens vote directly on a decision; created by Pericles, leader of Athens
2. Define a republic:
A system of government where the leader is elected by its citizens
3. Define patricians and plebeians: Patricians: people in the upper class who owned land in Rome Plebeians: lowerclassmen who don’t own land, commoners
4. Who was Pericles?
Athenian leader who created a direct democracy and started the “Golden Age”
5. What was the Peloponnesian War?
A war fought between Sparta and Athens from 431 BCE- 404 BCE, resulting in Sparta’s victory and Athens’s
weakening.
6. What was the Delian League?
Greek city-states that grouped together to protect themselves against the Persians.
Rome
Hellenistic culture was established by Alexander the Great and it was culture, ideas and
customs from classical Greece. Some of these ideas included a democratic government,
arts and architecture.
What was the Pax Romana? When did it occur? Where did occur?
Who was the leader that began it?
What was Hellenistic culture? Who established it? What
were the accomplishments?
How did I, Julius Caesar pave the way for the Roman Empire?
Julius Caesar paved the way for the Roman Empire by expanding the
empire, establishing many reforms and overall creating a vast and more efficient empire. By making himself the dictator of Rome, he paved the
way into imperialism
I am considered to be
the first Roman Emperor. Who am
I?
Augustus (Octavian) Caesar
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 19
The Pax Romana ( Roman peace) was the 200- year peace period that began with
Augustus. It began in Rome and was from 27 B.C. to 180 A.D.
Accomplishments During the
Pax Romana
Prentice Hall, 15 - 17
Roman Roads
Greek - style statues Aqueducts
Arts and
Architecture
Law System
Frequent Trade
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 20
Why was Rome considered to be an administrative institution or centralized form of
government?
Rome was considered to be a centralized form of government because of its unifying
government. Rome had a very flat terrain, enabling the citizens to be united under one
rule.
What did the fall of the Roman Empire pave the way for?
The fall of the Roman Empire paved the way for the Byzantine
Empire and Catholic Church.
Barron’s, page 92
Who was Shi Huangdhi?
What lead to the fall of the Roman
Empire?
Prentice Hall, 18 - 20
Romans used too much slave labor
Farmers left land and middle class
disappeared
Government became too strict so people
stopped supporting it; many officials were
corrupt as well
Foreign invasions - Roman army lacked
training and discipline Romans were forced to hire foreign soldiers to defend
borders
High taxes
Overexpansion of
the empire
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 21
Shu Huangdhi was the first emperor of
China and unified China under his rule.
He accomplished many things, such as the
Building of the Great Wall of China and the
Building of the Teracotta soldiers.
What dynasty is he from?
Han Dynasty
Compare and contrast the rise and fall of the Han and Roman Empires:
What is the significance of the Silk Road?
The Silk Road was significant because it was one of the largest land and maritime trade
routes in history, stretching from the Mediterranean to China (controlled by China). Many
goods, ideas and religions were traded among this trade route, causing cultural diffusion.
Who was Han Wudi and why is he significant?
Han Wudi was another emperor during the Han dynasty who greatly expanded the empire and
defeated one of China’s major threats at the time- the Huns.
Prentice Hall, 18 - 20
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 22
City Modern Country Location
Significance
1. Persepolis
Iran One of the two capitals of Persia, built by Darius in the Mesopotamian style to impress citizens with his power
2. Chang’an
China Capital of the Han dynasty where the people set up an efficient bureaucracy, postal service, and tax- collecting system. They built roads, defensive fortifications (enlarging the Great Wall), and canals to link the country’s major rivers.
3. Pataliputra
India Capital of the Mauryan Empire, from which Chandragupta Maurya ruled from. A bureaucracy was set up there as well as a strong democracy.
4. Carthage
North Africa Port founded by the Phoenicians. Governed by a Senate and two judges, elected from a merchant aristocracy that was not restricted by birth.
5. Alexandria
Egypt Where the Great Library was located and became one of the ancient world’s greatest centers of trade, learning and culture
6. Constantinople
Turkey City of Byzantine Empire. It became the most important political and military center of the eastern Roman empire, and soon became the dominant economic and commercial center in the eastern Mediterranean basin. The city changed its name to Istanbul in 1453 under the Ottoman Turks
7. Teotihuacan
(Teotihuacan)
Mexico City One of the world’s largest cities at the time. Ruled by an oligarchy and they practiced human sacrifice and built temples to the sun and moon, as well as to the god Quetzalcoatl, a bird-serpent worshipped by other Mesoamericans
Geographic Study (This means study this )
The number of key states and empires grew dramatically by imposing political unity on areas where
previously there had been competing states.
Define and give an example where this was evident during 600CE - 600 BCE periodization.
Deforestation Desertification Soil Erosion Silted Rivers
The Romans cut down trees in order
to make room for their growing
population
people ( in the Middle East) farm ed on a
plot of land too often and it becomes a
desert and not arable
land.
a part of land has little vegetation and so the soil becomes
loose and wind easily blows the soil away
( Han Dynasty )
rivers produce silt
deposits and it makes the land full
of nutrients and very arable ( Tigris and
Euphrates River)
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 23
Key States/Empires Approximate Location
Southwest Asia: Persian Empires
(Achaemenid, Parthian and Sassanid)
Persia = Iran today
East Asia: Qin and Han Empires
South Asia: Maurya and Gupta
MesoAmerica: Teotihuacan (Tenochtitlan), Maya citystates
Andean South America: Moche
Civilization from 100-700 CE
Tra ditions and Encounters, Various Chapters
Briefly, yet thoroughly respond to the following:
1. Define: Corvée
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 24
Unpaid labor that was owned by the vassals under feudalism
Describe the relationship between Han China and the Xiongu:
Han China and the Xiongu had a very militaristic relationship. The Xiongu were nomadic tribes
(Huns tribes) who invaded Han China.
2. Describe the relationship between the Guptas and the White Huns:
The White Huns were nomadic people from central Asia who occupied Bactria during the 4th
century and the Gupta Empire was located in India. The White Huns weaken the Gupta Empire by
invading various empires and eventually attacked the Gupta Empire.
3. Define: paterfamilias
Roman term for the “father of the family,” a theoretical implication that gave the male head of
the family almost unlimited authority.
4. How did the emergence of yokes, saddles and stirrups alter world history?
The emergence of yokes, saddles and stirrups altered world history in that it increased trade
and led to advancements in trade.
5. How did the domestication of horses, oxen, camels and llamas alter world history?
The domestication of horses, oxen, camels and llamas altered world history in that it also
increased trade. These animals increased the goods that were able to be traded and facilitated
trade, especially on the Silk Road. Llamas were big in assisting trade in Mesoamerica
6. How did the inventions of the dhow and lateen sails alter maritime/world history?
The invention of the dhow and lateen sails altered maritime/ world history in that that invention
allowed Muslims to trade over revived silk roads. The Umayyad and Abbasid rulers maintained
the roads for military and administrators, which merchants took advantage of. The dhow and
lateen sails contributed to maritime trade.
7. Define: qanat system
Underground system that led to agricultural production
Barron’s,
Traditions and Encounters
Various Chapters
600BC – 600 CE
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 25
Climate and Geographic Location:
Typical goods traded:
Ethnicity of people involved:
Significance of trade route:
Eurasian Silk Roads
Overland from western China to
the Mediterranean
Warm in desert areas, colder
northward
From the west to east: horses,
alfalfa, grapes, melons, walnuts
From east to west: silk, peaches,
apricots, spices, pottery, paper
Chinese, Indians,
Parthians, central Asians,
Romans
Primary agents of trade- central Asian nomads
Was one of the most farreaching of the contacts between
classical civilizations and other
societies
TransSaharan Caravan Routes
Points in western Africa south of the
Sahara to the Mediterranean;
Cario most important
destination
Camel caravans
Salt from Sahara to points south &
west Gold from W.
Africa Wheat & olives
from Italy Roman
manufactured goods to W. Africa
Western Africans, people
of the Mediterranean
Berbers most important agent
of trade
One of the most significant developments in the trade across the Sahara was the use of
the camel and the development of the
camel saddle.
Indian Ocean Trade
By water from Canton in China to
Southeast Asia to India to eastern
Africa and the Middle East
Warm, monsoons
Chinese pottery, Indian spices and ivory from India
and Africa
Pigments, pearls, bananas and other
tropical fruits
Chinese, Indians, Malays, Persians, Arans,
people on
Africa’s east coast
The Indian Ocean trade network, which included the South China Sea,
involved mariners from China, Malaysia,
Southeast Asia, and Persia
Mediterranean Trade
Mediterranean Sea, Europe, and
Mediterranean Islands, Northern Africa, Asia Minor
Cool Temperature
Wheat, furs, glass, fish, olives, tin,
timber, oil, grapes, silk, pottery,
jewels, bronze, spices, and
animals
Greek, African, Asian, Romans,
Phoenicians, Spanish, Russians, Egyptian
The Mediterranean Trade connected the European countries
through trade and travel, created advanced
navigation in the Mediterranean between the islands, increased
trade links and allowed for long distance trade
and travel
Regional and Transregional Interactions
600 CE – 1450 CE Barron’s,
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 26
Traditions and Encounters
Various Chapters
Chose two of the following trade cities and explain the significance of the city during this
periodization: Novgorod, Timbuktu, Swahili City-States, Hangzhou, Calcut, Bagdad,
Melada, Venice, Tenochtitlan, Cahokia
City #1 Novgoorod
City #2 Calcut
The acquisition of the prosperous trading city of Novgoorod was the most important
addition to Ivan the Great’s possessions.
Novgoorod was an autonomous city-state in Russia that governed its affairs through
a town council. With the aid of
Novgoorod’s wealth, Ivan the Great was
able to build a strong centralized
government modeled on the Byzantine Empire.
Calicut was an southern Indian city. On
May 20th, 1498, Vasco de Gama’s fleet
anchored at Calicut. Upon its arrival, local
authorities in Calicut dispatched a pair of
Tunisian merchants who spoke Spanish
and Italian to serve as translators for the
newly arrived party. The markets of
Calicut offered not only pepper, ginger,
cinnamon and spices, but also rubies, emeralds, gold jewelry and fine cotton
textiles.
Give an example of a civilization that used paper money: Han Dynasty
Explain how this process helped facilitate commercial infrastructure:
The Han Dynasty (206 BC – 220 AD) was an ancient civilization that used paper money. The
government issued paper money in order to expand and improve trade throughout the dynasty.
Trade was facilitated because the goods were able to be traded in a less complex manner. It
helped facilitate commercial infrastructure because nearly everyone in the Han Dynasty were
unified by using the paper money.
Prentice Hall, 44-47
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 27
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
The Byzantine Empire is the eastern half of the Roman Empire that lasted until about
1453.
What was Justinian’s
Code and who was
Justinian? Justinian’s Code was a code of laws created by Justinian.
His code included Roman laws, legal writings and even
a s tudent handbook. Justinian was a great
Byzantine emperor, who ruled a vast empire with a
centralized government and a codified set of laws.
Orthodox Christian
Church
The Orthodox Christian
Church, also known as
the Eastern Orthodox
Church, was the
Christi an Church of the
Byzantine empire.
Great Schism
The permanent split
between the Orthodox
Christian Church in the
East and the Roman
Catholic Church in the
west in 1054
Cyrillic Alphabet
Given to the Russians by the Byzantines, two of the Byzantine missionaries
adapted the Greek alphabet in order to translate the
Bible into Slavic languages.
Orthodox Christianity
Orthodox Christianity was
brought to Russia by Byzantine missionaries. The
close church - state relationship in the
Byzantine empire also b ecame a model for
Russian government and religion
Autocratic Government
Byzantine tradition that the
Russians adapted to and made it to be their norm. Autocratic rulers in Russia
were known as czars.
Effect On
Russia
Byzantine Empire
Roman Empire
arron’s, B
Traditions and Encounters
Various Chapters
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 28
Caliphates Geographic
Location
Time Frame Significance
Umayyad caliphate
Middle East
(Modern day
Syria)
661-750
Stressed that Arab
ethnicity was stressed
over adherence to Islam, inferior status of
converts, respect for “People of the Book”,
Jews and Christians had
to pay taxes, and that the ruling family live
luxuriously (which
angered the
population).
The general population
overthrew this caliphate
and most of the Umayyads were killed in
this takeover
Abbasid caliphate
Present-day Iraq
750-1258
Granted equal status to
converts, stressed many educational
aspects of life, architecture and trade
from the western Mediterranean to China.
The Sufis were mystics
of Islam who promoted
missionary work. This caliphate succeeded the Umayyads. The Seljuk Turks weakened the Abbasid caliph and
Mongol invaders
eventually came into
the empire.
Delhi Sultanates
Northern
India
Capital was at Delhi
1206-1526
The Delhi Sultanates
conquered most of the Hindu kingdom by the
13th century and
brought Muslims to India. The Hindus & the Muslims were separated
& violence sparked
because of this. There were also more Muslim converts because Islam
was more appealing to
women than Hinduism.
Barron’s, pages 149 -150 China
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 29
Sui Dynasty Accomplishments
3. creation of the
Grand Canal, which
1. reunified China linked the
Yellow
and Yangzi rivers
2. expanded borders in a burst of military conquest
Tang and Song Dynast ies
What were three accomplishments that occurred during the Tang and Song dynasties?
Tang dynasty revived the civil service
system
Tang dynasty distributed land to peasants
through a system of land reform
Song and Tang dynasty expanded foreign trade and to
facilitate trade, the government issued the first paper
money
Prentice Hall, 40 - 43
Barron’s,
Traditions and Encounters, Various Chapters
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 30
Geographic Location/
Environmental Adaptation
Significance and notable
accomplishments:
Scandinavian Vikings
Eastern Europe to the Mediterranean lands
(Scandinavia, Denmark and Sweden)
Vikings had to adapt to their
surroundings and learn to become expert sailors. They
carefully coordinated their ships’ movements and timed
their attacks to take advantage of the tides
In 885, a Viking force
consisting of at least 700 ships
sailed up the Seine River and besieged Paris, and in 994, an
armada of about 100 ships sprinted up the Thames River
and raided London. Some
Vikings ventured into the Mediterranean, where they
plundered sites in the Balearic
Islands, Sicily and southern Italy. Other Vikings made their
way to Constantinople, which they raided at least three times
during the 9th and 10th
centuries. The Vikings also
created the first Russian state.
Berbers
North Africa
Because of all the extreme
temperatures that the Berbers
traveled to, they became
desert nomads
The Berbers converted to Islam
as cotton, sugar and citrus spread throughout the dar al- Islam. They also built Islamic
empires northwestern Africa
and parts of Spain
Bantu
Central West Africa
The Bantu were skilled farmers
because the area that they
were migrating to had fertile soil
The Bantu established
permanent settlements and
spread the use of iron. Iron metallurgy was spread and as
was Swahili.
The following groups developed diasporic communities:
Muslim merchant communities in the Indian Ocean
Chinese merchants in Southeast Asia
Prentice Hall, 48-53
• Sogdian merchants throughout Central Asia
• Jews in the Mediterranean, Indian Ocean basin and along the Silk Road
What is a diasporic community? Explain.
A diasporic community is a widely dispersed city where boundaries, geographical features and social
distances separate it and the populations that occupy in these communities. Foreign traders are able to live in port
cities and begin to grow crops and make their own goods because of their separation from others.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 31
Explain: Dar-al-Islam
Dar-al-Islam refers to a larger society that were under Islamic rule. Muslims were able to
be unified throughout the world because of the Dar-al-Islam.
What are the characteristics that make up a “Golden Age?
By definition, a golden age is a time of peace, prosperity and intellectual achievements.
List 5 achievements that came out of the Golden Age of Islam:
Five achievements that came out of the Golden Age of Islam were the very detailed maps
created by Muslim cartographers, architecture of minarets and mosques, Islamic
literature, trade from the western Mediterranean to China, and the difficult tests that
doctors had to take before becoming a doctor.
How were the Muslim scholars influenced by Greek and Indian mathematics?
Muslim scholars were influenced by Greek and Indian mathematics through the use of
the Indian system of numbers (zero), in order to preserve Greco-Roman culture.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 32
III. The Middle Ages
Prentice Hall, 54-63
What years are considered the “Middle Ages”?
476 CE (fall of Roman Empire) – 1500s (Renaissance)
Feudalism Manoralism
How were manors
self sufficient?
Manors were self sufficient in that
everything that each
manor needed was able to be achieved
from the
manor alone. The
serfs
were bound to
their land
for continuous labor. Each manor often
included one or more villages and the land
surrounding them.
Each group in society had a place with specific
rights
and responsibilities.
What was chivalry?
Chivalry was the knight’s
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church was a
unifying force in a time
of political
instability after the fall
of the Roman Empire.
How did the Church
assert authority over
rulers? The Church asserted authority over
rulers by filling the void of the
How did feudalism operate? Feudalism was the economic concept that the vassals and lords exchange protection for loyalty. The serfs were bound to the land and one was born into their social class. This pyramid was very ridged and lacked social mobility.
code of dignity that states
that if they were to be
captured in battle, they
would kill themselves than expose information to the
enemy.
POLITICAL ECONOMIC SOCIAL
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 33
Roman empire. The Church Prentice Hall, 60-63 was the largest
landowner in Europe and had significant economic power. The Church
also had their own set of laws, called canon laws, and expressed their power over leaders by
excommunicating people who questioned the church, even rulers.
THE CRUSADES
Causes
1. Seljuk Turks invaded the
1. Byzantine Empire during the
1050s
2. 1095 Pope Urban II urged
people 2. to fight
in return for a guaranteed
spot in heaven 3.
3. chance to travel sparked
excitement 4.
4. nobles hoped to gain
wealth and land 5.
5. serfs hoped to end feudal
oppression
Effects
interest in traveling because they wanted
to learn about other cultures popes became more
powerful and church became corrupt
paves the way for absolutism
trade increased between the Middle East
and Europe religious tension grew
Why are the Crusades considered a successful failure? Explain.
The Crusades were considered a successful failure from the Christian perspective. It was a failure because the Muslims gained control of the holy land, Jerusalem, but it was a
success because trade increased between the Middle East and Europe.
During what years were the Crusades fought? 1095-1291
ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION
AFRICA
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 34
Prentice Hall, 48-53 Barron’s, Unit 3
Section 7
DIFFERENCES
SHIITES
Majority of the Muslim population, 90% of
Muslims being Sunni Muslims
The Sunnis believed that the caliph
should be chosen by Muslim leaders. They did not view the caliph as a
religious authority
Accepted the Umayyad Caliphate as the
actual line of successors
Minority of the Muslim population, only 10% of Muslims being Shiite Muslim
Shiites believed that only the
descendants of Muhammad should be his
successors Believed that the descendants of the
prophet were divinely inspired
They considered the Umayyad to be
supers of the power.
Muslim armies carried Islam into North Africa in
the mid- to late 600s. Muslim
invaders initially fought African
forces, but the Muslims & North Africans eventually joined forces to conquer Spain. Islam continued
to spread to parts of
North & West Africa.
SUNNIS
ISLAM SPREAD TO
ASIA EUROPE
Islam was more prominent in Southern and Western parts of
Europe. Muslim forces attacked Spain in the
s, 700 when Europe was weak during the Middle
Ages, the Mu slims gained control of
Sicily.
After Muslims took control of northern
India in the 1200s, Islam was carried
into Southeast Asia, mainly through trade.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 35
Prentice Hall, 72-75
Geography
Religion
Cultural Diffusion
Describe Japan’s geography: Describe Japan’s
geography:Japan is made up of a c mountainous islands in the Pacific Ocean off the coa Asia; these islands are part of the Ring of Fire, a gro around the Pacific Ocean that are vulnerable to earth volcanoes. Impact of geography on the people: Japan’s geograp Impact of geography on the people:people due to
the fact that since Japan is m ountainou difficult to
farm. Most of the population lived in narr
hain of st of mainland up of islands quakes and hy
impacted the
s, its land was
ow river
Shintoism
• Uniquely Japanese religion that stresses love of nature
• Shrines are located in places of natural beauty
List two ways in which Japan was influenced by Korea or China 1. Around 500, the Koreans brought the Chinese system of writing to
the Japanese. The Koreans also brought Buddhism to China. 2. During feudal times, a Chinese sect called Zen Buddhism spread
throughout Japan and they valued peace, simple living, nature and beauty.
Japan was also influenced by Confucianism. Japanese courts adopted Chinese
customs as well, such as tea drinking and tea ceremonies. The Japanese also
built their monasteries to resemble Chinese monasteries.
Japanese
Feudalism
Prentice Hall, 72 - 75
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 36
Pages 107 -111
Define Bushido
Bushido, or “the way of the warrior,” was the strict code of conduct followed by the Samurai in the Feudal Japanese system. The bushido was how the samurai promised loyalty to the daimyo (like the vassals in European feudalism). The samurai promised to be loyal, brace and honorable, and a samurai who betrayed the code of bushido was expected to commit trial suicide, called seppuku.
How did the Tokugawa Shogunate isolate Japan from the outside world?
The Tokugawa Shogunate isolated Japan from the outside world in
1638, by barring all western merchants and prohibiting Japanese from
traveling abroad.
What was Heian Japan?
Heian Japan was the golden age of Japan (794-1185), where Chinese influence on
Japan was prominent, especially in Japanese customs, writings and literature.
Compare and Contrast
European Feudalism Japanese Feudalism
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 37
Prentice Hall, 76-79
Barron’s Unit 3, Section 9
Who were and what is the significance of salaried samurai? Explain.
The samurai were professional warriors and provincial lords of Japanese feudalism. They relied on the samurai both to enforce their authority and in their own territories.
Genghis Khan conquered the largest land empire ever in the history of the world in
one life time. The Mongols conquered areas of China, Persia and parts of
Europe. His armies were made up of skilled horsemen and bowmen.
Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis started the Yuan Dynasty in China.
- Pyramid consists of: nobles, knights, vassals, merchants,
farmers, craftsmen, peasants, serfs
- Vassals and Kings exchange
protection for loyalty.
- Catholic Church was at the head of the pyramid
- Code of Chivalry helped to increase
the social status and rights on women.
- Women were
considered delicate
- Pyramid consisted of: emperor, shogun,
diamayos, sa murai, ronin, peasants, artisans and
merchants.
- Shintoism isn't as powerful as
the Catholic Church.
- Bushido was the Code of Loyalty for
the Knights
- Women were considered to be
strong and tough to
give birth to
powerful Knights
- Provided a
code of conduct for warriors.
- The shoguns and vassals
truly held the power in both types of Feudalism.
- Serfs were part of the lower
class and were bound to the
land and couldn't leave the manor
- The Samurais
and Knights consisted of the warrior class
and were forced
to fight in wars
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 38
Who was Genghis Khan? Ultimate leader of the Mongol Empire and he was also able
conquered parts of Eurasia and made the conquered areas to
unify the tribes in 1206 with himself as leader. He
pay tribute, captured Beijing, gained control of Iran and began to attack Russia
Who was Kublai Khan? Leader of the Mongols during the Pax Mongolia (1200s-1300s). The military strengthened during
this time, with the concept of unparalleled horsemanship, and the creation of the shortbow,
catapult, gunpowder, cannon, flaming arrows and
battering rams.
Approximate dates (of empire) : 1206-1335
The famous Chinese explorer Zheng He traveled to Southeast Asia, along the coast of India, around the Arabian Peninsula and to the port cities of East
Africa. After his explorations the Chinese decided that no other civilization was as superior as theirs. They decided to isolate themselves and limit foreign contact with other.
Be able to explain the significance of the following people, places or concepts:
1. Hanseatic League:
well developed trade network in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea
2. Grand Canal:
Mongol’s lasting effect upon Russia
The Mongols invasion of Russia was the only successful winter invasion. Russia was so cold, that many people who tried to c onquer Russia failed. Hitler and Napoleon also lose battles in
the future to Russia because of the cold.
The Mongols called the area that they conquered the Golden Horde. Since Russia
was so vast and isolated, the Orthodox Church was also strengthened.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 39
series of artificial waterways that ultimately reached from Hangzhou in the south to the imperial
capital of Chan’an in the west to a terminus near modern Beijing in the north
3. Marco Polo:
said to have served as an administrator in the city of Yangzhou
4. Ibn Battuta:
A Moroccan traveler who visited Kilwa, China, Persia, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor and Spain. He
wrote a book about his journeys that he made after completing his exploration. He was
considered the “Marco Polo” of Islam.
5. Xuanzang:
(712-755) Tang Chinese Emperor who extended China’s rule to parts in Central Asia,
Mongolia, Manchuria, Tibet and the Pacific coast.
6. Neoconfucianism:
philosophy that attempted to merge certain basic elements of Confucian and Buddhist thought;
most important of the early Neo-Confucianists was the Chinese thinker Zhu Xi (1130-1200)
7. Toltecs:
(800-1000 CE), Mesoamerican civilization that had no true political structure. They worshiped
Quetzalcoatl.
8. The significance of bananas in Africa:
The bananas entered Africa via sea- lanes across the Indian Ocean and it spread by Malay
seafarers. The bananas provided a nutritious supplement to Bantu diet and enabled the Bantu
to expand into heavily forested regions. It increased the supply of food available to the Bantu,
enriched their diet and enabled them to expand more rapidly than before.
9. The significance of the spread of cotton, sugar and citrus throughout Dar al-Islam and the
Mediterranean basin:
The spread of cotton, sugar and citrus was significant throughout the Dar al-Islam and the
Mediterranean basin. The spread of these crops signified cross cultural interaction and cultural
diffusion along the Mediterranean Sea. Agricultural techniques were enhanced and the variety
of diets increased as well.
10. Tributary system:
When conquered/ neighboring nations had to pay a tax in order to avoid punishment
11. How did the “Little Ice Age” contribute to urbanization?
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 40
The “Little Ice Age” was when the temperatures were much cooler than in the era from 1000 to
1300 CE. With markedly cooler temperatures ad shorter growing seasons, agricultural
production declined in many lads, leading to famine and even starvation. Norse settlers
gradually abandoned the colonies they had occupied in Greenland since the 10th century.
12. Explain the following technological innovations: champa, chinampa, horse collar, waru waru
agriculture
The Champa Rice is a quick maturing crop that is drought resistant. It allows two harvests of
sixty days each in one growing season. It originally came from Vietnam and was later sent over
to China. It was sent as a gift from the Champa state during the Song Dynasty. Chinampa
were agricultural gardens used by Aztecs in which fertile muck from lake bottoms was dredged
and built up into small plots. Crops were harvested up to seven crops per year, a lot more than
usual. This innovation made Mexica agricultural production more efficient because more crops
were able to be produced at once and cultivate crops during the dry seasons, using the lake
that surrounded the island. Use of the horse collar sped development of transportation and
trade and greatly increased use of the horse as a draft animal. Waru waru agriculture was a
farming technique used by the Ancient Incans of Mesoamerica that included flat terrains & the
Andes Mountains. Potatoes & quinoa were grown using this method.
13. Ethiopian Christianity:
Ethiopian Christianity was a religion that retained basic Christian ideals, besides the fact that
Ethiopian Christians believed in evil spirits & that amulets or charms could protect them from.
14. Oligarchy:
Government in which the aristocrats have complete, total control.
15. Holy Roman Empire:
The Holy Roman Empire was a Christian Empire that located in western and central parts of
Europe, founded in the 900s. It was formed during the Protestant Reformation and retained
many basic ideals from the classical Roman Empire.
The Bubonic Plague spread everywhere, because of trading and exploration.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 41
Population Losses Economic Decline Social and Political
Change
Confusion and
Disorder
When the plague first began to
spread in China in the early 1300s,
about 35 million
Chinese died. At its
peak, the plague
killed about 7000
people a day in
Cairo. By the time the peak of the
plague ended, one third of the
European
population had died
The plague devastated many
economies because of the dramatic
population decline.
In Europe, farm and
industrial
production declined.
The people who survived demanded
higher wages and
prices rose. When landowners and
merchants took
action to stop this wage increase,
peasants revolted
Economic changes
had social results, as the strictly
defined levels of
society had been in
place before began to break down.
Feudalism declined as peasant revolts
weakened the
power of landowners and the
decline of feudalism led to the growth of
new political
systems. In Europe, monarchs gained
power and began to build more powerful
nations.
The plague threw society into
disorder. Some
people questioned
their faith and the
Church, turning to
magic and
witchcraft to save
themselves. Others
blamed local Jews, whom they said
poisoned the wells.
As a result,
thousands of Jews
were murdered.
Why is the rat the animal chosen to represent the Black Death?
The rat was the animal chosen to represent the Black Death due to the
fact that this plague was spread by fleas that lived on the rats.
B
L
A
C
K
P
L
A
G
U
E
EFFECTS OF THE PLAGUE
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 42
Prentice Hall, 84-85
List two factors that led to the Commercial Revolution
Global Interactions 1450 - 1750
The Renaissance:
What is a guild?
1
2
COMMERICIAL
REVOLUTION
LED
TO
Rise of towns
List three
new
businesses
. Partnership and Joint 1
Stock Companies
2 . Banking
3 . Insurance
B arron’s,Unit 4
Prentice Hall, 84 - 91
Expansion of trade
Growth of cities
Organizations that were set up to establish good business
practices. They regulated prices based on supply and
demand (evolution of capitalism), required
businesses to obtain licenses, women were allowed to join
guilds (but they weren’t equal), and apprent ices worked in the shops for
education.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 43
A Rebirth of Greek and Roman ideals that focused on Human ability,
potential, and achievement
During what years did the Renaissance occur? 1450-1750
Define: Humanism
Concept that fueled the Renaissance which emphasized human nature rather than religious nature. People started to question the church and government, through the spirit of inquiry. People also
started to realize that they have a say on their own destiny and how they can control it.
List Three
Artists
One work for
each
List Three
Writers
One work for
each
1. Leonardo da Vinci
Mona Lisa
1. Francesco Petrarch
Sonnets to Laura
2. Raphael
Paintings of the Madonna
2. Niccolo Machiavelli
The Prince
3. Sofonisba Anguissola
The Artist’s Sisters
Playing Cards 3. Castiglione
Book of the Cortier
Who invented the printing press? Johannes Gutenberg
What are three effects of the printing press? The printing press allowed mass production of
literature, the spread and maintenance of ideas, and the fact that ideas were harder to get rid of once they
have been printed and distributed all around the area. Because of the production of the Bible, people were
able to read the Bible for themselves, which made them realize that the church has been teaching them
false information from the Bible. It also increased literacy because people were reading more often
The Protestant Reformation and the
Counter Reformation
CAUSES OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
I wrote that the end
justifies the means.
Who am I?
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 44
Long Term 1. Strong Monarchs
2. Renaissance/ humanism
3. corruption of the Church
Short Term 1. 95 Theses
2. Gutenberg’s Printing Press
3. nepotism/ simony/ indulgences
4. translation of the Bible
5. other reformers (Henry VIII)
1. Martin Luther 2. John Calvin
EFFECTS OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION
Long Term 1. Society of Jesus
2. Inquisition became stronger
3. Religious wars broke out in Europe
for more than 100 years and there was a loss of religious unity in Western Europe.
Short Term
1. Thirty Year War
2. Council of Trent
3. Counter Reformation
4. Holy Roman emperor weakened
5. Lutheran, Calvinist, Anglican and other Protestant churches were founded
What was the Counter Reformation? What was its purpose?
The Counter Reformation was in response against the Protestant Reformation and it was the period where
Jesuits tried to bring converts back to the Catholic Church and strengthen the church.
When did the Reformation occur: 1450
When did the Counter Reformation occur: 1545
Prentice Hall, 92-96
The Protestant Reformation had many leaders. Two of the most important were:
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 45
West African Kingdoms (note this chart is includes multiple periodizations)
Ghana (800-1000) Mali (1200-1450) Songhai (1450 – 1600)
Controls trade in gold and
salt across West Africa.
Women work in business
and government.
King has Muslim advisors.
Mali conquers kingdom of
Ghana.
Mansa Musa becomes great
emperor.
Mali controls gold trade
routes.
Timbuktu becomes a great
trading city and center of
learning.
Songhai grows into largest
West African state.
Controls important trade
routes.
Emperor sets up Muslim
dynasty.
Who was Mansa Musa and what were the major effects of his rule?
Mansa Musa was a Muslim emperor of the African Kingdom, Mali. Because of Mansa Musa, African
kingdoms adopted Muslim ideas, its written language, coins and business methods.
Prentice Hall, 106-11
LATIN AMERICA (Mesoamerica)
My Hajji is one of
the most famous in
history.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 46
OLMECS MAYAS AZTECS INCAS
WHERE FOUND
AND WHEN? (note this chart is includes multiple periodizations)
Around the Coast of Gulf of
Mexico, near the
modern Mexican city of Veracruz
Southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, and El Salvador
Aztec empire
stretched from
the Gulf of
Mexico to the Pacific Ocean
Around the
Andes Mts. and
extended down
the Pacific coast
POLITICAL STRUCTURE
(gov’t)
-Authoritarian
by nature -
colossal statues
and heads of
rulers -many
laborers worked
on behalf of
Olmec elites
-Tikal = most
important Maya
political center
between the
fourth and ninth
centuries -C.E.
–small city- kingdoms –
Maya kings
often had
names like Curl
Snout, Smoking Frog, or Jaguar
-Aztec leaders
used military to
expand and
create the
Aztec empire -
Ruled by a
single emperor,
chosen by a
council of
nobles & priests
-Next was the
noble class,
judges,
governors, and
priests
-Led by an
emperor -
Emperor had
absolute power
and owned
everything -
Emperor = chief religious
leader a claimed
divine status as
son of the sun -
Strong central
government at Cuzco -Power was with
nobles,
chieftain, and
officials
ROLE OF
RELIGION
-Priests -Shamans -
Olmec ball
games and ritual
sacrifices
for gods
-sacrificial rituals
for gods -
bloodletting
rituals -priests -Popol Vuh -
god created
people out of
maize and
water -god maintains
agriculture cycle -Maya Ball Game
-priests -rituals for gods
-huge pyramid in
Tenochtitlan to
honor chief
deity, sun god -
sacrificial victims
usually captured enemy
soldiers
-polytheistic -
worshipped
many gods related to forces
of nature &
guardian spirits in home -chief deity=sun
god -priests did
rituals, festivals,
sports, and
games
ACHIEVEMENTS
-calendar -large
ceremonial
centers,
temples,
pyramids, and
statuses -writing system -Olmec ball
games
-large pyramids,
temples, and
statuses -
astronomy,
mathematics,
and science -
concept of zero
-modern-day
calendar -
writing system
-accurate
calendar -
established
schools & kept
historical events
-advanced
medicine and
medical practice -great
architecture -
new way of
growing crop
-system of
roads (more than 12,000 m. long)
-improved
former
agriculture
techniques -
quipus =
communication
through strings -medicine
Prentice Hall, 112-115
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 47
CHINA
1. Why did China choose to isolate themselves from trade in 1433?
China isolated themselves from trade in 1433 because of the border threats
upon Yongle’s death. China stopped exploring and lost its chance at world
power (major turning point).
How did geography contribute to Chinese isolation? Geography contributed
to Chinese isolation because of its mountainous terrain. The mountains not
only acted as a barrier from foreign invaders, but it also isolated China
from the rest of the world.
L ist the many ways China had influenced the following areas
KOREA WESTERN
EUROPE JAPAN SOUTHEAST
ASIA
-Celadon (similar to porcelain) -Buddhism -Confucian ideas -Chinese art and
writing styles -
Chinese civil service
system -printing
-exquisite silks -production of guns and gunpowder -guns -other weaponry
-Chinese ideas and technology -Buddhism -Influence on Chinese paintings and artistic techniques. -Zen Buddhism -Chinese culture -
literature, art & theatre
-Buddhism -China conquered Vietnam and ruled it for 1,000 years -utilized the Confucian civil
service system -established
a bureaucracy
Prentice Hall 116-118
CHINA IMPACTS THE
WEST AND ASIA
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 48
THE AGE OF EXPLORATION
Capital City: Istanbul
Religion: Muslim
Successful because of: Suleiman the Magnificent and the fact that he was a great codifier of laws. He was also a great military leader and expanded the Ottoman Empire.
Absolute Ruler SULEIMAN:
List two accomplishments:
1 . Strengthened the government 2 . Improved the system of justice in his empire.
How did the Ottomans treat different ethnic and religious groups? How did cultural diversity and nationalism impact the
Ottoman Empire? The Ottomans were religiously tolerant to different ethnic and religious groups, but the Ottomans required the different religious groups to pay a tax. Cultural diversity and nationalism impacted the Ott oman Empire due to European influence
How did Europe contribute to Ottoman decline?
Europe contributed to the Ottoman
decline due to the rising power of European nations. In 1571, Spain and its Italian allies defeated an
Ottoman fleet at Lepanto.
THE OTTOMAN
EMPIRE
YEARS
: 1299 - 1922
Define: j anissary
An elite force in the Ottoman military who was Christian and
forced to convert to Islam and received advanced training.
Define: devshrime
Ottoman requirement that the Christians in the Balkans provide
young boys to be slaves of the sultan
Barron’s, Chapter 15
Traditions and Encounters
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 49
Barron’s, Unit 4
What were the reasons for European exploration?
Three advancements
1. Compass and other
navigational instruments
2. Gunpowder weaponry
3. Advanced rudders and
system of sails
How they were useful for exploration
1. The compass and other navigational instruments were useful
for exploration because the European sailors were then able
to venture farther from shore without getting lost 2. Gunpowder weaponry were useful for exploration in the
sense that Europeans invented the huge gunships that let
them carry massive firepower to every part of the globe. 3. Advanced rudders and system of sails were useful for
exploration in that ships could sail faster, carry larger food
supply and cover greater distances. The stern rudders and
advanced systems of sails and rigging allowed ships to travel
in almost any direction the captain wanted to go, even if the
wind was not favorable
EXPLORERS
Vasco de Gama Christopher Columbus
Ferdinand Magellan
In 1498, Vasco da
Gama became the first European to reach India
by sea, and the profit from his voyage equaled sixty times the
original investment.
Christopher
Columbus’s voyage was
sponsored by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella.
He wanted to sail west to reach
China and India,
and when he landed, he was
convinced that he
had found the Indies. The Spanish and Portuguese
realized quickly that what he had found wer e lands
completely unknown to them.
Ferdinand Magellan led an expedition
that tied together all of Spain’s and Portugal’s previous efforts. Magellan hoped to cross both oceans; his ships left
Europe in 1519, traversed the Atlantic, rounded South America and made their way through the Pacific, returning to
Europe in 1 522
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 50
Conquistadors: Who did he conquer? Reasons for Success?
HERNANDO CORTES
Hernando Cortes waged an effective
and brutal campaign against the
Aztecs. The Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, became Mexico City,
headquarters of what the Spanish
called New Spain.
The reason for his success was the
fact that the Aztecs looked at him as
a holy-figure and supported his
actions. When he invaded, he
carried the smallpox disease and
killed many of the Aztecs. He
brought powerful weapons when
conquering the Aztecs that they
weren't familiar with.
FRANCISCO PIZARRO
Francisco Pizarro destroyed the
mighty Incan Empire When he attacked the Incas, he had
brought heavy artillery that was
foreign to the natives. When
attacking them, he carried many
diseases that the natives weren't
immune to which killed most of
them off.
How did the colonization of the Americas lead to the spread of smallpox, the measles and
influenza? Explain.
The colonization of the Americans led to the spread of smallpox, the measles and influenza by
the continuous conquering and bringing about different bacteria from different parts of the
world, especially from Spain. When the Spanish conquered the New World, they brought
disease with them, but the natives were not immune to the disease, making them very sick. The
disease was never treated because the not advanced medical education, so it spread to a wider
population.
Traditions and Encounters
Barron’s 219 -221
Land Empires Geographic Location How did the Manchu treat
the Chinese? Significance/Impact
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 51
Manchus Manchuria, northeastern part of
China. During 1620 and 1630s, the Manchu army launched
smallscale invasions into China.
After their seizure of Beijing in
1644, the Manchus moved to
extend their authority
throughout China. During the
1630s and 1640s, many Chinese
generals deserted the Ming
dynasty because of its
corruption and inefficiency.
The Qin Dynasty began
increasing trade with
various European nations.
They ended there
ethnocentric beliefs. They
disapproved many foreign
imports and banned
Christianity. They kept
practices, such as the civil
service system.
Mughals The Mughal Empire was
located in north India,
replacing the fall of the Delhi Sultanate
How did the Ottoman treat
of other religious/ethnic
groups? The Ottoman empire was relatively religiously tolerant to
those of other religious and
ethnic groups. Non- Muslims
were not forced to convert to
Islam, but they had to pay a tax
to practice their own religion.
They also didn’t have equal
rights and were not permitted to
fight in the military.
The Mughal Empire was
established after the
destruction of the Delhi
Sultanate and survived into
the mid-1700s. Muslim was
spread throughout this
empire and trade increased
as well. The Taj Mahal was
built during the reign of the Mughal Empire
During the period of 1450-1750 explain how there was competition over trade routes:
1) Omani-European rivalry in the Indian Ocean
The Omani controlled a lot of trade in the Indian Ocean because of their central location and they helped other
natives to expel European attempts to control the trade; they expelled the Portuguese in 1650. The Europeans
became anxious because of the Oman’s prosperity, as shown in the British treaty with Oman in 1799.
2) Piracy in the Caribbean
After the mid 16th century, when Spanish explorers located exceptionally rich sources of silver in Mexico and
Peru the Caribbean became a sleepy backwater of the Spanish empire. English pirates lurked in Caribbean
waters hoping to intercept imperial fleets carrying American silver to Spain, but the region was not a center of
production.
Prentice Hall, 150-151
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 52
Europeans born in Spain
European descent, born in the colonies
A mix of European and Native American or
African
Prentice Hall, 175-176
Traditions and Encounters
How does the hierarchy reflect Eurocentrism?
This hierarchy reflects eurocentrism by showing that the Europeans were the top
two social classes on this hierarchy. Both the Peninsulares and the Creoles were
Europeans, showing that they had the most power in this society. The
lowerclassmen Europeans, Native Americans and Africans were at the bottom of the
pyramid, showing that they were inferior.
Define: coerced labor a system where the workers were forced to work based
on threats, pressure, or intimidation.
Define: encomienda and hacienda system Encomienda: system that gave Spanish settlers (encomenderos) the right to compel
the indigenous peoples of the Americas to work in the miens or fields Hacienda system: Spanish colonizers were given control of land instead of laborers
How did the Spanish adapt the Inca mit’a system? Explain. Spanish administrators relied mostly on voluntary labor, but they also adapted the
Inca practice of requisitioning draft labor, known as the mita system, to recruit
workers for particularly difficult and dangerous chores that free laborers would not
accept.
THE SLAVE TRADE
Peninsulares :
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 53
Prentice Hall, 125
Causes: What did the
Europeans need? Effects: List two negatives of the slave trade
. 1 Wars in Africa which
weakened the government
2 . Small African societies disappeared
Which country was the last in the Americas to abolish slavery and in what year?
Brazil (1888)
The Europeans nee ded cheap laborers to harvest their crops
when they were ready to
harvest.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 54
Goods from the Americas (be specific) Goods from Europe (be specific)
Maize, potato, sweet potato, beans, peanut, squash,
pumpkin, tomato, chili pepper, avocado, pineapple,
cocoa, tobacco and quinine (medicine
Wheat, sugar, banana, rice, grape (wine), dandelion,
horse, pig, cattle, goat, sheep, chicken, smallpox,
measles, typhus
Define MERCANTILISM:
Mercantilism is an economic concept that involves building up national wealth by exporting more goods than
the nation imported.
WHAT IS SENT TO THE PARENT COUNTRY?
Colonies sent the parent country raw materials
WHAT IS SENT TO THE COLONY?
The colonies are sent manufactured goods, for them to use and trade.
Prentice Hall, 126-130, 146, 152-154
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 55
When was the Age of Absolutism?
1500s-1600s
Monarch Country Facts
Akbar the Great
1542-1605 India
United all of northern India and Afghanistan under Mughal rule. He
ensured absolute control by setting up a paid bureaucracy. He stopped
rewarding service with land grants to break up the aristocracy. He brought
Hindu chiefs into this administration but limited their power. The Mughal
Empire peaked under Akbar the Great because he ruled strictly and crushed opposition. He also promoted trade,
religious tolerance and European technology (printing and gunpowder). He announced Sikhism to be the state
religion and encouraged scholarship
and the arts.
Charles V
151-1556 Spain
Spain became the most powerful nation
in Europe because of Charles V, but he
also faced many military threats that forced him to give up his empire. He
was the emperor of the Holy Roman
Empire and the king of Spain.
Philip II
1580- Spain
Upon Charles V’s retirement, he divided the Spanish empire and gave
Spain, the Spanish Netherlands and the American colonies to his son, Philip II.
Philip II expanded the kingdom and
eventually created an empire which spread throughout the globe. Philip II was a strong Catholic, so he ordered
his army to launch the Spanish Armada
against Protestant England, but the fleet was eventually destroyed. Philip
II believed he had the divine right,
which was the god given right to rule.
Louis XIII France
Louis XIII strengthened the
government of France and trained his
army to become the strongest army
throughout Europe. He was the son of
The Age of Absolutism
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 56
King Henry IV and became the minister-cardinal of France. Louis XIII
listened to the Huguenots and the Nobles, and allows for them to gain
more rights, only if they were to obey
and bow down to him or else they
would defeated.
Louis XIV “The Sun King”
1643-1715 France
Louis XIV believed that he had the divine right and referred to himself as the Sun King. He revoked the Edict of
Nantes, taking away the religious tolerance of the French Protestants. The maintenance of the Palace of
Versailles and the involvement of wars (to become the supreme power in
Europe) left France in major debt once
he died. He created a centralized
bureaucracy.
Louis XVI France
Louis XVI was the king that ruled
during the start of the French Revolution. He inherited the throne
through the Bourbon family line. He married Marie Antoinette and was
beheaded with her by the guillotine. He
added on to the debt in France and continued to decrease the economy in
France. Louis XVI created causes of the
revolt by the people.
Peter the Great
1682-1725 (Age of Exploration) Russia
Peter the Great gained access to the Baltic Sea, which granted Russia with warm water ports and access to trade. He westernized Russia and put the
Orthodox Church under state control,
due to the Great Schism. The Holy Synad was established by Peter the
Great because he wanted everyone to
have the same ideals in order to decrease rebellion. He recruited men
from low ranking societies and rewarded them with grants of land. The potato was also brought to Russia and this shows cross cultural interaction because the potato was native to the Americas. He modernized the army,
and since it cost a lot of money, he also raised taxes. The beard tax was also initiated, which forced men to either
cut of their beards or pay a tax in effort
to unify everyone. He promoted education and raised the status of
women- they were able to attend public
affairs. Peter the Great also moved the capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg,
and since St. Petersburg was on a
swamp, many people died from
Malaria. Russia was nicknamed the “Window to the West.”
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 57
Catherine the Great
1762- 1796 Russia
Catherine the Great was considered an Enlightened Despot, which was a
monarch who incorporated Enlightened ideals into their rule, and a golden age was brought about under her rule. He built hospitals, encouraged small pox
vaccinations, promoted the education of women and extended religious
tolerance. The promotion of the education of women and the extension of religious tolerance were enacted due
to her Enlightenment ideals. She did little to grant basic civil rights to the
majority of the Russian people and carried out few social reforms. Like
Peter the Great, she gained access to the
Black Sea, which granted Russia with
warm water ports and access to trade as
well.
Henry VIII
1509-1547
England
Henry VIII of England created the Church of England (also known as the Anglican Church) to increase his own
power over the Pope. Henry VIII had six wives and when he wished to
divorce his first wife, Catherine of Argon, the pope declined his wish, thus
creating the Church of England.
Elizabeth I England
Elizabeth I was part of the Tudor family line and was the daughter of
King Henry VIII. The golden age that occurred during her reign was named
the “Elizabethan Age,” which was a time expressing the arts and literature. She was a Virgin Queen, which means
she had no kids. Eventually, she defeated the Spanish Armada, which
made the English navy the strongest in
the world.
Suleiman the Magnificent
1520-1566 Ottoman Empire (Turkey)
Suleiman the Magnificent was the emperor of the Ottoman Empire. He was a great codifier of laws for the
diverse empire and oversaw a golden age. His conquest of Persia inspired an arts movement, especially in building and decorating mosques and libraries. He expanded his empire, conquering
Tunisia and Algeria. He reorganized the
laws, aligned them with the Islamic
Shari’a and reinforced them with strict
decrees.
1) What is the significance of the Glorious Revolution in England:
The Glorious Revolution in England was the nonviolent overthrow of James II. The Parliament overthrew James II in
fear of the return of the Catholic dominance.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 58
Prentice Hall, 2)
Define Limited Monarchy:
129-130
A limited monarchy was a form of government in which a legislative body limits the monarch’s powers.
3) What was the Magna Carta?
The Magna Carta was a document that was signed by King John of England in 1215. It limited the power of the king.
4) List 5 elements of the English Bill of Rights:
The king must work regularly with Parliament
The king must give the House of Commons financial control
Abolished cruel or unusual punishment
Affirmed habeas corpus, meaning that no person could be held in jail without first being charged
with a crime
Abolished excessive fines
Prentice Hall, 139 -143
1) How did the Renaissance spark the Scientific Revolution?
When was it?
The same spirit of inquiry that fueled the Renaissance, led scientists to 1750-1914 question
traditional beliefs about the workings of the universe.
2) Scientists and their accomplishments:
Copernicus: created the heliocentric model, but the church had a problem with this matter
because it contradicted the church’s belief of the geocentric model. Galileo: proved Copernicus’s theory of the heliocentric model through his invention of the
telescope. Galileo was able to see craters on the moon and the rings of Saturn through his
telescope Newton: comes up with the term “gravity,” and created Newton’s Law of Motion and the
predictability of gravity with like objects
3) How did the Scientific Revolution change the way Europeans looked at the world?
The Scientific Revolution changed the way Europeans looked at the world through questioning the universe. The
Renaissance paved the way for people to question things, and the universe was another thing that people
questioned and looked at from a different perspective.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 59
When was it? Prentice Hall, 142-145
700s
How did the Scientific Revolution lead to the Enlightenment?
The Scientific Revolution led to the Enlightenment because scholars believed that by applying the scientific
method of investigation and observation, they can solve problems in society.
Enlightenment Thinker Beliefs
John Locke
Believed that all people possess natural rights. These
rights include the right to live, liberty and property.
People form governments to protect their rights. If a
government does not protect these rights, the people
have the right to overthrow it.
Montesquieu
Believed that the power of the government should be
separated into three branches: legislative, executive
and judicial. The separation of power, and checks and
balances would prevent one branch from becoming too
powerful.
Voltaire
Believed in free speech. He used his sharp wit to
criticize the French government and the Catholic
Church for their failure to permit religious toleration
and intellectual freedom.
Rousseau
Believed that people are naturally good but can be
corrupted by the evils of society. In order to create a
perfect society, people choose to give up their own
interests for the common good. He believed in the will
of the majority, which he called the general will. He
believed that the majority should always work for the
common good.
What are natural Rights? Natural rights are rights that
everyone is born with such as freedom of speech, freedom or
religion and the right to live. Others consist of life, liberty and
property.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 60
Traditions and Encounters, Barron’s Various Chapters
Be able to explain the significance of the following people, places or concepts:
1. Astrolabe:
simplified version of an instrument used by Greek and Persian astronomers to determine latitude by measuring
the angle of the sun or the pole star above the horizon
2. Caravels:
small, highly maneuverable sailing ship used mostly by Spanish and Portuguese traders and explorers
during the 1400's and 1500's.
3. Define a syncretic religion:
the fusion of diverse religious beliefs and
practices.
4. Cults of saints in Latin America (example of a syncretic religion):
__________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. Vodun in the Caribbean (example of a syncretic religion):
Most Africans and African-Americans did not practice European Christianity, but Vodou made considerable
room for African interests and traditions. Because they developed mostly in plantation societies under
conditions of slavery, these syncretic religions usually did not create an institutional structure or establish a
hierarchy of priests and other church officials. Yet, they became exceedingly popular among states.
6. Maize (Americas):
Maize was traded to Europe, Africa and Asia through the Columbian Exchange. It also permitted Chinese
farmers to take advantage of soils that previously had gone uncultivated.
7. Okra (African slaves):
__________________________________________________________________
8. Cervantes:
(1547-1616), ranks as the outstanding writer in Spanish literature. His masterpiece, Don Quixote, is a novel
about a middle-aged country landowner who imagines himself a knight in armor and goes into the world to
battle injustice. Don Quixote ranks among the great works in literature and has been a major influence on the
development of the novel.
9. Sundiata:
Founded the Mali Empire in West Africa in 1235 and ruled it until about
1260. Sundiata transformed Kangaba—a small kingdom of the Malinke people—into the core of the Mali
Empire. It grew to be one of the largest and wealthiest of Africa's ancient empires.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 61
10. Kabuki:
one of the most popular forms of drama in Japan. It includes music, dance, mime, exaggerated acting, and
spectacular costumes and lavish scenery. Kabuki traditionally is performed only by men, who play the roles of
female characters as well as males.
11. Chattel slavery:
enslaved person who is owned forever and whose children and children's children are automatically enslaved.
Chattel slaves are individuals treated as complete property, to be bought and sold. Chattel slavery was supported
and made legal by European governments and monarchs. This type of enslavement was practiced in European
colonies, from the sixteenth century onwards.
12. Indentured servitude:
An example of coerced labor in which laborers who had little future in Europe often were willing to sell a
portion of their working lives in exchange for passage across the Atlantic and a new start in life.
13. Zamindars (Mughal Empire)
Certain type of landowner in India. The significance of a zamindar's position varied in different parts of India. It
could mean outright ownership. More often, it meant that the professed owner of the land was more of a tax
collector. The owner's rights depended upon payment to the central government a percentage of the tax the
zamindar collected from the peasants who lived on the land.
14. Europeans and Divine Right:
belief that monarchs get their right to rule directly from God, rather than from the consent or wish of their
subjects.
15. Civil service examinations (China):
The Song rulers firmly established a system of civil service examinations that had begun during the Han period.
They thus completed the shift of social and political power from aristocratic families to officials selected on the
basis of talent. The Manchus abolished the Confucian civil service examinations, established modern schools,
and sent students abroad to study.
16. Innovations in arts: miniature paintings in the Middle East and South Asia, wood-block prints in
Japan:
Miniature painting was particularly highly developed among the Ottomans, Safavids, and Mughal Empires.
Wood- block prints were type of Japanese illustration printed on paper from carved blocks of wood. The most
famous Japanese prints were produced from the 1600's to the late 1800's. They are noted for their brilliant
designs, bold colors, and technical quality.
17. Thirty Years War:
(1618-1648) massive continental conflict that culminated from religious wars. The war opened after the Holy
Roman emperor attempted to force his Bohemian subjects to return to the Roman Catholic church, and the main
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 62
battleground was the emperor’s territory in Germany. The motives that prompted states to enter the war were
sometimes political or economic, but religious differences complicated the other issues and made them more
difficult to resolve. This war was the most destructive European conflict before the 20th century. The
destructiveness of this war raised questions about the viability of Europe as a region of strong, independent,
well-armed, and intensely competitive states.
18. Ottoman-Safavid conflict:
Conflict between the Ottomans and the Safavids that was based on territorial and religious differences. Both
great empires sought to control vast territories in present-day Iraq, along the Caspian and their mutual borders.
As Sunni Muslims, the Ottoman Empire also disagreed with the Shi’ite Safavids over basic religious tenets and
practices.
19. Post-conquest codices in Mesoamerica:
The natives accepted the Spaniard’s Latin alphabet and created many works written in it after the Spanish
conquest of Mexico. This is because the natives had a long tradition of writing before the Europeans came.
Industrialization and Global Integration 1750 to 1900
What were the causes of the French Revolution?
o o o o o
Political
Absolute monarchy (Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette)
Estates general had not
been called in 175 years
Lack of representation of
the 3rd Estate in the estates
general and the
government
Lack of natural rights No written constitution Enlightenment ideals Ideas of natural rights American Revolution Spirit of Inquiry
Separation of Power Consent of the governed
Social
3rd estate was viewed
as the “lower class” 1st
and 2nd estates had
special rights and
privileges
Unrest within the majority
of the population
Economic
3rd estate held the tax
burden
1st and 2nd estate held
wealth and land
(minority of population)
King = absolute ruler
“Hands- on economy”
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 63
When did the French Revolution occur: 1789-1799
Describe the various stages of the French Revolution?
1791- National Assembly disbanded and the Legislative Assembly is formed
1792- a radical republic is established, as is the National Convention
1793- Reign of Terror (guillotine); Jacobins (Robespiere), Girondists,
Louis XVI & Marie Antoinette beheaded
1795- the Directory: created a 2 branch form of gov’t; very
unorganized & difficult for decisions to be made
1799- the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
Explain and describe the Napoleonic Code:
The Napoleonic Code was a code used by Napoleon Bonaparte and it contained some democratic elements,
even though he was an emperor. His code granted political and legal equality for all adult men, but restricted
individual freedom, especially speech and press.
What is the significance of the French Revolution?
The French Revolution is significant because it brought about great change in society and politics. It ended the
reign of the monarchs and introduced democratic ideals to France. The middle class was also strengthened.
What is the significance of the Congress of Vienna and who was Metternich?
The Congress of Vienna was a series of meetings held in late 1814 and early 1815 to settle the issue arising
from almost 25 years of war between France and the rest of Europe. The congress decided how Europe would
be ruled after the imminent defeat of the Napoleon Bonaparte; the European monarchs sought to turn back the
clock to 1789 and restore Europe’s Old Regime. Metternich (1773-1859) was an Austrian minister of foreign
affairs who opposed democracy and nationalism (which was a difficult task because of Enlightenment ideals).
He also proposed principles of compensation and legitimacy.
The Seven Years War (French and
Indian War)
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 64
Causes Facts Effects Impact
Globally
• Commercial rivalries and political
differences
• Prussia and Austria
fought each other for
control of Germany
• In Europe, the Seven Years' War resulted
from the desire of
Maria Theresa, ruler of Austria, to recover
possession of the province of Silesia
from Frederick the Great, king of Prussia.
• (1756-1763)
• Global conflict in that
it took place in
Europe, India, the Caribbean and North
America- and involved Asian and indigenous American people as
well as European
• Led the foundation
for 150 years of British
imperial hegemony in
the world
• Victory place Britain
in a position to dominate world trade
for the foreseeable future and paved the
way for the establishment of the
British empire in the
19th century.
• France gave up
almost all its lands in
North America to
Britain, and also gave
up its empire in India.
• Europe: war pitted Britain and Prussia against
France, Austria and
Russia.
• India: British and
French forces each
allied with
local rulers and engaged in a contest for hegemony
in the indian Ocean
• Caribbean: Spanish forces joined with the
French in an effort to limit British expansion in the
western hemisphere.
• North America: merged
with a conflict already
underway known as the French and Indian War
(1754-1763); British and French armies made
separate alliances with indigenous peoples in an
effort to outmaneuver
each other
~~~~Latin America~~~~
Prentice Hall,191-192
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 65
List two revolutions that inspired
those in Latin America:
1. American Revolution
2. French Revolution
Who was Toussaint L’Ouverture
and why is he significant?
Toussaint L’Ouverture was the son
of slaves who taught himself how to
read and write. He is significant because he led the first slave revolt
in Haiti in the Haitian Revolution. He organized a strong, disciplined
army.
Who was Simon Bolivar and why
is he significant?
Simon Bolivar was nicknamed the
“Great Liberator” after liberating
Colombia, Ecuador and Venezuela.
He was also the President of
Bolivia.
Person/Concept Country Significance
When people realize they share a common ancestry, heritage,
language and culture; nationalism acts like a magnet.
Prentice Hall , 157 - 162 , 201 - 206
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 66
Ataturk
(1881-1938) Turkey
Founder and first president of Republic of Turkey. He was also a
wartime hero and then leader of the Turks, known for his reforms and pushing out Europeans from
their land, gave women more rights and believed that religion in
the government prevented modernization, he abolished the
sultanate and created secular
learning institutions
Zionism Palestine
a political movement that holds that the Jewish people constitute a
nation and have the right to their
homeland.
Bismarck
1862 Prussia
Chancellor of Prussia who united
the German states into one empire. He declared that the great
problems of his time must be settled by "blood and iron" instead
of by speeches and resolutions.
Garibaldi
1807-1882 Italy
Considered to be the “sword” or
Italian nationalism Sought to create a republic
but accepted Cavour’s ideas
‘Red Shirts’
Mazzini
1805-1872 Italy
Considered to be “the soul” of
Italian nationalism Duty to the nation, God, and
family
‘Young Italy
Cavour
1810-1861 Italy
“The brain” in his role as a skilled
diplomat during Italian unification Sought to create a constitutional
monarchy
Gandhi
1869-1948 (South Africa and) India
one of the most remarkable & charismatic leaders of the 20th
century. Got involved in
organizing the local Indian
community against a racial segregation that made Indians 2nd
class citizens, in South Africa
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 67
Nehru India
the son of Motilal Nehru, was India's first prime minister and
dominated Indian affairs. He worked to establish a democracy and to improve living standards.
He favored a state-controlled
economy. He gained international
recognition for opposing alliances
with the great powers and for promoting neutralism. He favored admitting Communist China to the
United Nations until Chinese
forces attacked the Indian border in
1962.
Martin Luther King United States
He was the main leader of the civil
rights movement in the United States during the 1950's and 1960's. He had a magnificent
speaking ability, which enabled
him to effectively express the demands of African Americans for
social justice. King's eloquent
pleas won the support of millions of people—blacks and whites—
and made him internationally
famous. He led marches and demonstrations and, despite the
violence visited on him and his followers, won major civil rights
battles. He won the 1964 Nobel Peace Prize for leading nonviolent
civil rights demonstrations.
Jinnah
1876-1948
India
an eloquent and brilliant lawyer who headed the Muslim League,
and warned that a unified India
represented nothing less than a threat to the Muslim faith and its
Indian community
Indian National Congress
India
Greatest and most influential
association dedicated to the struggle against British rule,
founded in 1885. This
organization, which enlisted the support of many prominent Hindus
and Muslims, at first stressed collaboration with the British to bring self-rule to India, but after
the Great War, the congress
pursued that goal in opposition to the British
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 68
Muslim League
India
established in 1906 with the encouragement of the British
government, added a new current into the movement for national
liberation
India/Pakistan Conflict
India // Pakistan
An ongoing religious dispute
between the Muslims of Pakistan
and the Hindus of India that caused
India to be split up into two
countries.
Passive Resistance/Civil
Disobedience
India
Gandhi's philosophies that stated
that the best way to win independence from the British was
to remain disobedient, but not
violent. This worked and led to
India's independence.
Indira Gandhi
1917-1984
India
The first woman prime minister of India. Two of Gandhi’s security guards, who were members of the Sikh religious
group, assassinated her. Many Sikhs
were angry after Gandhi’s government
attacked Sikh militants occupying a
sacred Sikh temple. The militants
wanted a separate Sikh state.
Prentice Hall, 164-166
What was the agricultural revolution? Barron’s 259-262
Change in farming methods that allowed for a greater production of
food. This revolution was fueled by the use of new farming technology
such as the seed drill and improved fertilizers.
What were the effects of the agricultural revolution?
The result of the agricultural revolution is that there was a population
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 69
explosion due to the higher availability of food. Also, the Enclosure Movement was established, which was the
consolidation of many small farms into one farm, leaving many people jobless and homeless.
Where did the Industrial Revolution begin and why?
The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain because they had an abundance of natural resources needed for
industrialization, such as iron ore and coal. Britain also had access to many navigable rivers and natural harbors
which provided for the easy movement of goods both within the country and overseas. Britain also had a vast
overseas empire that provided them with a strong economy. They had the capital needed to build railroads,
factories and mines. They also used steam power, which ended up being the power source of the Industrial
Revolution
What were three causes of the Industrial Revolution?
1. Agrarian Revolution
2. Enclosure Movement
3. Improving Machinery
Effects of the Industrial Revolution:
1) Laissez Faire government
2) Rise of Big Businesses
3) New Technology/ Machinery
4) Urbanization
5) Changing Social Role
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 70
What is conservatism? Believes in traditional values, institutions, &
ideas. G enerally distrustful of change, risk, & reform. Seek to conserve existing
framework of standards & beliefs.
What is
Marxism?
Ideas created by Karl Marx, author of the
Communist Manifesto. Promoted a more
radical theory, “scientific socialism”
What is Utopian
Socialism? Utopians sought to
create self - sufficient communities, where all
property and work would be shared, thus,
fighting would end
What is Social
Darwinism?
Social Darwinism is the idea that humans
had evolved over millions of years.
What is liberalism?
believes in freedom,
equality, & opportunity. I nvolves
an openness to change & a desire to seek new solutions to
problems.
New
p hilosophies
and ideas Prentice Hall, 153
Barron’s 263, 269
DEFINE ANARCHY
country that has no government
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 71
IMPERIALISM
Racial superiority, Social Darwinism, conviction
that white Westerners had a duty to teach &
modernize the darker - skinned people of Africa
& Asia
Scientific and technological
aptitude - better maps, medical advances, etc.
Rapid population
growth
Military superiority
Economics
Industrialization ) (
What were the
causes of
imperialism?
Explain.
Prentice Hall, 121 - 123
Barron’s 267 - 273 301 , - 304
Define: transoceanic empires a system of political domination and
economic exploitation by an ‘imperial’ nation of a ‘colonial’ area,” prior to the 19 th century, the process of imperialism was thought of as a beneficial system for
all of the countries and colonies involved. The Roman Empire, the Holy Roman Empire, the British Empire, and their colonies and spheres of influence, are all examples of this on etime belief.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 72
Mathew
Commodore Perry was an American commander who requested Japan to open its economy to foreign
trade.
What was the Meiji Restoration?
The Meiji Restoration was a radical alteration of Japanese politics, economics and social organization. A modern
army and navy was organized, a system of public education was created, industrial development was promoted,
and modern systems of transportation and communication were built. Japan began to expand its influence; Japan
won wars against China in 1895 and Russia in 1905. In 1910, Japan made Korea a colony. After forming an
alliance with Britain in 1902, Japan gained international recognition as an equal of the Western powers.
COUNTRY WHAT SHOULD I KNOW?
JAPANESE
IMPERIALISM
SINO - JAPANESE WAR
Explain it: conflict between China and Japan over control of Korea.
Significance: The war weakened China and opened the country to greater foreign influence. It also sowed the seed of the Russo - Japanese War
Outcome: Japan’s occupation of Taiwan and Korea
RUSSO - JAPANESE WAR
Explain it: Competition over influences in Manchuria caused great tension. Significance: marked the first time in the modern era that a non - Western nation had defeated a European power in a full - scale military conflict Outcome: Southern Sakhalin Island to Japan and forced Russia to remove its troops from Manchuria. Russia had to give Lüshun and Dalian to Japan and also leave Korea for the Japanese. But Russia kept control of the Chinese Eastern Railway .
Who was Mathew Commodore Perry?
japan
Prentice Hall,
170 - 172
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 73
INDIA What European country controlled India? Britain Explain what led to the Sepoy Mutiny? The Sepoy Mutiny began when
the British introduced the new Enfield rifle, which used cartridges
Prentice Hall, 160-161 Barron’s, 270
greased in a tallow containing beef and pork fat. Religious beliefs of the
sepoys forbade them to bite open the cartridges. The Hindu sepoys
could not eat beef. Sepoys who were Muslims (followers of Islam)
could not eat pork. The rebellion broke out in the military base at
Meerut after British officers imprisoned 85 sepoys for refusing to use
the cartridges What were the effects? The East India Company was abolished in favor
of the direct rule of India by the British government. The financial crisis
caused by the mutiny led to a reorganization of the Indian administration’s finances on a modern basis. The Indian army was also
extensively reorganized.
AFRICA
Barron’s, 272-273
How did the Berlin Conference illustrate Eurocentrism? The Berlin
Conference illustrated Eurocentrism in that the lines on the map
showing the boundary lines of Africa reflected European desires and
had little relation to the traditional territorial boundaries of African
tribes or ethnic groups (none of whom were invited to take part). What
was the Boer War? Who fought? The Boer War (1899-1902) was a
war fighting for African territory between the British and Boers in
South Africa. Although the British had a larger, better- equipped army,
the Boers were skilled guerrilla soldiers and excellent sharpshooters,
fighting on their home territory.
What was the result of Zulu resistance? All of southern Africa would be
controlled by the British
CHINA
Barron’s, 271
Who was selling opium to the Chinese? British merchants were selling
opium to the Chinese. What was the Opium War? (1839-1842) sparked by an outrage over the
opium trade, between China and Britain. British commercial agents
pressed their government into a military retaliation designed to reopen
the opium trade. This war made plain the military power differentials
between Europe and China. How did the Europeans benefit from the Treaty of Nanjing? Europeans
benefited from the Treaty of Nanjing in that the treaty opened four new
ports, including Shanghai, to the British and allowed them to keep the
island of Hong Kong. China was also forced to make reparations
(payments for damages). What is a Sphere of Influence? A Sphere of Influence is the claim by a
state to exclusive or predominant control over a foreign area or territory.
Why did the Boxers lose? Their weaponry was inferior to the
technologically advanced European powers. Who was Sun Yixian? Sun Yixian was a Chinese statesman and
revolutionary leader, fought to establish a republic of China. He is
generally called the Father of the Revolution. Sun was too idealistic to
be an effective political leader. But his Three People's Principles
(nationalism, democracy, and socialism) became the guiding principles
of the Chinese republic, which was esta blished in 1912. Class Notes
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 74
New Nations
New Nation Significance
The Cherokee Nation
US President Andrew Jackson ordered the “removal” of Cherokee men, women and
children in order to make room for immigrants & settlers. The Cherokee people
have been identified as one of the most socially & culturally advanced of the Native Americans. They re-established themselves in their new home with
communities, churches, schools, newspapers and businesses. They adopted a new constitution in September of 1839 and in 1844, the Cherokee Advocate, printed in
both Cherokee and English, became the first newspaper in Indian Territory and the
first-ever published in a Native American language.
Siam
Siam was able to keep its freedom, which was an accomplishment no other Southeast Asian state could match. They were able to keep their freedom in return
for all the territory Siam gave the French and British. Though, they were much
smaller in size in compared to other countries. They lost much of their land to the
French and British.
Hawai’i
The arrival of the United States enabled the people to have a religion to follow
upon their arrival; in the wake of the kapu system being destroyed, the Hawaiians were without a religion. Interaction with Japan, China and Philippines allowed
Hawaii to become a melting pot of world cultures, faiths and customs. But,
conflicts between royalty and the outsiders grew. U.S businessmen convinced the
military that they were still U.S. citizens, and should be protected from the Hawaiian government, and when the businessmen seized control of the islands and
took power away from Liliuokalani, the military felt obligated to protect the Americas. Populations decreased by as much as 80% as well, after the arrival of
British Captain James Hook, by influenza, typhoid fever, and measles.
Zulu Kingdom
Military pride and strength amongst the Zulus and a rise in nationalism occurred. The growth of militaristic pride and nationalism showed signs of modernization.
The people had pride for their nation and determination that they were going to win
the Anglo- Zulu War. Dutch interaction also weakened even more after the arrival
of the Voortrekkers. The leader at the time, Dingane, was killed and a shrewd
politician, Mpande, was succeeded by his son (and Shaka’s nephew) Cetshwayo.
Nationalism
New Nation Significance
Filipino nationalism
The term “Filipino” was a nationalistic term in itself. The Filipinos were the
ilustrados (Spanish- educated children), whose demands were disregarded by both the colonial government and the Catholic Church; they demanded the separation of
church and state, the expulsion of Spanish friars who dominated rural areas and the
introduction of native clergy. A rebellion broke out in 1896 in Manila and Filipino leaders were killed, giving Phillipine nationalism a martyr. The Filipinos were the
first people in Asia who successfully fought their colonial power and created a modern nation-state
Liberian nationalism
Liberia was the only African state to remain independent- it was a small republic in
west Africa populated by freed slaves that was effectively a dependency of the United States. The persistence of European colonization led to the development of
African nationalism and the birth of embryonic nationalist movements.
Be able to explain the significance of the following people, places or concepts:
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 75
1. Guano:
Was available in abundance at many small Pacific islands
2. Limited liability corporation:
a corporation in which the loss that an owner (shareholder) of a business firm may incur is
limited to the amount of capital invested by him in the business and does not extend to his
personal assets
3. Gold standard:
the use of gold as the standard of value for the money of a country. A country is on the gold
standard when it will redeem any of its money in gold and when it agrees to buy and sell gold
at a fixed price. Advantages of following the gold standard are that it checks inflation, restrains
government spending, and stabilizes currency exchange rates among countries that use it.
The disadvantages are that it prevents necessary adjustments in domestic currency supplies
and international exchange rates.
4. “Open Door Policy:
Statement of principles initiated by the United States (1899, 1900) for the protection of equal
privileges among countries trading with China and in support of Chinese territorial and
administrative integrity
5. Copper mines in Mexico:
The El Boleo mine in Santa Rosalia, Baja California Sur quickly became not only Mexico's
largest copper mine but also the region's most important port and Baja California's largest
industrial center. The mining company there was also the first major industrial venture of
French capitalists outside of France or that country's colonial possessions. The government
under Porfirio Diaz attempted to develop their national economy, settle and secure their
borderlands. As part of this process thousands of Mexican peasants became miners, local
economic, social, and political relationships were established and Mexico became a player in
the global copper economy.
6. Coal and diamond mines in South Africa:
The discovery of diamonds (and gold) brought an economic revolution to South Africa after
1870. The basis of the economy changed from agriculture to mining. Investment in mines and
services, as well as profits generated by the mines, pumped more money into the economy.
This money made possible the development of a modern transport and communication
network. Coal mining was established to supply fuel for the railways. Investors built factories to
provide clothing for mine workers and equipment for the mines. Diamonds made the region
more strategically and commercially important to the United Kingdom. To strengthen its
authority over the region, the United Kingdom took advantage of a financial crisis afflicting the
SAR and annexed the republic in 1877.
7. United Fruit Company: owned 160,000 acres of and in the Caribbean by 1913, and already by
1918 U.S. consumers bought fully 90% of Nicaragua’s bananas
8. HSBC:
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 76
bank holding company based in London that originated as the Hongkong and Shanghai
Banking Corporation, Ltd., in 1865, with offices in Hong Kong, Shanghai, and London. It was
established at a time of growing trade between China, India, and Europe. Before the close of
the 19th century, the Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation had become a leading
banker for governments, including those of Hong Kong and China, in addition to many British
government interests.
9. Muhammad Ali and the development of cotton in Egypt:
Muhammad introduced cotton to Egypt which promised high cash returns and also constructed
a modern industrial system to process Egypt’s raw materials.
10. Suffrage other than the USA for women:
Suffrage after World War I was the biggest accomplishment women had achieved in that
decade. European women worked their husbands’ jobs on the home front while they were off
at war. When they returned, they demanded more rights and won. Sweden however, had
suffrage for women in 1718. The United Kingdom and Germany had women suffrage in 1918,
Portugal and Spain in the 1930s, and France in 1945.
11. Dutch colonization in Indonesia:
Many Southeast Asian islands fell under Dutch rule in the seventeenth century, and they
tightened and extended their control throughout the Dutch East Indies, which makes up
modern day Indonesia. The Dutch used their cash crops such as sugar, tea, coffee, and
tobacco.
12. British colonization in India:
The British government preempted the East India Company and imposed direct imperial rule in
India. In 1858, Queen Victoria (r. 1837-1901) assigned responsibility for Indian policy to the
newly established office of secretary of state for India. A viceroy represented British vice
staffed almost exclusively by the English. Indians served in low-level bureaucratic positions,
but British officials formulated all domestic and foreign policy in India. Under both the East
India Company and direct colonial administration, British rule transformed India. As they
extended their authority to all parts of India and Ceylon, British officials cleared forests,
restructured landholdings and encouraged the cultivation of crops such as tea, coffee, and
opium, that were especially valuable trade items. They built extensive railroad and telegraph
networks that tightened links between India and the lager global economy. They also
constructed new canals, harbors, and irrigation systems to support commerce and agriculture.
British colonial authorities made little effort to promote Christianity, but they established
English-style schools for the children of Indian elites, whom they sought as supporters of their
rule. They also suppressed Indian customs that conflicted with European law of values
13. British influence in West Africa:
The Gold Coast was a British colony on the Gulf of Guinea in West Africa that became the
independent nation of Ghana in 1957.
14. Belgium influence in the Congo:
In the 1970s, King Leopold II of Belgium (r. 1865-1909) employed Henry Morton Stanley to
help develop commercial ventures and establish a colony called the Congo Free State in the
basin of the Congo River. To forestall competition from Belgium’s much larger and more
powerful European neighbors, Leopold announced that the Congo region would be a free-
trade zone accessible to merchants and businesspeople from all European lands. In fact,
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 77
however, he carved out a personal colony and filled it with lucrative rubber plantations run by
forced labor. Working conditions in the Congo Free State were so brutal, taxes so high, and
abuses so many that humanitarians protested Leopold’s colonial regime. In 1908, the Belgian
government took control of the colony, known thereafter as Belgian Congo
15. British influence in Australia and New Zealand:
European mariners reconnoitered Australia and made occasional landfalls from the early 16th
century, but only after the Pacific voyages of Captain James Cook did Europeans travel to the
southern continent in large numbers. In 1788, a British fleet with about one thousand settlers,
most of them convicted criminals, arrived at Sydney harbor and established the colony of New
South Wales. The migrants supported themselves mostly by herding sheep. Lured opportunity,
voluntary migrants outnumbered convicts the 1830s, and the discovery of gold in 1851 brought
a surge in migration to Australia. European settlers established communities also in New
Zealand. European migration rocked the societies of Australia and New Zealand. Diseases
such as smallpox and measles devastated indigenous peoples at the same time that European
migrants flooded into their lands. The aboriginal population of Australia fell from about 650,000
in 1800 to 90,000 in 1900, whereas the European population rose from a few thousand to 3.75
million during the same period. Similarly, the population of indigenous Maori in New Zealand
fell from about 200,000 in 1800 to 45,000 a century later, while European numbers climbed to
750,000
16. French influence in Algeria:
France was determined to keep its control over Algeria at all costs. French settlers demanded
to the government in Paris to defend their cause in North Africa. By the end of WWII there was
a growing nationalistic movement in Algeria that wanted to be freed from France. This set off
the Algerian revolt in May 1945 which was a peaceful demonstration. French colonial police
however fired shots and the problem turned into the Algerian war of liberation in 1954. By 1962
Algeria had gained independence and hundreds of thousands of Algerians had died.
17. Bolivar’s Jamaican Letter:
written by Bolivar that stated that the bonds between Latin America and the Iberian Peninsula
had been severed
18. Maroon Societies:
Escaped slaves in the Central American area formed maroon societies where they gathered
materials from the slave plantations they would attack.
19. Marathas and the Mughal Sultans:
The Marathas were Hindu warriors of western India. They revolted and seriously weakened the
Mughal empire.
20. The Indian Revolt of 1857:
revolt with Indian troops who served the British; the most prominent effort to resist British
colonial authority in India, but it was only one among thousands of insurrections organized by
discontented Indian subjects between the mid-19th and mid -20th centuries. As a result, the
British government took permanent control of the territory from the East India Company.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 78
21. The Taiping Rebellion:
rebellion to overthrow the government of the Qing Dynasty, led by the Taiping (religious
group). The Qing finally defeated them in 1864, but the rebellion cost millions of lives and
seriously weakened the Qing’s hold on power.
22. The Ghost Dance:
a religious movement among American Indians of the Western United States in the late 1800's.
It offered the Indians hope of spiritual renewal and a return to their old way of living. The
religion promised that dead Indian ancestors and game animals would come back to life.
23. The Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement:
practiced in Africa where the prophecy said that if cattle were slaughtered and crops were
destroyed that the whites would go away and bring back ancient Xhosa chiefs. Many people
starved to death or sought refuge across the river to the Cape colony.
24. The Tanzimat movement:
drew considerable inspiration from Enlightenment thought and the constitutional foundations of
western European states. They attacked Ottoman law with the aim of making it acceptable to
Europeans so they could have the capitulations lifted and recover Ottoman sovereignty. A
commercial code was promulgated, as were decrees designed to safeguard the rights of
subjects
25. The Self-Strengthening Movement:
Chinese attempt (1860-1895) to blend Chinese cultural traditions with European industrial
technology
26. Chinese Exclusion Act:
a series of actions and acts approved by the United States government, restricted and
prohibited Chinese from entering the United States
27. White Australia Policy:
Restricted South Asian Chinese, Japanese, Vietnamese and South Pacific Islanders from
entering Australia (these immigrants came to Australia to find jobs) through nearly impossible
dictation tests
28. Enclave of the Chinese in Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, South America and North America:
Enclaves were small communities of a common ethnicity in a country that is foreign to them. In
North American the enclaves attracted tourists, in the Caribbean the Chinese were exported
there in order to work on sugar plantations and later on after abolition they established
restaurants and laundries.
Accelerating Global Change and Realignments 1900 to
Present Prentice Hall, 190-194
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 79
What were the causes of WWI?
M A N I A
Militarism is the idea of
focusing on building up
the economy in order to prepare for war; military power
was seen as a symbol of national prestige. In
the years leading up to World War I, most of
the countries increased
the amount of money spent on weapons. This
increased the chance of
war because it gave the
countries the tools to fight back if necessary.
This heightened
tensions and competition between
the alliances.
The alliance
systems created
agreements among nations
to aid each other if one of the countries
were to be
attacked. Through the
alliance system, World War I
involved more
countries than
any other war before, whether it be directly or
indirectly
Nationalism is the
sense of extreme
pride in one’s nation, and it also a
long- term cause of
World War I. Nationalism directly
impacted the Austro- Hungarian Empire in
that it physically broke up the empire
into smaller countries, and the
smaller countries
remained united.
France’s loss of Alsace and Lorraine
by Germany also
brought about
French nationalism,
in order to regain
that territory
Imperialism was also a long- term cause of
World War I, especially
through the Scramble of Africa. The Scramble of
Africa was the race to
expand European colonial
influence in Africa. Imperialism is the policy or action by which one
country forcefully gains
and keeps control of
another country or
territory. Imperialism contributed to WWI in
that tensions and competition increased for
land and money. The British especially were
concerned over German
growth and competition
over colonies.
The spark that
ignited World War I was the
assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand. He
and his wife were assassinated by
the Serb
nationalist Gavrilo Princip,
and World War I began a month
later, when Austria declared
war against
Serbia.
Who was involved?
CENTRAL POWERS
Germany, Austro- Hungary, Ottoman Empire Italy
moved alliances
ALLIED POWERS
Great Britain, France and Russia Later Italy
1. Why were the Balkans known as the Powder Keg?
The Balkans were known as the Powder Keg because many wars started there
2. What technology was used?
German U-Boats allowed Germany to fight through unrestricted submarine warfare, which gave Germany the
element of surprise in their attacks. The airplane and the tank was used for the first time, as Great Britain
introduces it to progress the war on the western front from the stalemate, because of trench warfare.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 80
3. Describe trench warfare:
The strategy of trench warfare was war fought in trenches. The soldiers would eat, sleep and fight amongst the
rats who infested the trenches, eating at the dead flesh of the soldiers. The stretch of land between the trenches
of the opposing sides was considered “No Man’s Land.”
4. Why was WWI a stalemate?
World War I was a stalemate because the war was fought through trench warfare.
5. What were the effects of WWI?
The war ended in an armistice in 1918, which is the agreement to stop fighting. The Treaty of Versailles was
signed in 1919 to end the war and it emphasized Germany’s punishment. Italy was not given the land they were
originally promised for switching alliances during World War I, which negatively affected their economy. War
veterans could not find jobs, trade was slow and taxes were high. In Europe, women gained suffrage, which was
the biggest accomplishment for women in that decade.
6. How was Germany treated?
Germany was stripped of their Kaiser- ruler- and democracy was forced on them. The Germans did not know
how to operate under a democratic rule, and failed. The Weimar Republic (1919-1933) was a German assembly
met in Weimar to approve a new constitution, and the people resented it because of the chaos it brought. Hitler
soon came to power and promised to fix Germany’s problems.
7. What is the significance of the Treaty of Versailles and the War Guilt clause?
The Treaty of Versailles emphasized Germany’s punishment. Article 231 specifically stated that the war- guilt
clause laid chief blame for World War I on Germany.
8. How did WWI pave the way for WWII?
Hitler took control in Germany after they were declining from World War I, and he promised to defy the Treaty
of Versailles and restore Germany power.
9. Define: firebombing
a country attacks another country by flying over their land with planes an drops bombs onto the ground
relentlessly.
How did the breakdown of the empire impact the Balkan region?
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 81
The Balkan Crisis (1876-1878) nearly destroyed the Ottoman Empire: when Romania, Bulgaria,
Serbia, and Montenegro revolved against the Ottomans, Russia went to war on their behalf, beat the
Turks and imposed a harsh treaty.
How did the breakdown of the Ottoman Empire wave the way for British influence in
Egypt?
In 1789, France sent Napoleon to capture Egypt and the Suez isthmus. He easily defeated Egyptian
and Turkish armies temporarily deposing the Mamluks who ruled Egypt on the Ottomans’ behalf.
Although the English restored the regime, Ottoman authority in Egypt was badly damaged.
On Sunday, Jan. 22, 1905, thousands of striking workers marched peacefully to the czar's Winter Palace
in St. Petersburg. The workers, led by Father Georgi Gapon, a Russian Orthodox priest, planned to ask
Czar Nicholas II for reforms. Government troops opened fire on the marchers, who were unarmed, and
killed or wounded hundreds. This marked the beginning of Russia's Revolution of 1905. The violence
permanently damaged the czar's reputation. As a result, Russia's
revolutionaries gained enough strength to force the czar to make some government reforms
Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks?
Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky was the leader of the Bolsheviks
What promise did Lenin make to the people of Russia?
“Peace, Land and Bread”
Why did Lenin pull out of WWI?
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 82
Lenin pulled out of World War I in order to make peace with Germany and for them to be able to deal with
enemies at home.
What was the NEP? How was it a step back from communism?
New Economic Policy; plan implemented by Lenin that called for minor free market reforms. It was a step back
from communism because communists believe that means of production must be owned by the workers.
Define: Command Economy
Command economy is an economic system in which the means of production are publicly owned and economic
activity is controlled by a central authority that assigns quantitative production goals and allots raw materials to
productive enterprises.
Who took power after Lenin?
Stalin
What was the Great Purge? The Great Purge organized effort by dictator Joseph Stalin
to remove people from positions of power in the Soviet Union from 1936 to 1938. It included the arrest,
imprisonment, or execution of millions of members of the government, the armed forces, and the
Communist Party. Stalin claimed that the Purge, sometimes called the Great Terror, was necessary to rid
the regime of spies and others who wanted to bring down the Soviet Union. However, historians believe
most of the victims were innocent.
Describe the Five-year plan: First implemented by Stalin in the Soviet Union in
1928;
concentrated on developing heavy industry and collectivizing agriculture, at the cost of a drastic fall in
consumer goods.
What were collectives? Collectives are farm operated by a group cooperatively. The farm
may be owned jointly by the group, by individuals in the group, or by the government. On most
collective farms, workers receive a share of the farm's profits, some of its products, and a small wage. In
many countries, the workers also help manage the farm.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 83
Impact/Significance
on the modern era
Mary Wollstonecraft’s a A
Vindication of the Rights of Women
Wollstonecraft argued that women possessed all the rights that
Locke had granted to men. She insisted on the right of women to
education: it would make them better mothers and wives, and
would enable them to contribute to society by preparing them for
professional occupations and participation in political life.
Olympe de Gouge’s Declaration of the
Rights of Women and the Female Citizen
Gouge campaigned fervently to raise the standing of women in
French society. She called for more education and demanded that
women share equal rights in family property. She challenged
patriarchal authority and appealed to Queen Marie Antoinette to
use her influence to advance women’s rights. She published the
Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen in
1791. She asserted that freedom and equality were inalienable
rights of women as well as men, and she insisted on the rights of
women to vote, speak their minds freely, participate in the making
of law and hold public office.
Seneca Falls Conference (1848) American feminist Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized a conference
of feminists who met at Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. The
conference passed 12 resolutions demanding that lawmakers grant
women rights equivalent to those enjoyed by men. The resolutions
called specifically for women’s rights to vote, attend public school,
enter professional occupations, and participate in public affairs,=.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 84
How did the Great Depression pave the way for WWII? Pages 259-263
The Great Depression paved the way for World War II because militarism of
Germany and Japan helped bring about World War II. Recovery from
the Depression began as many countries devalued their currencies and
increased the money supply. Economic conditions further improved after nations
increased their production of war materials at the start of World War II. This
increased level of production substantially reduced unemployment.
What are the characteristics that are associated with a fascist leader?
A fascist leader permits no other political party and no opposition to their policies.
They permit and even encourages private enterprise—as long as it serves the government's goals. However, the
government maintains strict control of industry to make sure it produces what the nation needs. The government
discourages or bans imports of certain essential products. Personal liberty is severely limited under a fascist
government. For example, the government limits travel to other countries and restricts any contact with people
from those countries. The government also controls information. Newspapers, radio, and other means of
communication are used for state propaganda.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 85
1) Benito Mussolini – Il Ducé
Promises: to give Italians prosperity and restore Italy to the glory it had
enjoyed during the days of the Roman Empire, to end unemployment
Effects: abolished all political parties in Italy except the Fascist Party and
seized control of industries, newspapers, police, and schools; ended free elections,
free speech and free press; killed and jailed their enemies
2) How did the Weimar Republic pave the way for WWII?
The Weimar Republic (1919-1933) allowed the economy to collapse in 1922
and 1923, when inflation ruined the value of German money. Result of a
flawed constitution and communist uprisings
3) Adolf Hitler
Promises: to provide jobs and rebuild German pride, defy the Treaty of
Versailles, and rebuild Germany's military power
Strategies: appealed to the youth, use of propaganda,
Effects: carried out anti- Semitic actions; carried out Holocaust, killing
11,000,000 people (6,000,000 Jews)
4) Main Ideas/Events that Are Associated With the Holocaust: (Hitler Youth, Night of the
Broken Glass, Nuremburg Laws)
Hitler Youth: organization formed by Germany’s Nazi Party in 1922. The organization trained and educated
boys from the ages of 14 to 18 to become loyal followers of the Nazi Party, as well as future members of the
German military. The organization got the name Hitler Youth in 1926.
Night of the Broken Glass: (Nov. 9, 1938) Beginning that night and continuing for about 24 hours, Nazis
destroyed thousands of Jewish-owned businesses and burned most synagogues in Germany and Austria. They
beat Jews in the streets and attacked them in their homes. They killed dozens of Jews. They arrested about
30,000 Jews and sent them to concentration camps
Nuremburg Laws: anti-Semitic statutes enacted by Germany, marking a major step in clarifying racial policy
and removing Jewish influences from Aryan society.
AXIS POWERS
Germany, Italy, Japan ( Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania, and the
Germancreated states of Croatia and Slovakia
eventually join)
ALLIED POWERS
United Kingdom, the United States, the Soviet Union, and China
The significance of the bombing of Pearl Harbor: The significance in the Pearl Harbor bombing on Dec. 7th 1941 was that it brought the U.S. into WWII. It was a surprise attack on the United States by
Japanese military forces. The attack caused heavy casualties and destroyed much of the American Pacific
Fleet.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 86
The significance of D-Day: (June 6th 1944, “Operation Overlord”) largest seaborne invasion; Allies
invaded Normandy, in northwestern France; the Allies experienced 50,000 deaths and Germany alone
experienced 200,000 wounded and killed.
The significance of the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki: On Aug. 6, 1945, an atomic weapon
was exploded about 1,800 feet over the Japanese city of Hiroshima (Little Boy) and 70,000 people died. On August 9, a Trinity-type weapon 1,800 feet above Nagasaki (Fat Man) and 40,000 People Died
What important decisions were made at Yalta and Potsdam?
February 1945, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin met at a Soviet resort, Yalta; they decided that they would
divide, Germany temporarily into zones.
Describe the human rights violations that occurred at Dresden and Nanjing:
Dresden: where a British firebombing occurred in 1945 that cooked German men, women, and children in their
bomb shelters; 135,000 people died This led to Germany’s unconditional surrender. While Japan had invaded
China, the Japanese used cruel and merciless warfare on Chinese citizens with aerial bombing, mass raping, and
the murder of hundreds of thousands of unarmed soldiers.
What was Blitzkrieg?
military tactic based on speed, surprise, and the use of
overwhelming force on a narrow
front.
What is appeasement?
Foreign policy of pacifying an aggrieved nation through
negotiation in order to prevent war.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 87
Rape of Nanking: brutality committed by Japanese troops against the people of Nanking, China, in 1937. The
massacre took place during the Sino-Japanese War of 1937-1945. This war led into, and became part of, World
War II (1939-1945). It began on December 13, the day after the Japanese entered Nanking, which at that time
was the capital of Nationalist China. The massacre lasted for six weeks. During that period, Japanese forces
engaged in widespread cruelty, rape, looting, arson, and murder of unarmed Chinese. Japanese troops burst into
businesses, private homes, and even areas under foreign protection to search for Chinese men of military age
and for young women. Many of the men were gathered
together and then murdered. Many women were raped by
Japanese soldiers.
The League of Nation failed at the conclusion of WWI. What organization was created
in response to the atrocities that occurred during WWII? Why? Explain.
The idea of the League of Nations is good that it brings representatives from other countries in order to prevent
fighting. The organization that was created in response to the atrocities that occurred during World war I was
the United Nations.
Significance International Criminal Court: international court responsible for trying people accused of
war crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity, and other offenses. After World War II ended in 1945, war crimes trials
were held in Nuremberg, Germany, and Tokyo, Japan. In 1948, the United Nations (General Assembly first recognized
the need for a permanent international criminal court. In 1989, the General Assembly asked the UN International Law
Commission to prepare a resolution to create such a court.
UNICEF: commonly used name for the United Nations (UN) agency officially called the United Nations Children's Fund.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 88
Prentice Hall 226-232
IMPACT OF
WWII
Human
Loss
Economic
Loss
Cold War
War
Crimes
Trial
intense rivalry that developed
after World War II (1939 - 1945) between groups of Communist
and non - Communist nations.
Political extremes gained support in countries wi th the greatest economic
problems and the deepest resentments of
the Peace of Paris.
the most destructive war in history. It killed more people, destroyed more property, and disrupted more lives than any other war in history. It probably had more far - reaching consequences than any
other war.
The All ies brought to trial Nazi leaders accused of war crimes. The trials
exposed the evils inflicted by Nazi Germany. Many leading Nazis were
sentenced to death. The most important war trials took place in the German city
of Nuremberg from 1945 to 1949.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 89
Which two super powers emerged?
1. Significance of Soviet Satellites? nations under Soviet control with Communist ideas
2. What is the significance of NATO?
North Atlantic Treaty Organization, which was established by the United States in 1949
as a regional military alliance against Soviet expansionism
3. What is the significance of the Warsaw Pact?
military alliance formed by Soviet bloc nations in 1955 in response to rearmament of
West Germany and its inclusion in NATO
4. Be able to describe the partition of Germany:
Germany was divided into sectors between the victors of World War II. Germany was
split into four sectors: French, Soviet, British and American. As well as the country being
split, the capital, Berlin, was split into sectors among these nations
5. What was the Berlin Blockade?
retaliation by the Soviets in which all road, rail and water links between Berlin and
western Germany were blockaded
6. What was the Berlin Airlift?
United States response to the Berlin Blockade. The United States sent flying airplanes to
Berlin with food and fuels to help stabilize the country
7. What was the “iron curtain” that had descended upon Europe?
separation between the political, military and economic blocs dependent on
the United States, and the one subservient to the USSR
8. What was the arms race?
struggle between the United States and the Soviet Union where both states wanted to
surpass each other in military superiority. Both countries kept spending money on arms
and technological advances with nuclear weapons. This left the rest of the world in fear
of the outbreak of a nuclear war.
9. What was the space race?
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 90
the US and USSR competed in the sciences by trying to beat each other in space
advances. The USSR sent the first satellite into space, and in return the US sent their
own satellite into space. Kennedy dedicated the US to the task of sending a man to the
moon to keep their status.
10. What is the significance of Sputnik?
Was the first satellite to be launched into space (October 4th 1957) by the Soviets,
which ignited the space raced and made Americans question themselves.
11. What is the significance of the Berlin Wall? (1961-1989)
fortified wall dividing the city of Berlin, built by communists who wished to
reinforce their fortification along the border
12. What is the significance of the Marshall Plan?
US plan, officially called the European Recovery Program, that offered financial and
other economic aid to all European states that had suffered from World War II,
including Soviet bloc states
13. What is the significance of the Truman Doctrine?
US policy instituted in 1947 by President Harry Truman in which the United States
would follow an interventionist foreign policy to contain communism
14. What is the significance of the Cuban Missile Crisis?
(1962) threat of the Soviets against the United States, in which the Soviets aimed their
missiles at Cuba towards the United States after President Kennedy informed the public
about the U.S. discovery of offensive nuclear missiles and launch sites in Cuba to frame
the nation’s response to this crisis.
15. Define: containment
United States foreign policy during the Cold War that was aimed to stopping the spread
of Communism.
16. Define: co-existence
Khrushchev wanted to achieve communism by peaceful means. They realized that a
nuclear war would end up in mutual annihilation and not victory. This also applied to
domestic Soviet and Eastern Europe.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 91
17. Who was Ho Chi Minh and was he significant?
(1890-1969) Vietnam’s nationalist communist leader who exploited wartime conditions to
advance the cause of Vietnamese independence.
Prentice Hall, 238-241
1. Who was Mao Zedong? The leader of the Communist Party in the 1930s.
2. What was the Long March? Political walking retreat in which Zedong and 10,000 of his followers fled
the Guomindang forces in 1934. After traveling more than 6,000 miles, Mao set up a base in northern
China with about 20,000 survivors of the march.
3. List 5 reasons for Communist Success during the Chinese Civil War
Mao won the support of the huge peasant population of China by promising to give lands to peasants
Mao won the support of women by rejecting the
inequalities of traditional Confucian society
Mao’s army made good use of hit-and-run guerrilla
warfare Many people opposed the Nationalist government, which
they saw as corrupt Some people felt that the Nationalists had allowed
foreigners to dominate China
IV. Mao Made Several Changes and Reforms.
What was the goal of the Great Leap Forward?
He wanted to increase agricultural and industrial output and he created communes What was the Cultural Revolution? Who were the Red Guards?
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 92
Revolution launched to renew people’s loyalty to communism and establish a more
equitable society. Mao feared that revolutionary peasants and workers were being replaced
by intellectuals in running the country. He shut down schools and universities throughout
China and urged Chinese students to experience the
revolution for themselves. The Red Guards were students
who formed groups of fighters. They attacked professors,
government officials, and factory managers, many of whom
were exiled or executed.
How did the role of women change in China?
Women gained more rights in China because Mao rejected
Confucian ideas, but they weren’t allowed to work in as many
jobs as men were.
V. Deng Xiaoping List Deng Xiaoping’s four modernizations.
Farming methods were modernized and mechanized Industry was upgraded and expanded
Science and technology were promoted and developed Defense
systems and military forces were improved
How was Deng different than Mao (economically)?
Deng promoted foreign trade and more contact with western nations. He got rid of Mao’s
communes and allowed land to be leased to individual farmers (small capitalist ideas).
Prentice Hall, 242-243
Explain how India has dealt with the following problems:
1. Caste System
• Gandhi campaigned to end the harsh treatment of the caste called Untouchables
• The Indian constitution of 1950 banned discrimination against Untouchables
• The government set aside jobs and places in universities for Untouchables
2. Status of Women
The Indian constitution of 1950 also granted rights to women. It gave women the right to vote and
recognized their right to divorce and inherit property. Indira Gandhi, a woman, became prime
What event is illustrated in this picture?
Tiananmen Square Massacre
What was the “little red book?”
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 93
minister in 1966. As with the caste system, traditional restrictions on women were more persistent in
rural areas.
3. Sikh Separatism
In the 1980s, there was an increased demand for self-rule by Sikhs in the state of Punjab. In the early
1980s, Sikh separatists occupied the Golden temple in Amritsar to express their demands. Indira
Gandhi, still prime minster at the time, sent troops. Many Sikhs died as a result.
Why did East and West Pakistan break from India?
East and West Pakistan broke away from India over land of Kashmir in 1947-1948
What name does East Pakistan have today?
Bangladesh
Prentice Hall, 245-247
Define Apartheid: separation of race in Southern Africa
Explain how each of the people below contributed to the end of apartheid:
Nelson Mandela: important ANC leader (African National Congress) who followed civil disobedience
through boycotts to oppose apartheid. He was sentenced to life in prison and became a powerful symbol
of the struggle for freedom. He was elected president.
Desmond Tutu: was a black Anglican bishop and civil rights leader, along with other activists convinced
foreign nations and businesses to limit trade and investment in segregated South Africa. Over time,
these nonviolent protest had a strong effect.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 94
F.W. de Klerk: became president of South Africa in 1989. He legalized the ANC, repealed segregation
laws, and released Mandela in 1990. In 1994, South Africa held an election in which people of all raced
could vote.
What problems has tribalism caused in Africa? Tribalism has led to civil war in Africa, like in Nigeria.
More than 200 ethnic groups live within the borders of Nigeria. At independence, several of the larger
groups fought for power.
What do Kwame Nkrumah and Jomo Kenyatta have in common? Kwame Nkrumah and Jomo Kenyatta
were similar. Kwame Nkrumah was an American educated leader inspired by Pan Africanism and by the
writings of Gandhi, he organized a political party. He used strikes and boycotts to battle the British. In
1957, the British grated the Gold Cost independence, and Nkrumah became its prime minister. He
created the Organization of African Unity in 1963. Jomo Kenyatta led the independence struggle in the
British colony of Kenya. He was the spokesman for the Kikuyu people, who had been driven off their
land by European settlers. He became the first prime minister of an independent Kenya.
What is the significance of Pan-Africanism? Pan- Africanism emphasized the unity of Africans and
people of African descent all over the world
Why was Israel created? Israel was created because in 1947, the UN drew up a plan to divide
Palestine, which was under British rule, into an Arab state and a Jewish state. Jews accepted the
plan, but Arabs did not. In 1948, Great Britain withdrew and Jews proclaimed the independent
state of Israel
What is the goal of the PLO? The PLO (Palestine Liberation Organization) was formed in 1964
to destroy Israel and win self-rule for the Palestinians.
What was the intifada? The intifada was widespread acts of civil disobedience, carried out by
young Palestinians who were frustrated with the lack of progress in gaining a Palestinian state in
1987. These young Palestinians grew up in the Israeli occupied West bank and Gaza
How did the Camp David Accords promote peace in the Middle East? The Camp David Accords
promoted peace in the Middle East in that the treaty itself was based on the concept of “land for
peace.” Israel returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt in exchange for Egypt’s recognition of
Israel’s right to exist.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 95
The Middle East is important to the world because it is an important source of oil, home to three world religions,
and is the crossroads of trade between Egypt, Africa and Europe.
What was the focus of the Iran-Iraq War? In 1980, Saddam Hussein’s forces seized control of a
disputed border area between Iraq and Iran. War broke out between the two nations. When both
sides attacked oil tankers in the Persian Gulf, the U.S. Navy began to protect shipping lanes in
the region. The war continued until 1988 and created extreme hardship in both regions.
How did the Persian Gulf War begin? The Persian Gulf War began when Iraq refused to
withdraw from Kuwait, after United States organized a trade embargo of Iraq because they saw
the invasion as a threat to Saudi Arabia and the flow of oil.
Why have people of the Middle East turned to Islamic Fundamentalism? The people of the
Middle East turned to Islamic Fundamentalism because they opposed westernization and they
wanted to apply Islamic principles to the problems in their nations.
Who overthrew the Shah of Iran? What type of government did he establish? How has he
changed the government of Iran? Ayatollah Khomeini overthrew the Shah of Iran and he
declared Iran to be an Islamic Republic based on Islamic fundamental beliefs.
Prentice Hall, 255-259
THE COLLAPSE OF THE SOVIET UNION
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 96
Prentice Hall, 260-263
Causes:
. 1 Leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev
. 2 Openness to democratic ideas ( glasnost )
3 . Reshaping of economy and government ( perestoka)
4 . Economic problems
5 . Freedom movement in Eastern Europe
BREAK UP OF USSR
Effects:
. 1 Formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States
. 2 Loss of role as world superpower
3 . End of Cold War
. 4 Conflicts between procommunists and predemocratic groups
5. Minority revolts and civil conflicts
Perestroika
Glasnost
Who am I?
Mikhail
Gorgachev
The fall of the Berlin
Wall was a symbolic
end to Communist
control over Eastern
Europe.
Who was Lech Walesa
and what did he
accomplish?
Lech Walesa led Solidarity, an independent trade union. With m illions of members , Solidarity called for political change
Process that Gorbachev used to restructure the failing state - run command economy. The goals were to stimulate economic growth and to make industry more efficient.
“openness”. This policy ended censorship and encouraged people to discuss openly the problems in the Soviet Union.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 97
ARGENTINA How did Juan Peron gain popularity? He appealed to Argentine nationalism by limiting
foreign-owned businesses and by promoting import
substitution, in which local manufacturers produce
goods at home to replace imported products. He
gained popularity by boosting wages, strengthening
labor unions, and beginning social welfare programs.
CUBA
Who is Fidel Castro? Fidel Castro ruled Cuba from 1959, when he overthrew the military dictatorship of
Fulgencio Batista, until 2008. Castro established a
dictatorship and made Cuba the first Communist state
in the Western Hemisphere. He became famous for
his fiery, anti-American speeches.
Why was Cuba affected by the collapse of the Soviet Union? Cuba was affected by the collapse of the
Soviet Union because in the early 1960's, Cuba
began depending heavily on the Soviet Union for
economic support. This support ended in 1991, when
the Soviet Union was dissolved.
NICARAGUA What type of political system did the Sandinistas
establish? Communist Name the political group that revolted against the
Sandinistas. Contras
Why did the US support this counterrevolutionary group? Because the United States feared the spread
of communism
Armenian Genocide
mass deaths of about 1 1/2
million Armenians in the
Ottoman Empire during
World War I
Rape of
Nanjing
(1937-1938)
Japanese
forces
engaged in
widespread
cruelty, rape,
looting, arson, and murder of
unarmed Chinese.
Historians estimate that the
death toll is as high as
300,000 people
Darfur
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 98
The violence that occurred in
Darfur, Sudan was so
great that the UN wanted to
put several men on trial for
their crimes there. Sudan’s
government reufsed to
cooperate.
Northern Ireland Describe the religious controversy.
Ireland won its independence from Britain in 1922, but Britain kept control of the 6 northern
countries, which had mostly Protestant population. The South was mostly Roman Catholic. In Northern Ireland,
violence increased in the 1970s because of extremists in
both the Protestant and Roman Catholic communities.
Until 2005, the Irish Republican Army used violence against the British and
Protestant Irish. Their goal was to drive out the British
and join with Ireland.
Ethnic and
Religious Conflict
Worldwide
Cambodia In 1969, American forces bombed and
then invaded Cambodia to destroy a supply route Cambodia served for the
Vietcong and North Vietnamese. After the
Americans left, Cambodian communist
guerrillas, known as the Khmer Rouge, took control of the government. Under the
leadership of Pol Pot, the Khmer Rouge
began a reign of terror to remove all western influence from Cambodia. More
than a million Cambodians were slaughtered in what has become known as
the “Killing Fields”. In 1979, Vietnamese forces invaded Cambodia and occupied
the country
Bosni
a (1992-1995) was a
conflict between ethnic
groups mainly in
BosniaHerzegovina.
Through most of the 1900’s, Bosnia-
Herzegovina (often
simply called Bosnia)
had been part of Yugoslavia. Yugoslavia
began to break into
smaller countries in the
early 1990’s, and Bosnia
became independent in
March 1992. Following
independence, Bosnian,
Croatian, and
Serbian forces fought for control of the
new country. The war ended in December 1995 with an agreement for the
groups to share power.
Africa What happened in Rwanda?
In 1994, Hutu extremists,
supported by government officials,
launched a murderous campaign
against the Tutsis (Before 1994, Rwanda was 85% Hutu and 14%
Tutsi). According to estimates,
more than 500,000 people were
killed in just a few months. The
genocide was stopped when a Tutsi-led rebel army seized control
of the government
Africa
Apartheid
(1948-1991) the South
African government's
policy of rigid racial
segregation
Prentice Hall,
279-285
CURRENT Prentice Hall,
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 99
286-291 ISSUES
Topic Problem
Overpopulation
Overpopulation is a problem many nations are facing. New
technology in health and medicine has increased the lifespan of
humans, and so more people are on Earth than there are natural resources for. There is an overcrowding in over popular regions,
and policies such as the One Child Policy is initiated. Because
there is so many people to look after, the government can’t supply
everyone with everything they need, decreasing the quality of life
Environmental Pollution
Things such as acid rain, depletion of the ozone layer, and water pollution are damaging to the earth and to humans. Acid rain,
caused by fossil fuels, damage forests, lakes and farmlands. Factories and automobiles release harmful gases into the air and fertilizers, pesticides and toxic chemicals deplete the clean water supply. The climate starts to change, and global warming occurs.
The scarcity of clean water increases as well
Deforestation The destruction of forests changed local weather patterns, creates a
buildup of carbon dioxide, soil erosion, and the extinction of
certain animals and plants.
Desertification This is where people over use land for farming and cause arable
land to change into desert. Soils begin to lose their nutrients after a
period of time and this can cause famine.
Status of Women
Women’s status changed greatly in the 1900s in the West. Women gained the right to vote and entered the workforce in large
numbers. Some developing countries have also expanded the role of women, but others have limited it. In the Middle East, the status of women varies greatly from country to country. In most African
nations, women won the right to vote when the countries gained independence while their social status often is a subservient role.
In rural areas, women traditionally worked both at home and in the
fields besides men. As men migrate to the cities to find work,
women are left with more responsibilities.
Urbanization
In developing countries, many people have moved to the cities to find jobs and escape the poverty of rural areas. Cities also offer
other attractions, such as better health care, educational opportunities, stores and modern conveniences. In the developing
nations of Africa, South Asia, and Latin America, urbanization
had similar results. In modern cities, people’s traditional values and beliefs are often weakened. Those people who cannot afford
to live in cities often settled around the cities in shantytowns, areas
of makeshift shacks that lack sewer systems, electricity and other
basic services.
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 100
Traditions and Encounters, Barron’s Various Chapters
Concepts: Define and respond, make sure you are responding in the context of the periodization:
The theory of relativity:
-there is no single spatial and chronological framework in the universe
-no longer made sense to speak of space and time as absolutes -space and time are relative to the person measuring them -Einstein
Quantum mechanics:
-it is impossible to specify simultaneously the position and the velocity
of a subatomic atom
-scientists began to question other concepts
-Werner Heisenberg
Big Bang Theory:
-it is a theory of how the universe was born by a huge explosion from
nothing -questions the existence of god and is not approved by religious people
Psychology:
-Sigmond Freud -believed that dreams held the key to the deepest recesses of the human
psyche -his theory Psychoanalysis was the key to understanding all human
behavior
Polio vaccination:
-used to prevent polio by making humans immune
-paved the way for vaccines to be used all throughout the world and for
many diseases
Antibiotics:
-it is a type of medicine used to combat bacterial infections
-helped to cure many diseases in the world that used to not have any
cures such as tuberculosis
Artificial heart:
-it is a device that replaces the heart -allows people whose hearts are unable to function to still live by having
a heart transplant
How have medical advancements influenced the population?
-medical advancements have allowed people to live longer and save the
lives of those who are dying -causes overpopulation and there are less epidemics
Why are malaria, tuberculosis and cholera associated with poverty?
-they are associated with poverty because they occur on large scales in
countries that cannot afford vaccinations and proper medical treatment -
they are not treatable without the proper knowledge and medicine
1918 influenza:
-occurred after the Great war because of wartime traffic on land and sea
sped it up -it killed quickly -there was no cure for the flu in 1918 -it killed millions all over the world
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 101
Ebola:
-it is a viral disease that had its worst pandemic in 2014 -there is no specific vaccination available
-the largest outbreak occurred in Africa in several countries
HIV/Aids
This is a global disease that continues to be a serious epidemic threat. It
is most serious in Sub Saharan Africa where is threatens to destroy the
African societies. Societies that are fighting the disease the most are
often the most poor and cannot afford to find cures or medical attention
to those infected.
Why are these diseases associated with changing lifestyles: diabetes,
heart disease, Alzheimer’s?
-these diseases effect how people can live their lives because if they are
not careful they can die because of them -diabetes and heart disease effect how people can eat and how much
exercise they must do
-Alzheimer’s erases memories
How did the Gold Coast achieve independence from the British?
-located in the Gulf of Guinea -British exported gold, metal ores, diamonds -1945 demanded for autonomy
-nationalism rose and nonviolent resistance allowed for independence
How did Algeria and Vietnam gain independence from the French
empire?
-Algeria went to war in 1954 under the FLN -used guerilla warfare
-France surrendered after many casualties -French lost Vietnam because when Japanese forces occupied French
Indonesia
How did Angola gain independence from the Portuguese?
-1961-1974
-fighting against forced cotton cultivation -guerilla war
-300,000 had to leave Angola and a civil war was created
What interaction did Muhammad Ali Jinnah have with the Québécois
separatist movement?
-he wanted an independent Muslim state and was the leader of the
Muslim League
-Quebecois separatist movement is the belief that the province of Quebec should be separate from Canada
Biafra secessionist movement:
-located in southeastern Nigeria -led by the Igbo people due to economic, ethnic, cultural and religious
tensions among the people of Nigeria -caused the Nigerian Civil War -country only lasted for 3 years
Pan-Arabism:
-movement of the Arab nation
-PLO led by Yasir Arafat -goal to make a state for the displaced Palestinians with the creation of
Israel -Gamal Abdel Nasser
-Algeria, Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia
Zionsim:
-Theodor Herzl -Jewish journalist alarmed by the growing anti-Semitism -organized
first Zionists 1897
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 102
Gurkha soldiers:
-soldiers from Nepal -Gurkha military units in Nepalese, British, and the Indian army
-fought against the British East India Company -Anglo-Nepalese War
ANZAC troops in Australia:
-Australian and New Zealand Army Corps -first world war army corps
-formed in Egypt in 1915 -fought with the allied powers
Military conscription:
-drafting -used in the French Revolution -Qin dynasty used this for building the Great Wall of China -no longer used in most countries today, that rely on volunteers -used
in the US during the world wars
Picasso in his Guernica:
-piece of artwork that is a strong political statement s
-it shows the tragedy of the Nazi bombing on the town of Guernica -helped bring attention to the Spanish Civil War
Al-Qaeda:
-“the base”
-led by Osama bin Laden -had a growing hatred for the United States and its allies
-US stationing of troops on holy soil, bombing Iraq, and supporting the Israeli oppression of Palestinians -led to the war on terrorism
New Deal:
-enforced by Franklin Roosevelt -reflate the economy and ease the suffering caused by the depression -
provided jobs , gave workers the right to organize and bargain
collectively, guaranteed minimum wages, and provided social security in
old age
Chile under Pinochet:
-commander in chief -harsh measures against opponents that resulted in 1,200-3200 were
killed
-80,000 interned and 30,000 were tortured -economic reforms: tariff cutting, opening Chile to global trade,
restricting labor unions, privatization of state-controlled industries
International Monetary Fund (IMF):
International Monetary Fund, founded at the Bretton Woods Conference
in 1944, with increasing globalization this group’s goal was to promote
the market economies, free trade and high growth rates
World Bank:
It was formed in affiliation with the UN; it was developed in post war
Europe in order to reconstruct the economy of Europe. It helped finance
the building of roads, hydroelectric dams, water and sewage facilities,
maritime ports, and airports.
World Trade Organization (WTO):
-World trade organization -settled international trade disputes
-world trade grew between 1948 and 1966 by 6.6 percent
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 103
NAFTA:
This stands for the North American Free Trade Agreement; it was
created by the United States and was later joined by Mexico and Canada.
It is the world’s second largest free-trade zone, their goals for expanding
it to all of the non-communist countries in North America and this
would help create a more boundary-free zone for trading in North
America
ASEAN:
stands for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, it was established
in 1967 by the foreign ministers of Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore,
Indonesia, and the Philippines, its goal was to create a more politically
stable Southeast Asia and to also establish free trade and cut off tariffs
on industrial goods
European Union:
regional bloc with a common market and free trade, established in 1993
by the Maastricht Treaty, 27 European nations have invested a great deal
of their national sovereignty in the EU, created close bonds between
European nations
Mercosur:
-sub regional bloc of Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, and
Venezuela -the purpose of it is to allow free trade in the South American nations -
1991
Greenpeace Protest Movement:
-founded in 1970 dedicated to the preservation of the earth’s natural
resources and its diverse animal and plant life -designed to attract
international notoriety and fame
-placed themselves between whales and hunter’s harpoons, broadcasts
disturbing pictures of the slaughter of baby harp seals, spraying red paint
on seals making their fur worthless
Green Belt in Kenya:
-non-governmental organization that focuses on environmental
preservation, community development, and capacity building -women plant trees, combat deforestation, restore their main source of
fuel for cooking, generate income, and stop soil erosion
-Wangari Maathai received the Nobel Peace Prize for being a leader in
ecofeminist movement
Negritude:
“blackness”, black nationalism had sprung in Africa drawing in influence
from pan-Arab nationalism, blacks celebrated negritude in contrast to
their European colonizers, increased protests against imperialism
Xenophia:
-it is the intense or irrational fear or hatred of foreigners -happens all over the world -an example is in the United States with Muslims after the war on
terrorism
Hare Krishna:
-it is a 16 word mantra that is spoken that originates from the 15th century
-it is chanted to remind to have a pure state of mind -by practicing the mantra one can achieve happiness life will become
sublime
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 104
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 105
Ms. Buffalino, APWH 106
GOOD LUCK!
MODERN TIMES
SIGNIFICANCE
World Cup
Soccer
Olympics
Cricket Reggae
Bollywood
- Competition sport for many countries - bat to ball teams - played by 120 million players in many different countries - popular in England, India, the west Indies, and South Africa.
- becomes popular around the world
- originated in Jamaica but
combined aspects of
American jazz and blues
- originated in Greece
- allows for global interactions
- athletic competitions around the world
- every four years where the best athletes in the world compete to
be named the best in the world.
- Hindu film industry in India
- derived from the Indian culture
- one of the larges t film
- producers in India and one
of the largest in the world.
- global sport
- reflects national aspirations
- competition for different countries