mrs. jackson’s absolute bare minimum module 1 review quarterly assessment 1 review
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review
Quarterly Assessment 1 Review
![Page 2: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
– All need energy for metabolism.• Metabolism: All of the chemical processes in an organism that build up or break down materials.
• An organism is any individual living thing.
• Living things share some common characteristics:
– All are made of one or more cells.
– All respond to their environment.– Stimuli, or physical factors, include light, temperature,
and touch.– All have genetic material (DNA) that they pass on to
offspring.
![Page 3: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
OHH
_
++
Life depends on hydrogen bonds in water.
• Water is a polar molecule.– Polar molecules have slightly charged regions.
– Nonpolar molecules do not have charged regions.
1. Hydrogen bonds
form between slightly positive hydrogen atoms and slightly negative atoms. (oxygen)
Atom: OxygenCharge: Slightly negative
Atom: HydrogenCharge: Slightly positive
![Page 4: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
• Hydrogen bonds are responsible for important properties of water.– High Specific Heat: water resists changes in temp.
– Provides stability of temperature for land masses surrounded by water & for the temperature of the human body, & makes it an effective cooling agent.
– Cohesion: water molecules stick to each other.– Adhesion: water molecules stick to other things.– Ice floats on water: one of the only solids to float
on its liquid form – due to arrangement of water molecules due to charged regions.
![Page 5: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Many compounds dissolve in water.
• A solution is formed when one substance dissolves in another. A solution is a homogeneous mixture.– Solvents dissolve other substances.– Solutes dissolve in a solvent.
solution
![Page 6: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
• “Like dissolves like.”
–Polar solvents dissolve polar solutes.–Nonpolar solvents dissolve nonpolar
solutes.–Polar substances and nonpolar
substances generally remain separate.–Example: Oil (non-polar) and
water (polar)
![Page 7: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Maintaining homeostasis*Buffer: Helps to maintain pH.
pH<7=Acid (more H+)7=Neutral>7=Base (less H+)
![Page 8: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Speaking of homeostasis…
• Homeostasis refers to your body maintaining stable, constant internal conditions.
• This may include:– Regulation of temperature (thermoregulation)– Regulation of pH– Regulation of oxygen delivery (for cellular
respiration!)
![Page 9: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.
1. Carbon forms covalent bonds (strong bonds) with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms2. They can form large, complex molecules
![Page 10: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
3. Carbon can form single, double, or triple bonds4. Carbon forms isomers
– Isomers are compounds that have the same chemical formula, but different structural formulas
• Example: C4H10
• Only carbon has these 4 characteristics
Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties – Slide 2
![Page 11: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small subunits bonded together.
• Monomers are the individual subunits.• Polymers are made of many monomers.
![Page 12: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Carbohydrates
Monomer monosaccharide
Polymer disaccharide (dimer), polysaccharide
Examples Monosaccharide: glucose, fructoseDisaccharide: sucrose (table sugar)
Polysaccharide: starch & cellulose (cell wall in plants),
glycogen (in animals)
Unique - Provide a quick source of energy
![Page 13: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Lipids
Monomer glycerol & fatty acids; polar heads & fatty acid tails
Polymer triglycerides; phospholipidsExamples Fats, oils, cholesterol, steroids, waxes,
phospholipidsUnique - Nonpolar
- Broken down to provide energy- Used to make steroid hormones (control
stress, estrogen, testosterone)- Phospholipids make up all cell
membranes - Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to
glycerol
LIPIDS
![Page 14: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
ProteinsMolecule Proteins
Monomer Amino acid
Polymer Polypeptide (protein)
Examples Enzymes, hemoglobin (in blood), muscle movement, collagen
Unique - 3D structure makes them active - Peptide bonds hold amino acids together- Have a side group (R) that makes each
amino acid (and therefore protein) different
- Sometimes may contain sulfur
![Page 15: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Nucleic acidsMolecule Nucleic acids
Monomer Nucleotide (5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, & base)
Polymer Nucleic acid
Examples DNA & RNA
Unique - Order of the bases makes every living thing unique
- DNA stores genetic information- RNA builds proteins
![Page 16: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Chemical reactions release or absorb energy.
• Activation energy is the amount of energy that needs to be absorbed to start a chemical reaction
![Page 17: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
A catalyst lowers activation energy.• Catalysts are substances that speed up chemical
reactions– Decrease activation energy– Increase reaction rate
![Page 18: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Enzymes allow chemical reactions to occur under tightly controlled conditions.
• Enzymes are catalysts in living things.–Enzymes are needed for
almost all processes.–Most enzymes are proteins.
![Page 19: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Disruptions in homeostasis can prevent enzymes from functioning.
• Enzymes function best in a small range of conditions.–Changes in temperature or pH
can break hydrogen bonds.•An enzyme’s function depends on its structure.
![Page 20: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
An enzyme’s structure allows only certain reactants to bind to the enzyme.
• Substrates: reactants that bind to an enzyme• Active site: area on the enzyme where substrates bind
![Page 21: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Exothermic reactions release more energy than they absorb.
• Excess energy is released by the reaction.– Energy “exits” the reaction. (Exo = exit)
![Page 22: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Endothermic reactions absorb more energy than they release.
• Energy is absorbed by the reaction to make up the difference.– Energy goes into the reaction. (Endo = “into”)
![Page 23: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• The Cell Theory:–All organisms are made of
cells.–All cells come from other
cells.–The cell is the basic unit of
structure & function in living things.
![Page 24: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
All cells share certain characteristics.
• Cells tend to be microscopic.• All cells are enclosed by a
membrane.• All cells are filled with cytoplasm.• All cells have ribosomes.
![Page 25: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
There are two cell types:
• Eukaryotic cells– Have a nucleus– Have membrane-
bound organelles
• Prokaryotic cells – Do not have a nucleus
(still have DNA)– Do not have membrane-
bound organelles
![Page 26: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Review
Eukaryotes
• Have nucleus (DNA)• Have membrane-bound
organelles• Larger size because of
organelles• More complex• Unicellular or multicellular
Prokaryotes
• No nucleus (still have DNA)• No membrane-bound
organelles• Smaller size because of lack of
organelles• Less complex• Unicellular
![Page 27: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Organelles and Functions
See attached list!!!How does the rough ER work with the Golgi?• Rough ER packages the
proteins its ribosomes synthesize (including membrane and secretory proteins) in vesicles to ship to the Golgi Apparatus/Body for further processing, sorting and packaging.
![Page 28: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Cell membranes are composed of two phospholipid layers.
• The cell membrane has two major functions1. Forms a boundary between inside and
outside of the cell2. Controls passage of materials in & out of cell
![Page 29: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Phospholipid Bilayer
• Forms a double layer surrounding a cell
• Head is polar (attracted to water) and forms hydrogen bonds with water
• Tails are nonpolar (repelled by water)
![Page 30: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Passive transport does not require energy (ATP) input from a cell.
• Molecules can move across the cell membrane through passive transport.
• Two types of passive transport:– Diffusion: movement of molecules from high to
low concentration– Osmosis: diffusion of water
![Page 31: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Diffusion and osmosis are types of passive transport (NO ENERGY)
• Molecules diffuse down a concentration gradient.– High to low concentration
![Page 32: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Cell Membrane Dialysis Tubing – Diffusion Lab
WHY? Starch stays in bag – too big. Iodine goes through bag - small
![Page 33: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
How do different solutions affect cells?
• There are 3 types of solutions:1. Isotonic: solution has
the same concentration of solutes as the cell.
• Water moves in and out evenly
• Cell size stays constant
![Page 34: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
How do different solutions affect cells?
• There are 3 types of solutions:2. Hypertonic: solution
has more solutes than a cell
• More water exits the cell than enters
• Cell shrivels or dies
![Page 35: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
How do different solutions affect cells?
• There are 3 types of solutions:3. Hypotonic: solution
has fewer solutes than a cell
• More water enters the cell than exits
• Cell expands or bursts
![Page 36: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Some molecules can only diffuse through transport proteins
• Some molecules cannot easily diffuse across the membrane– Ex: glucose (needed by cell to make energy)
• Facilitated diffusion is diffusion through transport proteins
• DOES NOT USE ENERGY
Video
![Page 37: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
3.5 Active Transport, Endocytosis, & Exocytosis
• Key Concept:– Cells use energy (ATP) to transport materials that
cannot diffuse across a membrane.
![Page 38: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Active Transport
• Drives molecules across a membrane from lower to higher concentration– Goes against the concentration gradient
![Page 39: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
TYPES OF ACTIVE TRANSPORT
• Endocytosis: Brings materials into cell (Endo=into)
• Exocytosis: Releases materials out of cell (Exo=Exit)
![Page 40: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Sodium-Potassium Pump
• Uses a membrane protein to pump three Na+ (sodium ions) across the membrane in exchange for two K+ (potassium ions)– ATP (energy) is needed to make the protein
change its shape so that Na+ and K+ can move through it and cross the membrane
• Helps the heart contract, helps regulate blood pressure, allows neurons to respond to stimuli and send signals
![Page 41: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
4.1 How do living things get ATP?
• ATP is the energy carrier in living things – it is usable energy for the cell.
• ATP stands for Adenosine triphosphate.• Living things get ATP from breaking down carbon
based molecules. (carbohydrates & lipids)
Starch molecule
Glucose molecule
![Page 42: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
This is how it works
phosphate removed
![Page 43: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
4.2 & 4.3 Photosynthesis
• The process of photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight and converts it into sugar (glucose).
• This process happens in organisms called autotrophs or producers. (Need to make their own food)
• This process takes place in and organelle called the chloroplast.
• The chloroplast has a green pigment in it called chlorophyll that is responsible for capturing the light energy.
![Page 44: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
So how does photosynthesis work?
The first stage of photosynthesis is called the Light Dependent Stage.• Light is captured by the chlorophyll in the
thylakoid.
![Page 45: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
So how does photosynthesis work?
The second stage of photosynthesis is called the Light Independent Stage/ Calvin Cycle/ Dark Cycle.• This process takes place in the stroma.
![Page 46: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
The chemical formula for photosynthesis
• 6CO2 + 6H2O + light C6H12O6 + 6O2
(reactants)
(products)
Carbon dioxide plus water plus light yields Glucose and oxygen
![Page 47: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Purpose of Cellular Respiration
• To make ATP from the energy stored in glucose– Glucose comes from an organism doing
photosynthesis themselves or from eating foods containing glucose
–Remember: the purpose of photosynthesis was just to get glucose
![Page 48: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Glycolysis• Takes place in cytoplasm (eukaryotes and prokaryotes do
this step since all cells have cytoplasm)• Splits one glucose molecule into two pyruvate molecules
–Costs the cell 2 ATP molecules to do this• 4 ATP molecules are produced (only gain 2 ATP)• This portion of CR does NOT require oxygen (anaerobic)
![Page 49: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Kreb’s Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)• Takes place in matrix of mitochondria (only
in eukaryotes)• 2 pyruvate (made during glycolysis) enter the mitochondrion• Each pyruvate is broken down to create 1 ATP• Total products of Kreb’s cycle (because of 2 pyruvates):
– 2 ATP
![Page 50: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Electron Transport Chain (ETC)
• Takes place in inner membrane of mitochondria (cristae)– Folded to create more surface area for reactions to
produce more ATP in a small space• Oxygen and hydrogen ions combine to form water (released as
a waste product)• 32 ATP are made
![Page 51: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
ATP from Cellular Respiration
• 4 from Glycolysis (uses up 2, so really only gain 2 ATP)• 2 ATP from Kreb’s cycle• 32 ATP from ETC• GAIN 36 ATP from one glucose molecule
![Page 52: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Equation for Cellular Respiration
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36ATPLike the reverse of photosynthesis
Energy transfers:Photo: LightCPE CR: CPECPE
![Page 53: Mrs. Jackson’s Absolute Bare Minimum Module 1 Review Quarterly Assessment 1 Review](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062515/56649c855503460f9493c294/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
What happens when there’s no/not enough oxygen or there are no mitochondria?
• Answer: Fermentation–Two Kinds:
• Lactic Acid Fermentation• Alcoholic Fermentation
• Allows glycolysis to continue making ATP without oxygen