Subjects: 7th Grade English Periods 3 & 6 / Mr. Patterson Room: 115 / http://mrpattersonsdeltaacademyjhs.weebly.com

7th Grade Reading Period: 5 - 10/2/17 to 10/13/17 – “Delta Academy – Join the Pride”

Literary Analysis:SWBAT (“I Can…”):

Literary Analysis1. Explore the key idea of a Second Chance2. Recognize and Analyze Omniscient Point of View3. Read a short story

Reading 1. Predict

Vocabulary1. Build vocabulary for reading and writing2. Use context clues to determine the meanings of multiple-meaning words (also an EL language objective).

Grammar and Writing1. Use comparatives and superlatives2. Use writing to analyze literature

NV/Common Core State Standards:CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RL.7.3Analyze how particular elements of a story or drama interact (e.g., how setting shapes the characters or plot).CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RL.7.6Analyze how an author develops and contrasts the points of view of different characters or narrators in a text.

Materials: Glencoe Literature The Reader’s

Choice Course 2 Textbook and/or handouts

Spiral Notebook Reflection Writing Journal

(composition notebook) Black Pen Computer/I Pad (optional)

Activities, Practice, Assessments1. Daily Primes: (10/2-6) Read your

novels for your book report due 10/6/17.2. Anticipatory Set: What is the key idea

of a Second Chance? Who deserves it?3. Introduction & Modeling (I do): Ask

Essential Question: On a sticky note describe the Key Idea of a Second Chance and have a small group discussion.

4. Activities - Reading: Instructional Model: Direct Method/Differentiated Instruction. “A Retrieved Reformation” by O. Henry. Read-Aloud handout pages 242-250.

5. *Reading Class: Read Novels for book reports, complete plot analysis, and write daft book reports to be typed.

6. Guided Practice (We do”): Use technology - Complete Review & Assess, Vocabulary, Short Answer Questions, Events in the Story & Plot Analysis (diagram).

7. Activity: Free-write about what your understanding of what a Second Chance is. (Tuesday) Define: Omniscient Point of View. Define: Comparatives and Superlatives and provide examples.

8. Daily Practice – “AL”, “OL”, “BL” Write reflection journal entries on the plot analysis and analyze the characters and the omniscient point of view. “BL” – Use a spider map as your visual framework.

9. Anticipatory Set: Review analyzing character and Omniscient Point of View.

10. Introduction & Modeling (I do): Ask Essential Question: What characters in the story have you connected with? Why? Can you relate to Jimmy? Annabel? Why? Why not? Please elaborate.

11. Activities : Create a “wanted” poster for Jimmy. Discuss what would a Second Chance would mean to you. Review for summative exam.

12. Daily Practice – “AL”, “OL” Use the Choice Board to explain/describe the plot analysis of the short story. “BL” – Write an alternate end to the story and include a surprise twist. Due 10/11/17.

13. Summative Assessment: 10/13.

http://www.deltaacademylv.com/

*Formative and Summative AssessmentsFour Corners (Formative Assessment)This week I will label the corners of the classroom as A, B, C and D. Students will respond to my teacher-created question by choosing the answer they feel is correct and proceeding to a specific corner.  Students must be able to give a reason for their answer. 10/12/17 – Short story Formative exam (Periodic quizzes are used during the formative assessment process to monitor student learning and adjust instruction during a lesson or unit).Summative Exam 10/13/17 - “A Retrieved Reformation” by O. Henry.-----------------------------------------------------------------

*Exit Cards: Monday thru FridayClosure & Reflection Journal Writing:

Ticket out of the door/Exit Slips:1. Write one thing you learned today.2. Rate your understanding of today’s topic on a scale of 1-10. 3. Discuss one way today’s lesson could be used in the real world.4. Describe 1 topic that we covered today you like to know more about. 5. Write down One potential test question from today’s lesson.

Notebook & Reflection Journal Check Due: 10/12/17 – No exceptions. Teacher Notes / Reminders:

Roll & Retell 4 Corners formative assessments Accommodated students complete Even

problems only Check Notebooks daily for objectives Check daily reflection journals N.B. Check, Check out Novels

*Group Interest Stations: Indicators of teaching to different learning styles.*Red*Blue: *Green: *Yellow: Use Choice Boards to Explain the short story with the focus on

the key idea of a Second Chance.

Homework:Continue reading novels (due Oct. 6, 2017)

Oct. 9, 2017 – Checkout new novels

Go to SBAC practice site http://sampleitems.smarterbalanced.org/

“A Retrieved Reformation” by O. Henry.

AL, OL BL Summary Notes “A Retrieved Reformation” by O. Henry.

A Retrieved Reformation is a short story by O. Henry—a short story containing big emotions. The story begins with the protagonist Jimmy Valentine’s release from prison. Though he was initially sentenced to four years, he only served ten months thanks to his connections to other criminals in high places. Valentine was arrested and imprisoned for his involvement as a safecracker in a robbery. Upon release, he returns home to retrieve his safecracking tools and then leaves town.

Meanwhile, the detective who arrested Valentine, Ben Price, begins to suspect Valentine is back to his old ways after a string of cash robberies take place matching Valentine’s style. Valentine has traveled to Elmore, Arkansas, where he intends to rob the local bank. Instead, he falls in love with Annabel Adams, who happens to be the banker’s daughter. Valentine instantly decides that his bank-robbing days are behind him and that he will walk the straight-and-narrow from now on. He decides to become a shoemaker, taking the pseudonym Ralph D. Spencer.

After less than a year, Valentine/Spencer is doing well for himself. Business is going well and his social life is on the upswing, too. He is now engaged to marry Annabel  in two weeks He decides to write a letter to a friend, asking him to collect his old  safecracking tools. Happy with his lot, Valentine/Spencer determines he won’t need them anymore.

While Valentine/Spencer has been building his business and planning to wed Annabel, Price has followed him to the bank owned by Annabel’s family. One day, he sees Valentine/ carrying his tools. Price waits outside and watches.

Annabel’s father shows off the bank’s new safe. Annabel’s nieces play in and around the safe until one girl traps the other inside by accident. As the safe is brand new, it hasn’t yet been wound. It has no combination. Distraught over how they will rescue Annabel’s trapped niece, Annabel asks Valentine/Spencer to help.

He knows that he can help, but that in so doing, he risks losing his new life, and wrecking his upcoming marriage to Annabel. Ultimately, he decides to use his skill—and tools—to save the girl. Valentine/Spencer is successful; the girl is freed from the safe. Price saw it all. Ready to turn himself in, Valentine/Spencer approaches Price, who pretends not to know who he is. Price walks away and leaves Valentine/Spencer to marry Annabel and enjoy his new life.

With the plot explained, the title of the story begins to make sense. Valentine is reformed by his love for Annabel, and finally uses his skill to help someone instead of commit a crime. The story, as well asValentine’s interactions with Price, have often been compared to the relationship between bread thief Jean Valjean and Inspector Javert in Victor Hugo’s novel Les Miserables. Interestingly, both stories have been adapted for the stage and film.

There is a major difference between Hugo’s treatment of reformation and O. Henry’s. In Les Miserables, the Valentine counterpart, Jean Valjean, displays his almost superhuman strength to Javert while serving years of hard labor. After being paroled, Valjean eventually sets up a new life and identity for himself as a factory owner and mayor. By coincidence, Javert is stationed in his town and, though years have passed, is reminded of the prisoner he once knew. Valjean is called to help rescue a man who is being crushed. Javert witnesses Valjean’s feat of strength to save the man, and the rest of the story revolves around their many encounters and Javert’s attempts to arrest Valjean, who is only truly free after Javert takes his own life.

In O. Henry’s story, Price witnesses Valentine’s reformation and walks away, allowing Valentine to enjoy his new life. While A Retrieved Reformation is shorter than Les Miserables and can therefore support a quicker resolution, any reader familiar with Hugo might be surprised by the ending of A Retrieved Reformation. This is fitting as O. Henry is known for his surprise endings.

Other famous O. Henry stories include The Gift of the Magi and The Ransom of Red Chief, both of which include a similar type of surprise ending to A Retrieved Reformation. Many of Henry’s surprise endings involve a note of humor, such as in Ransom when the child held for ransom is so troublesome the kidnapper ends up paying money to the father just to give back the child. His impact on the literary world is also of note. The O. Henry Award is named after him and is awarded to short story authors. The PEN/O. Henry Prize Stories is an annual collection of the twenty best short stories published in American magazines.

We use Comparatives and Superlatives to compare two or more nouns.The formation of the comparative and superlative depends on the number of syllables in the adjective:

One-syllable Adjectives

To form the comparative, we add -er to the end of the adjective.To form the superlative, we add -est to the end of the adjective.

Adjective Comparative Superlative

small smaller the smallest

cold colder the coldest

light lighter the lightest

wide * wider the widest

hot ** hotter the hottest

* When an adjective ends in the letter E, we just add the -R (for comparatives) or -ST (for superlatives). We do not write two Es together. Wider (correct) not wideer (incorrect).

** When an adjective ends in a consonant + short vowel + consonant (C + V + C), we normally double the last letter. big - bigger - biggest, wet - wetter - wettest

London is bigger than Santiago. Mike is taller than John but James is the tallest. Yesterday was the hottest day of the year. It is the oldest building in the village. I want a faster car.

Notice how comparatives are often followed by than when comparing two things or people.

Two-syllable Adjectives ending in -Y

To form the comparative, we remove the -y and add -ier to the end of the adjective.

To form the superlative, we remove the -y and add -iest to the end of the adjective.

Adjective Comparative Superlative

crazy crazier the craziest

happy happier the happiest

early earlier the earliest

It was the happiest day of my life. My joke was funnier than your one. This section is easier than the rest.

Adjectives with Two or more Syllables

For Adjectives with 2 syllables (that don't end in -y) and higher (3, 4 syllables etc), we use more for comparatives and the most for superlatives.

Adjective Comparative Superlative

handsome more handsome the most handsome

nervous more nervous the most nervous

enthusiastic more enthusiastic the most enthusiastic

My girlfriend is more beautiful than yours. Alex is more intelligent than you but I am the most intelligent. It was the most wonderful day I have ever had.

Some exceptions with two-syllable adjectives ending in -er and -est:

narrow - narrower, simple - simpler, quiet – quieter

Irregular FormsAdjective Comparative Superlative

good better the best

bad worse the worst

far *** further / farther the furthest / farthest

little less the least

many/much more the most

old **** older/elder the oldest / eldest

I am a better tennis player than you but Marcelo is the best. Steve is a worse liar than me but Adrian is the worst.

*** Farther - FurtherFurther / farther, furthest / farthest are all used for distance.Only Further / furthest are used to mean 'additional' or 'more advanced'.

Puerto Montt is further / farther than Valdivia is from here (in Santiago). If you require further information, please contact reception.

Remember that the opposites of 'more' and 'most' are 'less' and 'least', respectively.**** Older - EldestWe use elder / eldest when we are talking about family relationships and normally only before a noun (not by itself unless it is a pronoun).

He is my elder brother. (We cannot say: My brother is elder than me. - incorrect) The eldest sister would pass on her dresses to the younger one.

Comparative and Superlative of ILL

When comparing how ill people are, you will normally hear worse or the worst and not "iller or illest". Some people may prefer to replace ill with sick (sicker, sickest) when comparing.

Elements of a Story

Setting: Time and place of the story

Plot: The series of events in the storyClimax: The highest point of interest and the turning point in the storyFalling Action: The events and complications that begin to resolve the storyResolution/Denouement: The final outcome or untangling of the story

Plot Mountain:

Central Conflict:    Struggle or clash between opposing characters and opposing forces

o man vs. mano man vs. natureo man vs. societyo man vs. self

Protagonist: The main characterAntagonist: The character or force the protagonist struggles against and must overcomePoint of View:

the vantage point from which the author tells a storyo First Person - uses “I” “me” etc.o Second Person - uses “you”o Third Person Omniscient - uses “he” “she” “they” etc. and knows allo Third Person Limited - uses “he” “she” “they” etc. and has limited knowledge of story

who the main character is, the way the story is told through that character

Theme: The central message the author wants the reader to take awayMood/Tone: What mood the writer creates in the mind of the reader

Venn Diagram

MS Grade Literary FramesCore Analysis Frame: FictionCore Analysis Frame: Drama Core Analysis Frame: PoetryAnalysis Frame: Persuasion

Analysis Frame: Informational NonfictionAnalysis Frame: Literary Nonfiction

Genres of LiteratureGenres of Literature

Genres of literature are important to learn about. The two main categories separating the different genres of literature are fiction and nonfiction. There are several genres of literature that fall under the nonfiction category. Nonfiction sits in direct opposition to fiction. Examples from both the fiction and nonfiction genres of literature are explained in detail below. This detailed genres of literature list is a great resource to share with any scholars.

Types of Nonfiction:

Narrative Nonfiction is information based on fact that is presented in a format which tells a story.

Essays are a short literary composition that reflects the author’s outlook or point. A short literary composition on a particular theme or subject, usually in prose and generally analytic, speculative, or interpretative.

A Biography is a written account of another person’s life.

An Autobiography gives the history of a person’s life, written or told by that person. Often written in Narrative form of their person’s life.

Speech is the faculty or power of speaking; oral communication; ability to express one’s thoughts and emotions by speech, sounds, and gesture. Generally delivered in the form of an address or discourse.

Finally there is the general genre of Nonfiction. This is Informational text dealing with an actual, real-life subject. This genre of literature offers opinions or conjectures on facts and reality. This includes biographies, history, essays, speech, and narrative nonfiction. Nonfiction opposes

fiction and is distinguished from those fiction genres of literature like poetry and drama which is the next section we will discuss.

Genres of Fiction:

Drama is the genre of literature that’s subject for compositions is dramatic art in the way it is represented. This genre is stories composed in verse or prose, usually for theatrical performance, where conflicts and emotion are expressed through dialogue and action.

Poetry is verse and rhythmic writing with imagery that evokes an emotional response from the reader. The art of poetry is rhythmical in composition, written or spoken. This genre of literature is for exciting pleasure by beautiful, imaginative, or elevated thoughts.

Fantasy is the forming of mental images with strange or other worldly settings or characters; fiction which invites suspension of reality.

Humor is the faculty of perceiving what is amusing or comical. Fiction full of fun, fancy, and excitement which meant to entertain. This genre of literature can actually be seen and contained within all genres.

A Fable is a story about supernatural or extraordinary people Usually in the form of narration that demonstrates a useful truth. In Fables, animals often speak as humans that are legendary and supernatural tales.

Fairy Tales or wonder tales are a kind of folktale or fable. Sometimes the stories are about fairies or other magical creatures, usually for children.

Science Fiction is a story based on impact of potential science, either actual or imagined. Science fiction is one of the genres of literature that is set in the future or on other planets.

Short Story is fiction of such briefness that is not able to support any subplots.

Realistic Fiction is a story that can actually happen and is true to real life.

Folklore (Folktale) are songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of a person of “folk” that was handed down by word of mouth. Folklore is a genre of literature that is widely held, but false and based on unsubstantiated beliefs.

Historical Fiction is a story with fictional characters and events in a historical setting.

Horror is an overwhelming and painful feeling caused by literature that is frightfully shocking, terrifying, or revolting. Fiction in which events evoke a feeling of dread in both the characters and the reader.

A Tall Tale is a humorous story with blatant exaggerations, swaggering heroes who do the impossible with an here of nonchalance.

Legend is a story that sometimes of a national or folk hero. Legend is based on fact but also includes imaginative material.

Mystery is a genre of fiction that deals with the solution of a crime or the unraveling of secrets. Anything that is kept secret or remains unexplained or unknown.

Mythology is a type of legend or traditional narrative. This is often based in part on historical events, that reveals human behavior and natural phenomena by its symbolism; often pertaining to the actions of the gods. A body of myths, as that of a particular people or that relating to a particular person.

Fiction in Verse is full-length novels with plot, subplots, themes, with major and minor characters. Fiction of verse is one of the genres of literature in which the narrative is usually presented in blank verse form.

The genre of Fiction can be defined as narrative literary works whose content is produced by the imagination and is not necessarily based on fact. In fiction something is feigned, invented, or imagined; a made-up story.

Fantasy StoryThe definition of this fictional genre could be described as something that contains rudiments that are not realistic, such as magical powers, talking animals, etc. Fantasy is often characterized by a departure from the accepted rules by which individuals perceive the world around them; it represents that which is impossible (unexplained) and outside the parameters of our known, reality. Make-believe is what this genre is all about.

Another description of a Fantasy Novel is any book that contains unrealistic settings, or magic, often set in a medieval universe, or possibly involving mythical beings or supernatural forms as a primary element of the plot, theme, or setting. Something magical is almost always part of fantasy and magic may be seen in the setting or in the plot. It may even be practiced by the characters.

Fantasy usually describes those stories that could not happen in real life. Fairy tales by known authors, such as those by Hans Christian Andersen, are considered modern fantasy and have no problem relating to young children; in fact most adolescents grow up believing in fantasy. They wish on candles, wait for tooth fairies, talk to their stuffed animals and play with imaginary friends.

History

Though the genre in its modern sense is less than two centuries old, its precedents have a long and distinguished history. Fantasy Fiction has a rich history of inspirations for critics to dissect and apply to the modern genre. It is often examined as the modern counterpart to mythology, but whether one of these practices inspired the other, and which inspired which, is hotly debated.

With its roots in myth and legend, fantasy is the most elemental of all the genres. It is certainly interesting that many people for many generations believed in myth and legend in a way that dramatically affected their life and their culture.

One thing is certain: there is something timeless about stories that pit motivating heroes who face long odds against dynamic villains. (It could also be argued that this is the elementary basis of most commercial fiction genres.) Good is good and evil is evil. Eventually there is often a happy ending although important secondary characters may have been killed.

Stories of the Odyssey, Arthur, and the like have influenced and shaped culture for centuries. Heroic fantasy yearns for a time of rigid class distinction, when good and evil were a part of breeding. When the strong ruled the weak and weak lived happily - providing rustic atmosphere in the way good peasants should. In fantasy, the reader may return to a simpler time - the world as we wish it might be.

Sub Genres

Characteristics of fantasy fiction and its many overlapping sub-genres are the subjects of debate among some fans and writers. Fiction can and is often a multiple thing. A piece can belong to the fantasy genre as well as the detective genre, the romance genre etc.

Science-Fiction and Fantasy are substantially different categories, however the line between them is often a thin one. Star Wars is a good example, since it is clearly within the science-fiction genre yet includes certain unexplained fantasy elements (particularly "The Force," may it be with you all). Both types of genre are usually shelved together, both because of their readerships' tendencies to overlap and because of the authors' tendencies to blur the lines between these categories. Many science fiction authors have also written works of fantasy.

Speculative fiction is a difficult genre to categorize neatly. For example, some authors might argue that most speculative fiction is pure fantasy - and yet a fantastical tale set in a far distant future would be more likely classified as 'science fiction'.

In recent times, the term 'fantasy', when regarded as part of an individual genre, generally brings to mind tales of dragons and castles and knights in shining armor - but in truth, the genre as a whole encompasses so much more. Some examples of sub-genres are:

Romance Fantasy Fairy Tales Alternative History Arthurian Fantasy Comic Fantasy Dark Fantasy Epic Fantasy Fairy Tales and Mythology Heroic Fantasy High Fantasy Mystery Fantasy Magic Realism Modern Fantasy Sword and Sorcery

Cross Over's

Fantasy is the genre least likely to be affected by age.Many adults have enjoyed the Hobbit or the Harry Potter books. More recently the success of the film versions of the Lord of the Ring and the Harry Potter stories have dramatically increased interest in fantasy along with C.S. Lewis’s Chronicles of Narnia, and the film version of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. Fantasy continues to substantially outsell science fiction.

Conclusion

Myth and legend has been an important part of culture since the beginning. Literature began with these stories. They explained the world that people lived in, provided lessons about behavior and consequences, and entertained as well. Fantasy opens the door to experiencing the magic that is in the world around us and more importantly the magic in ourselves. It can encompass a whirlwind of images and plot twists and is one of the few genres in which the same book can be read by an adult and a 12-year old - comfortably and without any explanation.

Folktale StoryFolktales

A folktale is a story that has been told for a long time by a group of people.

Fable StoryFable Characteristics

Talking Animals Teaches a Lesson Usually Short Two – Three Characters

Fairy Tale StoryFairy Tale Characteristics

Make Believe Happens Long Ago Has Magic Happily Ever After Evil Person

What Is Your Personality Type?

Example of a Plot Structure Foldable

4 types of Writing

A writer’s style is a reflection of his or her personality, unique voice, and way of approaching the audience and readers.

However, every piece writers write is for a specific purpose—for example, writers may want to explain how something works or persuade people to agree with their point of view. While there are as many writer's styles as there are writers, there are only four general purposes that lead someone to write a piece, and these are known as the four styles, or types, of writing. Knowing all four different types and their usages is important for any writer.

Here are the categories and their definitions: Expository, Persuasive, Descriptive, and Narrative.

Expository

Expository writing's main purpose is to explain. It is a subject-oriented writing style, in which authors focus on telling you about a given topic or subject without voicing their personal opinions. These types of essays or articles furnish you with relevant facts and figures but do not include their opinions. This is one of the most common types of writing. You always see it in textbooks and how-to articles. The author just tells you about a given subject, such as how to do something.

Key Points:

Usually explains something in a process. Is often equipped with facts and figures. Is usually in a logical order and sequence.

When You Would Use Expository Writing:

Textbook writing. How-to articles. Recipes. News stories (not including opinion or editorial pieces). Business, technical, or scientific writing.

Example:

Many people associate the taste of pumpkins with fall. In October, companies from Starbucks to McDonalds roll out their pumpkin-flavored lattes and desserts. Here is how to make an easy pumpkin pie using only five ingredients. First, make sure you have all of the ingredients.

This writing is expository because it is explaining. In this case, you can already tell that the piece will be about how to make a pumpkin pie.

Non-example:

Everyone knows that the best part about fall is all of the pumpkin-flavored desserts. Pumpkin pie is the best fall treat because it is not only delicious but also nutritious. Pumpkin is filled with vitamin A, which is essential for a healthy immune system and good vision.

This is not expository because several opinions are stated, such as “Pumpkin pie is the best fall treat…” Although this excerpt contains a fact about pumpkin containing vitamin A, that fact is used as evidence to support the opinion. These opinions make this an example of persuasive writing.

Descriptive

Descriptive writing's main purpose is to describe. It is a style of writing that focuses on describing a character, an event, or a place in great detail. It can be poetic when the author takes the time to be very specific in his or her descriptions.

Example:

In good descriptive writing, the author will not just say: “The vampire killed his lover.”

He or she will change the sentence, focusing on more details and descriptions, like: “The bloody, red-eyed vampire, sunk his rust-colored teeth into the soft skin of his lover and ended her life."

Key Points:

It is often poetic in nature It describes places, people, events, situations, or locations in a highly-detailed manner. The author visualizes what he or she sees, hears, tastes, smells, and feels.

When You Would Use Descriptive Writing:

Poetry Journal or diary writing Nature writing Descriptive passages in fiction

Example:

The iPhone 6 is unexpectedly light. While size of its screen is bigger than those of the iPhones that came before, it is thinner, and its smooth, rounded body is made of aluminum, stainless steel, and glass. The casing comes in a whitish silver, gold, or a color the company calls “space gray,” the color of the lead of a pencil, with darker gray accents.

This is an example because it describes aspects of the phone. It includes details such as the size, weight, and material.

Non-example:

So you just brought home a shiny new smart phone with a smooth glass screen the size of your palm. The first thing you will want to do when purchasing a new cell is buy a case. Cracking your screen is an awful feeling, and protection is inexpensive when you compare it to the costs of a new phone.

Even though this example uses adjectives, you can tell that this is not an example of descriptive writing because the purpose is not to describe the phone—it’s to persuade you to buy a case.

Persuasive

Persuasive writing's main purpose is to convince. Unlike expository writing, persuasive writing contains the opinions and biases of the author. To convince others to agree with the author's point of view, persuasive writing contains justifications and reasons. It is often used in letters of complaint, advertisements or commercials, affiliate marketing pitches, cover letters, and newspaper opinion and editorial pieces.

Key Points:

Persuasive writing is equipped with reasons, arguments, and justifications. In persuasive writing, the author takes a stand and asks you to agree with his or her point

of view. It often asks for readers to do something about the situation (this is called a call-to-

action).

When You Would Use Persuasive Writing:

Opinion and editorial newspaper pieces. Advertisements. Reviews (of books, music, movie, restaurants, etc.). Letter of recommendation. Letter of complaint. Cover letters

Example:

Following the 2012 Olympic Games hosted in London, the UK Trade and Investment department reported a £9.9 billion boost to the economy. Although it is expensive to host the Olympics, if done right, they can provide real jobs and economic growth. This city should consider placing a bid to host the Olympics.

This is persuasive writing because the author has a belief—that “this city should consider placing a bid to host the Olympics”—and is trying to convince others to agree.

Non-example:

According to legend, the Olympics were founded by Hercules. Now almost 100 countries participate in the Games, with over two million people attending. So cities from Boston to Hamburg begin considering their bid to be a host city more than 10 years in advance.

All of these statements are facts. Therefore it’s expository. To be persuasive writing, you must have an opinion that you’re trying to persuade people of—then, of course, you will support that opinion with evidence.

Narrative

Narrative writing's main purpose is to tell a story. The author will create different characters and tell you what happens to them (sometimes the author writes from the point of view of one of the characters—this is known as first person narration). Novels, short stories, novellas, poetry, and biographies can all fall in the narrative writing style. Simply, narrative writing answers the question: “What happened then?”

Key Points:

A person tells a story or event. Has characters and dialogue. Has definite and logical beginnings, intervals, and endings. Often has situations like actions, motivational events, and disputes or conflicts with their

eventual solutions.

Examples of When You Would Use Persuasive Writing:

Novels Short stories Novellas Poetry Autobiographies or biographies Anecdotes Oral histories

Example:

“I don’t think that’s a good idea,” said Jaelyn.

“You never used to be such a girl!” retorted Orin, pushing open the door.

Reluctantly, Jaelyn followed.

This is a narrative because it’s telling a story. There are different characters conversing, and a plot is unravelling.

Non-example:

Cutting Edge Haunted House holds the Guinness World Record for the largest haunted house on earth. It’s located in a district in Fort Worth, Texas known as "Hell's Half Acre" in a century-old abandoned meat-packing plant. The haunted house takes an hour to complete, winding through horrific scenes incorporating the factory's original meat-packing equipment.

While this would serve as a worthy setting for a story, it would need a plot before it could be called a narrative.

Conclusion

These are the four different types of writing that are generally used. There are many sub-types of writing that may fall in any of those categories. A writer must know all these styles in order to identify the purpose of his or her own writing and make sure it's something the audience wants to read.

Mr. Patterson’s Remediation / 7th Grade Reading / 7th & 8th Grade English

Delta Academy Class Resources

Common roots and word origins Tiered Word List Links Vocabulary Practice Poetry analysis tips AP English Exam (practice) 2014-2015 released test with answers Transition words and transitional phrases Primetime Bellringer: Breaking News English Mad Mad Libs More Mad Libs Grammar 101 Grammar Games Persuasive essay topic ideas Purdue OWL MLA citation info MLA Format Guidebook MLA Format Information

Need a book?

New York Times Young Adult Fiction Best Sellers

Reading Response (Friendly Letter) Format:

                                                                                                  Sept. 18, 2017

Dear Mr. Patterson,

    Indent the first line of each paragraph. In this paragraph you will tell me the title of your book,

its author, how many pages you've read, how many pages total are in the book, a brief

summary of the characters and major plot events, and your general opinion of the book.

    Begin the second paragraph with a good transition sentence that connects it with the

previous paragraph. Respond to one of the reading response questions from your list. Support

your response with a quote as evidence from the text. Explain the significance of your evidence

and how it supports your response.

    Begin the third paragraph with a good transition sentence that links it to the last paragraph.

Respond to another reading response question and make sure to provide evidence from the text

and an explanation of the evidence.

  In the closing paragraph, please ask me any questions you have about your book. You can

ask questions about almost anything. What other books do I know of by the same author? What

does the author mean when she writes _______? Why does the author use all lowercase letters

in this section?

Please also include any observations or general comments you have about your book. Is there

a passage that really stands out to you? Why? I'll do my best to respond to your questions and

comments.

                                                                                                     Sincerely,

                                                                                                      Mr. Patterson

EXAMPLE #1: WHAT NOT TO DO

Dear Mr. Patterson,

The book I'm reading is lame. Tricia recommended it to me, so now I think she is crazy. I'm about halfway through the book and all I can tell you is that it is stupid. I don't know why I have to write this letter to you, but mom says I have to. I don't want to make mom mad. She'll take away my phone again.

The first question I'm going to answer is the one about the most important word in the book. "The" is the most important word in my book. It is used about 10,000 times in the story. Without "the" the sentences would not make any sense. That is why I think "the" is the most important word in the book.

I guess I'll answer the one about plot now. So, basically, there is this dude who is actually an egg. He's called Humpty Dumpty and he falls off a long wall and cracks his egg-head. Like I said before, it's really lame. That is what I think the plot of the story is.

In closing, I just want to say that I don't have any comments about this book. Well, maybe I do. Yeah, so you should probably give Tricia an F for recommending this book to me. Cool.

                                                                                                                        Swag,                                                                                                                        Jud Judderson

EXAMPLE #2 : WHAT TO DO TO GET A GOOD GRADE

                                                                                                                       Sept. 18, 2017

Dear Mr. Patterson,

Hello! I hope you are doing well! I am currently reading Charlie and the Chocolate

Factory byRoald Dahl. I am so happy that I decided not to abandon this book. I was initially

disinterested with the story, but soon found myself carried away in the fantastic, colorful, and

wise world of Willy Wonka. I am on page 150 and hope to finish all 230 pages by the end of the

week. The book is about Wonka, an owner of a candy factory, who is giving away Golden

Tickets in his candy bar wrappers. Those who find the tickets are rewarded with admittance to

the factory, which has long since been closed to the public. The story focuses mainly on Charlie,

a poor boy, who becomes one of the Golden Ticket winners. When reading closely, one may

find Dahl's intentions in the book as social commentary of the greed and materialism that plague

the world.

Roald Dahl balances insane, nonsensical situations with lessons about life in Charlie and

the Chocolate Factory. Out of all the imaginative and silly-sounding words in the book, I have

chosen a much more standard word as my pick for most important word in the story. "Family" is

the word that stands out to me most. At one point in the story, Willy Wonka asks Charlie to

become his successor and take over ownership of the company. Charlie asks Wonka, "So... if I

go with you, to live in your factory, I'll never see my family again?" (Dahl 130). Wonka replies,

"You can't run a chocolate factory with a family hanging over you" (131). After this interaction,

Charlie makes it clear how important his family is to him by rejecting Wonka's offer. Charlie

explains that no matter how much earning potential a job as the factory owner had to offer, he

would still be poor if he did not have his family.

Although the book delivers serious themes related to priorities, family, and the downfalls

of greed, Dahl also offers his readers opportunities to laugh out loud at ridiculous characters and

silly situations. One instance when I found myself laughing hysterically was when Violet

Beuragarde, a serial gum-chewer, took a piece of gum that was still in experimental trials and

soon found herself turning into a gigantic blueberry. The gum emulated a five-course meal, and

the dessert portion was still being refined. Despite Wonka's warnings, Violet ate the gum and had

to suffer the consequences. Violet's father watched in horror as his daughter started growing

round and blue, buttons flying from her expanding coat. He yelled, "Violet, you're turning

violet, Violet!" (63). I fell out of my chair from laughing so hard at this exclamation. Mr.

Beuregarde's words and the repetition of violet as both a name and a color struck my funny bone.

This passage is just one of many that had me giggling as I read.

Overall, Charlie and the Chocolate Factory is a fantastic book. It has just the right

amount of seriousness and silliness to make it a great pick for readers of all ages. Many lessons

can be learned from the story and many laughs will be had. Have you ever read the book? What

is the part that stands out to you the most? Will you help me find out whether Dahl wrote any

nonfiction works? Thanks and I look forward to hearing back from you!

                                                                                                                   Sincerely,

                                                                                                                   Marty Awesome

Book Letter Template

Date:

Dear Ms. Patterson,

Title of book:

Author of book:

Current page and total number of pages:

Brief summary of book - characters and conflict:

Opinion:

Sentence that ties in with your opinion statement:

Respond to first question of your choice:

Add a quote from the book to support your response:

After the quote, cite the author’s name and the page number where you found the quote - (Lubin 11):

Explain how the quote supports your response.

Sentence that ties in with previous paragraph:

Respond to question second question of your choice:

Add a quote from the book to support your response:

After the quote, cite the author’s name and the page number where you found the quote:

Explain how the quote supports your response.

Restate your opinion of the book and an explanation for your opinion:

Ask me one question you have about your book:

Write one comment you want to share with me about your book (good quote, interesting message, comment on style):

Say goodbye:

                                        Sincerely,                                                                            Your name

POETRY FOR CHILDREN

(Editor) This Same Sky: A Collection of Poems from around the World, Four Winds Press (New York, NY), 1992.

(Editor) The Tree Is Older Than You Are: Poems and Stories from Mexico, Simon & Schuster (New York, NY), 1995.

(Editor, with Paul Janeczko) I Feel a Little Jumpy around You: A Book of Her Poems and His Poems Collected in Pairs, Simon & Schuster (New York, NY), 1996.

(With others) The Space between Our Footsteps: Poems and Paintings from the Middle East, Simon & Schuster (New York, NY), 1998, published as The Flag of Childhood: Poems from the Middle East, Aladdin (New York, NY), 2002.

(Selector) What Have You Lost? (young-adult poetry), with photographs by husband, Michael Nye, Greenwillow Books (New York, NY), 1999.

(Selector) Salting the Ocean: 100 Poems by Young Poets, illustrated by Ashley Bryan, Greenwillow Books (New York, NY), 2000.

Come with Me: Poems for a Journey, with images by Dan Yaccarino, Greenwillow Books (New York, NY), 2000.

Nineteen Varieties of Gazelle: Poems of the Middle East, Greenwillow Books (New York, NY), 2002.

Is This Forever, or What? Poems and Paintings from Texas, Greenwillow Books (New York, NY), 2004.

Sweet Sifter in Time: Poems for Girls, illustrated by Terre Maher, Greenwillow Books (New York, NY), 2005.

What are Memoirs?Noun

1. A record of events written by a person having intimate knowledge of them and based on personal observation. 2. Usually, memoirs.

1. An account of one's personal life and experiences; autobiography. 2. The published record of the proceedings of a group or organization, as of a learned

society. 3. A biography or biographical sketch. (Synonyms: journal, recollections, reminiscences)

What are Poems?

Poems are collections of words that express an idea or emotion that often use imagery and metaphor. As you are studying literature, you will likely notice that poems come in many, many different forms. As you read and perhaps write your own poems, it is helpful to know the different kinds of poems.

A poem is a form of art in which the skillful choice and arrangement of words achieves a desired emotional effect. Poet Percy Bysshe Shelly defined poetry as "the expression of the imagination." Robert Frost said that a poem forms when "an emotion has found its thought and the thought has found words."

What’s a Prezi?

Prezi is a visual storytelling software alternative to traditional slide-based presentation formats. Prezi presentations feature a map-like, schematic overview that lets users pan between topics at will, zoom in on desired details, and pull back to reveal context.This freedom of movement enables “conversational presenting,” a new presentation style in which presentations follow the flow of dialogue, instead of vice-versa.Founded in 2009, and with offices in San Francisco, Budapest, and Mexico City, Prezi now fosters a community of over 75 million users with more than 260 million prezis around the world.The company launched Prezi Business in 2016, with a suite of creation, collaboration, and analytics tools for teams. Prezi Business is an HTML5 application that runs on JavaScript.The word Prezi is the short form of “presentation” in Hungarian.

(Please note: Prezi’s or Power Points will be due every 2 weeks for assigned readings, so plan ahead if you need technology support)

Narrative Poetry

Narrative poetry is a form of poetry which tells a story, often making use of the voices of a narrator and characters as well; the entire story is usually written in metered verse. The poems that make up this genre may be short or long, and the story it relates to may be complex. It is usually dramatic, with objectives, diverse characters, and meter. Narrative poems include epics, ballads, idylls and lays. Some narrative poetry takes the form of a novel in verse. An example of this is The Ring and the Book by Robert Browning. In terms of narrative poetry, a romance is a narrative poem that tells a story of chivalry. Examples include the Romance of the Rose or Tennyson's Idylls of the King. Although these examples use medieval and Arthurian materials, romances may also tell stories from classical mythology. Shorter narrative poems are often similar in style to the short story. Sometimes these short narratives are collected into interrelated groups, as with Chaucer's Canterbury Tales. Some literatures contain prose narratives that include poems and poetic interludes; much Old Irish poetry is contained within prose narratives, and the Old Norse sagas include both incidental poetry and the biographies of poets. An example is "The Cremation of Sam McGee" by Robert Service.

In poetry, a stanza is a division of four or more lines having a fixed length, meter or rhyming scheme.

Stanzas in poetry are similar to paragraphs in prose. Both stanzas and paragraphs include connected thoughts and are set off by a space. The number of lines varies in different kinds of stanzas but it is uncommon for a stanza to have more than twelve lines. The pattern of a stanza is determined by the number of feet in each line and by its metrical or rhyming scheme.

Meter is a stressed and unstressed syllabic pattern in a verse or within the lines of a poem. Stressed syllables tend to be longer and unstressed shorter. In simple language, meter is a poetic device that serves as a linguistic sound pattern for the verses, as it gives poetry a rhythmical and melodious sound. For instance, if you read a poem loudly, and it produces regular sound patterns, then this poem would be a metered or measured poem. The study of different types of versification and meters is known as prosody.

Glossary of Poetic Terms

AllegoryA symbolic narrative in which the surface details imply a secondary meaning. Allegory often takes the form of a story in which the characters represent moral qualities. The most famous example in English is John Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress, in which the name of the central character, Pilgrim, epitomizes the book's allegorical nature. Kay Boyle's story "Astronomer's Wife" and Christina Rossetti's poem "Up-Hill" both contain allegorical elements.AlliterationThe repetition of consonant sounds, especially at the beginning of words. Example: "Fetched fresh, as I suppose, off some sweet wood." Hopkins, "In the Valley of the Elwy."Anapest Two unaccented syllables followed by an accented one, as in com-pre-HEND or in-ter-VENE. An anapestic meter rises to the accented beat as in Byron's lines from "The Destruction of Sennacherib": "And the sheen of their spears was like stars on the sea, / When the blue wave rolls nightly on deep Galilee."AntagonistA character or force against which another character struggles. Creon is Antigone's antagonist in Sophocles' play Antigone; Teiresias is the antagonist of Oedipus in Sophocles' Oedipus the King. AssonanceThe repetition of similar vowel sounds in a sentence or a line of poetry or prose, as in "I rose and told him of my woe." Whitman's "When I Heard the Learn'd Astronomer" contains assonantal "I's" in the following lines: "How soon unaccountable I became tired and sick, / Till rising and gliding out I wander'd off by myself."AubadeA love lyric in which the speaker complains about the arrival of the dawn, when he must part from his lover. John Donne's "The Sun Rising" exemplifies this poetic genre.BalladA narrative poem written in four-line stanzas, characterized by swift action and narrated in a direct style. The Anonymous medieval ballad, "Barbara Allan," exemplifies the genre.Blank verseA line of poetry or prose in unrhymed iambic pentameter. Shakespeare's sonnets, Milton's epic poem Paradise Lost, and Robert Frost's meditative poems such as "Birches" include many lines of blank verse. Here are the opening blank verse lines of "Birches": When I see birches bend to left and right / Across the lines of straighter darker trees, / I like to think some boy's been swinging them.CaesuraA strong pause within a line of verse. The following stanza from Hardy's "The Man He Killed" contains caesuras in the middle two lines:

He thought he'd 'list, perhaps,Off-hand-like--just as I--Was out of work-had sold his traps--No other reason why.

CharacterAn imaginary person that inhabits a literary work. Literary characters may be major or minor, static (unchanging) or dynamic (capable of change). In Shakespeare's Othello, Desdemona is a major

character, but one who is static, like the minor character Bianca. Othello is a major character who is dynamic, exhibiting an ability to change.CharacterizationThe means by which writers present and reveal character. Although techniques of characterization

are complex, writers typically reveal characters through their speech, dress, manner, and actions. Readers come to understand the character Miss Emily in Faulkner's story "A Rose for Emily" through what she says, how she lives, and what she does.ClimaxThe turning point of the action in the plot of a play or story. The climax represents the point of greatest tension in the work. The climax of John Updike's "A&P," for example, occurs when Sammy quits his job as a cashier.Closed formA type of form or structure in poetry characterized by regularity and consistency in such elements as rhyme, line length, and metrical pattern. Frost's "Stopping By Woods on a Snowy Evening" provides one of many examples. A single stanza illustrates some of the features of closed form:

Whose woods these are I think I know.His house is in the village though.He will not see me stopping hereTo watch his woods fill up with snow.

ComplicationAn intensification of the conflict in a story or play. Complication builds up, accumulates, and develops the primary or central conflict in a literary work. Frank O'Connor's story "Guests of the Nation" provides a striking example, as does Ralph Ellison's "Battle Royal."

ConflictA struggle between opposing forces in a story or play, usually resolved by the end of the work. The conflict may occur within a character as well as between characters. Lady Gregory's one-act play The Rising of the Moon exemplifies both types of conflict as the Policeman wrestles with his conscience in an inner conflict and confronts an antagonist in the person of the ballad singer.ConnotationThe associations called up by a word that goes beyond its dictionary meaning. Poets, especially, tend to use words rich in connotation. Dylan Thomas's "Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night" includes intensely connotative language, as in these lines: "Good men, the last wave by, crying how bright / Their frail deeds might have danced in a green bay, / Rage, rage against the dying of the light."ConventionA customary feature of a literary work, such as the use of a chorus in Greek tragedy, the inclusion of an explicit moral in a fable, or the use of a particular rhyme scheme in a villanelle. Literary conventions are defining features of particular literary genres, such as novel, short story, ballad, sonnet, and play.CoupletA pair of rhymed lines that may or may not constitute a separate stanza in a poem. Shakespeare's sonnets end in rhymed couplets, as in "For thy sweet love remembered such wealth brings / That then I scorn to change my state with kings."DactylA stressed syllable followed by two unstressed ones, as in FLUT-ter-ing or BLUE-ber-ry. The following playful lines illustrate double dactyls, two dactyls per line:

Higgledy, piggledy,Emily DickinsonGibbering, jabbering.

Denotation

The dictionary meaning of a word. Writers typically play off a word's denotative meaning against its connotations, or suggested and implied associational implications. In the following lines from Peter Meinke's "Advice to My Son" the references to flowers and fruit, bread and wine denote specific things, but also suggest something beyond the literal, dictionary meanings of the words:

To be specific, between the peony and rosePlant squash and spinach, turnips and tomatoes;Beauty is nectar and nectar, in a desert, saves--...and always serve bread with your wine.But, son,always serve wine.

DenouementThe resolution of the plot of a literary work. The denouement of Hamlet takes place after the catastrophe, with the stage littered with corpses. During the denouement Fortinbras makes an entrance and a speech, and Horatio speaks his sweet lines in praise of Hamlet.DialogueThe conversation of characters in a literary work. In fiction, dialogue is typically enclosed within quotation marks. In plays, characters' speech is preceded by their names.

DictionThe selection of words in a literary work. A work's diction forms one of its centrally important literary elements, as writers use words to convey action, reveal character, imply attitudes, identify themes, and suggest values. We can speak of the diction particular to a character, as in Iago's and Desdemona's very different ways of speaking in Othello. We can also refer to a poet's diction as represented over the body of his or her work, as in Donne's or Hughes's diction.ElegyA lyric poem that laments the dead. Robert Hayden's "Those Winter Sundays" is elegiac in tone. A more explicitly identified elegy is W.H. Auden's "In Memory of William Butler Yeats" and his "Funeral Blues."ElisionThe omission of an unstressed vowel or syllable to preserve the meter of a line of poetry. Alexander uses elision in "Sound and Sense": "Flies o'er th' unbending corn...."EnjambmentA run-on line of poetry in which logical and grammatical sense carries over from one line into the next. An enjambed line differs from an end-stopped line in which the grammatical and logical sense is completed within the line. In the opening lines of Robert Browning's "My Last Duchess," for example, the first line is end-stopped and the second enjambed:

That's my last Duchess painted on the wall,Looking as if she were alive. I callThat piece a wonder, now....

EpicA long narrative poem that records the adventures of a hero. Epics typically chronicle the origins of a civilization and embody its central values. Examples from western literature include Homer's Iliad

and Odyssey, Virgil's Aeneid, and Milton's Paradise Lost.EpigramA brief witty poem, often satirical. Alexander Pope's "Epigram Engraved on the Collar of a Dog" exemplifies the genre:

I am his Highness' dog at Kew;Pray tell me, sir, whose dog are you?

ExpositionThe first stage of a fictional or dramatic plot, in which necessary background information is provided. Ibsen's A Doll's House, for instance, begins with a conversation between the two central characters, a dialogue that fills the audience in on events that occurred before the action of the play begins, but which are important in the development of its plot.Falling actionIn the plot of a story or play, the action following the climax of the work that moves it towards its denouement or resolution. The falling action of Othello begins after Othello realizes that Iago is responsible for plotting against him by spurring him on to murder his wife, Desdemona.Falling meterPoetic meters such as trochaic and dactylic that move or fall from a stressed to an unstressed syllable. The nonsense line, "Higgledy, piggledy," is dactylic, with the accent on the first syllable and the two syllables following falling off from that accent in each word. Trochaic meter is represented by this line: "Hip-hop, be-bop, treetop--freedom."FictionAn imagined story, whether in prose, poetry, or drama. Ibsen's Nora is fictional, a "make-believe" character in a play, as are Hamlet and Othello. Characters like Robert Browning's Duke and Duchess from his poem "My Last Duchess" are fictional as well, though they may be based on actual historical individuals. And, of course, characters in stories and novels are fictional, though they, too, may be based, in some way, on real people. The important thing to remember is that writers embellish and embroider and alter actual life when they use real life as the basis for their work. They fictionalize facts, and deviate from real-life situations as they "make things up."Figurative languageA form of language use in which writers and speakers convey something other than the literal meaning of their words. Examples include hyperbole or exaggeration, litotes or understatement, simile and metaphor, which employ comparison, and synecdoche and metonymy, in which a part of a thing stands for the whole.FlashbackAn interruption of a work's chronology to describe or present an incident that occurred prior to the main time frame of a work's action. Writers use flashbacks to complicate the sense of chronology in the plot of their works and to convey the richness of the experience of human time. Faulkner's story "A Rose for Emily" includes flashbacks.FoilA character who contrasts and parallels the main character in a play or story. Laertes, in Hamlet, is a foil for the main character; in Othello, Emilia and Bianca are foils for Desdemona.FootA metrical unit composed of stressed and unstressed syllables. For example, an iamb or iambic foot is represented by ˘', that is, an unaccented syllable followed by an accented one. Frost's line "Whose woods these are I think I know" contains four iambs, and is thus an iambic foot.ForeshadowingHints of what is to come in the action of a play or a story. Ibsen's A Doll's House includes

foreshadowing as does Synge's Riders to the Sea. So, too, do Poe's "Cask of Amontillado" and Chopin's "Story of an Hour."Free versePoetry without a regular pattern of meter or rhyme. The verse is "free" in not being bound by earlier

poetic conventions requiring poems to adhere to an explicit and identifiable meter and rhyme scheme in a form such as the sonnet or ballad. Modern and contemporary poets of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries often employ free verse. Williams's "This Is Just to Say" is one of many examples.HyperboleA figure of speech involving exaggeration. John Donne uses hyperbole in his poem: "Song: Go and Catch a Falling Star."IambAn unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one, as in to-DAY. ImageA concrete representation of a sense impression, a feeling, or an idea. Imagery refers to the pattern of related details in a work. In some works one image predominates either by recurring throughout the work or by appearing at a critical point in the plot. Often writers use multiple images throughout a work to suggest states of feeling and to convey implications of thought and action. Some modern poets, such as Ezra Pound and William Carlos Williams, write poems that lack discursive explanation entirely and include only images. Among the most famous examples is Pound's poem "In a Station of the Metro":

The apparition of these faces in the crowd;Petals on a wet, black bough.

ImageryThe pattern of related comparative aspects of language, particularly of images, in a literary work. Imagery of light and darkness pervade James Joyce's stories "Araby," "The Boarding House," and "The Dead." So, too, does religious imagery. IronyA contrast or discrepancy between what is said and what is meant or between what happens and what is expected to happen in life and in literature. In verbal irony, characters say the opposite of what they mean. In irony of circumstance or situation, the opposite of what is expected occurs. In dramatic irony, a character speaks in ignorance of a situation or event known to the audience or to the other characters. Flannery O'Connor's short stories employ all these forms of irony, as does Poe's "Cask of Amontillado."Literal languageA form of language in which writers and speakers mean exactly what their words denote. See Figurative language, Denotation, and Connotation.Lyric poemA type of poem characterized by brevity, compression, and the expression of feeling. Most of the poems in this book are lyrics. The anonymous "Western Wind" epitomizes the genre:

Western wind, when will thou blow,The small rain down can rain?Christ, if my love were in my armsAnd I in my bed again!

MetaphorA comparison between essentially unlike things without an explicitly comparative word such as like or as. An example is "My love is a red, red rose,"

From Burns's "A Red, Red Rose." Langston Hughes's "Dream Deferred" is built entirely of metaphors. Metaphor is one of the most important of literary uses of language. Shakespeare employs a wide range of metaphor in his sonnets and his plays, often in such density and profusion that readers are kept busy analyzing and interpreting and unraveling them.

Compare Simile.MeterThe measured pattern of rhythmic accents in poems. See Foot and Iamb.MetonymyA figure of speech in which a closely related term is substituted for an object or idea. An example: "We have always remained loyal to the crown." See Synecdoche.

Narrative poemA poem that tells a story. See Ballad.

NarratorThe voice and implied speaker of a fictional work, to be distinguished from the actual living author. For example, the narrator of Joyce's "Araby" is not James Joyce himself, but a literary fictional character created expressly to tell the story. Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily" contains a communal narrator, identified only as "we." See Point of view.OctaveAn eight-line unit, which may constitute a stanza; or a section of a poem, as in the octave of a sonnet.Ode A long, stately poem in stanzas of varied length, meter, and form. Usually a serious poem on an exalted subject, such as Horace's "Eheu fugaces," but sometimes a more lighthearted work, such as Neruda's "Ode to My Socks."OnomatopoeiaThe use of words to imitate the sounds they describe. Words such as buzz and crack are onomatopoetic. The following line from Pope's "Sound and Sense" onomatopoetically imitates in sound what it describes:

When Ajax strives some rock's vast weight to throw,The line too labors, and the words move slow.

Most often, however, onomatopoeia refers to words and groups of words, such as Tennyson's description of the "murmur of innumerable bees," which attempts to capture the sound of a swarm of bees buzzing.Open formA type of structure or form in poetry characterized by freedom from regularity and consistency in such elements as rhyme, line length, metrical pattern, and overall poetic structure. E.E. Cummings's "[Buffalo Bill's]" is one example. See also Free verse.ParodyA humorous, mocking imitation of a literary work, sometimes sarcastic, but often playful and even respectful in its playful imitation. Examples include Bob McKenty's parody of Frost's "Dust of Snow" and Kenneth Koch's parody of Williams's "This is Just to Say."PersonificationThe endowment of inanimate objects or abstract concepts with animate or living qualities. An

example: "The yellow leaves flaunted their color gaily in the breeze." Wordsworth's "I wandered lonely as a cloud" includes personification.PlotThe unified structure of incidents in a literary work. See Conflict, Climax, Denouement, and

Flashback.Point of viewThe angle of vision from which a story is narrated. See Narrator. A work's point of view can be: first person, in which the narrator is a character or an observer, respectively; objective, in which the narrator knows or appears to know no more than the reader; omniscient, in which the narrator knows everything about the characters; and limited omniscient, which allows the narrator to know some things about the characters but not everything.ProtagonistThe main character of a literary work--Hamlet and Othello in the plays named after them, Gregor Samsa in Kafka's Metamorphosis, Paul in Lawrence's "Rocking-Horse Winner."PyrrhicA metrical foot with two unstressed syllables ("of the").QuatrainA four-line stanza in a poem, the first four lines and the second four lines in a Petrachan sonnet. A Shakespearean sonnet contains three quatrains followed by a couplet.RecognitionThe point at which a character understands his or her situation as it really is. Sophocles' Oedipus comes to this point near the end of Oedipus the King; Othello comes to a similar understanding of his situation in Act V of Othello.ResolutionThe sorting out or unraveling of a plot at the end of a play, novel, or story. See Plot.ReversalThe point at which the action of the plot turns in an unexpected direction for the protagonist. Oedipus's and Othello's recognitions are also reversals. They learn what they did not expect to learn. See Recognition and also Irony.RhymeThe matching of final vowel or consonant sounds in two or more words. The following stanza of "Richard Cory" employs alternate rhyme, with the third line rhyming with the first and the fourth with the second:

Whenever Richard Cory went down town,We people on the pavement looked at him;He was a gentleman from sole to crownClean favored and imperially slim.

RhythmThe recurrence of accent or stress in lines of verse. In the following lines from "Same in Blues" by Langston Hughes, the accented words and syllables are underlined:

I said to my baby,Baby take it slow....Lulu said to LeonardI want a diamond ring

Rising actionA set of conflicts and crises that constitute the part of a play's or story's plot leading up to the climax. See Climax, Denouement, and Plot.

Rising meterPoetic meters such as iambic and anapestic that move or ascend from an unstressed to a stressed syllable. See Anapest, Iamb, and Falling meter.Satire

A literary work that criticizes human misconduct and ridicules vices, stupidities, and follies. Swift's Gulliver's Travels is a famous example. Chekhov's Marriage Proposal and

O'Connor's "Everything That Rises Must Converge," have strong satirical elements.

SestetA six-line unit of verse constituting a stanza or section of a poem; the last six lines of an Italian sonnet. Examples: Petrarch's "If it is not love, then what is it that I feel," and Frost's "Design."SestinaA poem of thirty-nine lines and written in iambic pentameter. Its six-line stanza repeat in an intricate

and prescribed order the final word in each of the first six lines. After the sixth stanza, there is a three-line envoi, which uses the six repeating words, two per line.SettingThe time and place of a literary work that establish its context. The stories of Sandra Cisneros are set in the American southwest in the mid to late 20th century, those of James Joyce in Dublin, Ireland in the early 20th century.SimileA figure of speech involving a comparison between unlike things using like, as, or as though. An example: "My love is like a red, red rose."SonnetA fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter. The Shakespearean or English sonnet is arranged as three quatrains and a final couplet, rhyming abab cdcd efef gg. The Petrarchan or Italian sonnet divides into two parts: an eight-line octave and a six-line sestet, rhyming abba abba cde cde or abba abba cd cd cd.SpondeeA metrical foot represented by two stressed syllables, such as KNICK-KNACK.StanzaA division or unit of a poem that is repeated in the same form--either with similar or identical patterns or rhyme and meter, or with variations from one stanza to another. The stanzas of Gertrude Schnackenberg's "Signs" are regular; those of Rita Dove's "Canary" are irregular.StyleThe way an author chooses words, arranges them in sentences or in lines of dialogue or verse, and develops ideas and actions with description, imagery, and other literary techniques. See Connotation, Denotation, Diction, Figurative language, Image, Imagery, Irony, Metaphor, Narrator, Point of view, Syntax, and Tone.SubjectWhat a story or play is about; to be distinguished from plot and theme. Faulkner's "A Rose for Emily" is about the decline of a particular way of life endemic to the American south before the civil war. Its plot concerns how Faulkner describes and organizes the actions of the story's characters. Its theme is the overall meaning Faulkner conveys.SubplotA subsidiary or subordinate or parallel plot in a play or story that coexists with the main plot. The

story of Rosencrantz and Guildenstern forms a subplot with the overall plot of Hamlet.SymbolAn object or action in a literary work that means more than itself, that stands for something beyond itself. The glass unicorn in The Glass Menagerie, the rocking horse in "The Rocking-Horse

Winner," the road in Frost's "The Road Not Taken"--all are symbols in this sense.SynecdocheA figure of speech in which a part is substituted for the whole. An example: "Lend me a hand." See Metonymy.SyntaxThe grammatical order of words in a sentence or line of verse or dialogue. The organization of words and phrases and clauses in sentences of prose, verse, and dialogue. In the following example, normal syntax (subject, verb, object order) is inverted:

"Whose woods these are I think I know."

TercetA three-line stanza, as the stanzas in Frost's "Acquainted With the Night" and Shelley's "Ode to the West Wind." The three-line stanzas or sections that together constitute the sestet of a Petrarchan or Italian sonnet.ThemeThe idea of a literary work abstracted from its details of language, character, and action, and cast in the form of a generalization. See discussion of Dickinson's "Crumbling is not an instant's Act."ToneThe implied attitude of a writer toward the subject and characters of a work, as, for example, Flannery O'Connor's ironic tone in her "Good Country People." See Irony.TrocheeAn accented syllable followed by an unaccented one, as in FOOT-ball.UnderstatementA figure of speech in which a writer or speaker says less than what he or she means; the opposite of exaggeration. VillanelleA nineteen-line lyric poem that relies heavily on repetition. The first and third lines alternate throughout the poem, which is structured in six stanzas --five tercets and a concluding quatrain. Examples include Bishop's "One Art," Roethke's "The Waking," and Thomas's "Do Not Go Gentle into That Good Night."

*Instructional Levels: Approaching Level (AL), On Level (OL), & Beyond Level (BL)_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Story Maps are graphic organizers that can be useful in helping a student analyze or write a story. This type of analysis is especially good for examining fables and folktales. Story map graphic organizers help the student identify the elements of the story and the theme or moral of the story. Some of the many elements of a story include the important characters (their appearance, personality traits, and motivations), the setting of the story (time and place), the problem faced by the characters, how the problem is approached, and the outcome. There are many types of story maps that examine different elements of the story (and reveal different structures within a story).

Some summarize the beginning, middle and end of a story. Some list the 5 W's: The who, when, where, what, and why of a story. Some list the title, setting, characters, the problem, the solution and the moral or theme of the story. Some list a complex chain of events that summarize all key elements of the story, in chronological order. Some, like a storyboard, are mostly pictorial, and illustrate the major events of a story in chronological

order.

Choice BoardCreate a song. Create a time

capsule.Make a pattern.

Identify it. Choose a way to respond to the text.

Design a movie scene.

Create a journal entry.

Work cooperatively. Role Play.

Close Reading of a Literary Passage

To do a close reading, you choose a specific passage and analyze it in fine detail, as if with a magnifying glass. You then comment on points of style and on your reactions as a reader. Close reading is important because it is the building block for larger analysis. Your thoughts evolve not from someone else's truth about the reading, but from your own observations. The more closely you can observe the more original and exact your ideas will be. To begin your close reading, ask yourself several specific questions about the passage. The following questions are not a formula, but a starting point for your own thoughts. When you arrive at some answers, you are ready to organize and write. You should organize your close reading like any other kind of essay, paragraph by paragraph, but you can arrange it any way you like.

I. First Impressions: What is the first thing you notice about the passage? What is the second thing? Do the two things you noticed complement each other? Or contradict each other? What mood does the passage create in you? Why?

II. Vocabulary and Diction: Which words do you notice first? Why? What is noteworthy about this diction? How do the important words relate to one another? Do any words seem oddly used to you? Why? Do any words have double meanings? Do they have extra connotations? Look up any unfamiliar words. For a pre-20th century text, look in the Oxford English

Dictionary for possible outdated meanings. (The OED can only be accessed by students with a subscription or from a library computer that has a subscription. Otherwise, you should find a copy in the local library.)

III. Discerning Patterns: Does an image here remind you of an image elsewhere in the book? Where? What's the

connection? How might this image fit into the pattern of the book as a whole? Could this passage symbolize the entire work? Could this passage serve as a microcosm--a

little picture--of what's taking place in the whole work? What is the sentence rhythm like? Short and choppy? Long and flowing? Does it build on

itself or stay at an even pace? What is the style like? Look at the punctuation. Is there anything unusual about it? Is there any repetition within the passage? What is the effect of that repetition? How many types of writing are in the passage? (For example, narration, description,

argument, dialogue, rhymed or alliterative poetry, etc.)

(cont.) Close Reading of a Literary Passage

Can you identify paradoxes in the author's thought or subject? What is left out or kept silent? What would you expect the author to talk about that the

author avoided?IV. Point of View and Characterization:

How does the passage make us react or think about any characters or events within the narrative?

Are there colors, sounds, physical description that appeals to the senses? Does this imagery form a pattern? Why might the author have chosen that color, sound or physical description?

Who speaks in the passage? To whom does he or she speak? Does the narrator have a limited or partial point of view? Or does the narrator appear to be omniscient, and he knows things the characters couldn't possibly know? (For example, omniscient narrators might mention future historical events, events taking place "off stage," the thoughts and feelings of multiple characters, and so on).

V. Symbolism: Are there metaphors? What kinds? Is there one controlling metaphor? If not, how many different metaphors are there, and in

what order do they occur? How might that be significant? How might objects represent something else? Do any of the objects, colors, animals, or plants appearing in the passage have traditional

connotations or meaning? What about religious or biblical significance? If there are multiple symbols in the work, could we read the entire passage as having

allegorical meaning beyond the literal level?

Types of Point of View

Objective Point of ViewWith the objective point of view, the writer tells what happens without stating more than can be inferred from the story's action and dialogue. The narrator never discloses anything about what the characters think or feel, remaining a detached observer.

Third Person Point of ViewHere the narrator does not participate in the action of the story as one of the characters, but lets us know exactly how the characters feel. We learn about the characters through this outside voice.

First Person Point of ViewIn the first person point of view, the narrator does participate in the action of the story. When reading stories in the first person, we need to realize that what the narrator is recounting might not be the objective truth. We should question the trustworthiness of the accounting.

Omniscient and Limited Omniscient Points of ViewA narrator who knows everything about all the characters is all knowing, or omniscient.

A narrator whose knowledge is limited to one character, either major or minor, has a limited omniscient point of view.

As you read a piece of fiction think about these things:

How does the point of view affect your responses to the characters? How is your response influenced by how much the narrator knows and how objective he or she is? First person narrators are not always trustworthy. It is up to you to determine what the truth is and what is not.

Spider Map

A spider map is a brainstorming or organizational tool that provides a visual framework for students to use. Sometimes, this graphic organizer is called a “concept map” or a “spider web graphic organizer”.

A spider map has a main idea or topic in the center, or the body, of the diagram. Each detail or sub-topic associated with the main idea has its own leg, or branch, surrounding the main idea.

Spider Maps Help You:

Record and show what you know about a topic Organize information without a hierarchy Plan