MRI Handbook

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MRI HandbookMR Physics, Patient Positioning, and Protocols

Muhammed Elmao luDepartment of Medical Imaging TechnologiesYeni Yüzyıl University, Yılanlı Ayazma Caddesi 26,Cevizliba Topkapı, Istanbul, Turkey

Azim Çelik, PhDGeneral Electric Medical SystemsSiteler Mah. 1313 Sokak, Tuncaylar Sitesi A Blok Kat: 9 No: 20 Antalya, Turkey

Foreword by Muzaffer BasakAssociate professor, Former president of Turkish Radiology Association

Azim Çelik, PhDGeneral Electric Medical SystemsSiteler Mah. 1313 Sokak Tuncaylar Sitesi A Blok Kat: 9No: 20, Antalya, Turkeyazim_celik@yahoo.com

Muhammed ElmaoğluDepartment of Medical Imaging TechnologiesYeni Yüzyil UniversityYilanli Ayazma Caddesi 26Cevizlibağ TopkapiIstanbul, Turkeymelmaoglu@hotmail.com

ISBN 978-1-4614-1095-9 e-ISBN 978-1-4614-1096-6DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-1096-6Springer New York Dordrecht Heidelberg London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2011938684

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2012All rights reserved. This work may not be translated or copied in whole or in part without the written permission of the publisher (Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, 233 Spring Street, New York, NY 10013, USA), except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden.The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of going to press, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

Printed on acid-free paper

Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

This book is dedicated to my late father, late mother, my dear wife and my two beautiful children.

Azim Çelik

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Preface After the first MR image was acquired in experimental phantom tubes almost 40 years ago, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has developed significantly and become one of today’s most interesting and irreplaceable imaging modali-ties. MRI is used to find answers to medical questions by utilizing various con-trast mechanisms independently or in combination, which is different from other imaging modalities. However, using an MRI system effectively depends mainly on a good understanding of underlying physical principles, correct use of the MR protocols, correct patient positioning, and graphical prescription. These main sections form the basis of a good MR scanning routine in clinical practice.

In this book, MRI principles, patient positioning, and protocols are explained in a very easy to understand manner and supported with hundreds of pictures for everyday routine clinical scanning. The book itself is based on the 25 years of combined, unique experience of the authors on teaching MRI principles, creating protocols, teaching routines, and advanced MRI in many different countries. We have witnessed again and again that MRI scanning and applications may differ significantly depending on countries and institutes. Therefore, we organized this book in an easy to follow manner with intuitive sections, so that anyone can look up a specific topic or entire section very easily as described below.

Basic MRI Principles: From Chaps. 1 – 5 , basic MRI principles that anybody who works or plans to work with an MRI should know are explained in a clear and concise manner. For cross-reference among different MR manufacturers, pulse sequence naming tables are created to include the old and new pulse sequences.

MR safety, patient positioning, graphical prescription, and protocol exam-ples: From Chaps. 6 – 11 the practical scanning information for MR users are given in easy to follow sections, supported by pictures and protocol tables. Based on patient safety, these chapters are designed to explain tips and tricks

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for best MR image quality with coil positioning, patient positioning, graphical prescriptions, and sample protocols. This book is a product of a diligent and intensive work and we believe that it will guide you to understand how to get excellent MRI images. We truly hope that this book will be a great resource for all MR technicians, radiology specialists, assistants, research associates, and everyone who wants to learn MRI.

Azim Çelik, PhDMuhammed Elmaoğlu, RT

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Foreword Dear Reader, Magnetic resonance imaging has almost always been one of the most difficult imaging modalities to learn due to its somewhat complicated physical prin-ciples and difficulties of “fine tuning” the protocols for patients. However, it has always been the center of attention due to its noninvasive and safer nature for clinical routine.

There have been a number of books published recently on MRI by respect-able colleagues explaining MRI, its principles, and clinical applications. These books brought tremendous wealth of knowledge to the MRI community and are well appreciated by many radiologists all over the world. However, the book you are holding is completely different than what I have seen so far. It explains the MRI physics in a very easy to understand manner and more importantly provides much needed information on patient positioning, graphical prescrip-tions, and protocols in pictures. The saying “A picture is worth a thousand words” is the best way to describe this book I believe. Even though I am aware that each institute has their own techniques and protocols they use for everyday routine, based on American College of Radiology (ACR) recommendations, this book can be a reference book for MR radiographers who want a new way of scanning or additional ways of scanning to improve their work practices.

I would like to congratulate the authors for taking their time to write this very valuable book and hope that it will contribute significantly to the MRI community.

Istanbul, Turkey Muzaffer Basak

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ContentsPart I Basic MRI Principles

1 A Brief History of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 3

2 Fundamentals of Magnetic Resonance Imaging 7

3 The Relaxation Concept in MRI 25

4 MRI Pulse Sequences 47

5 MR Imaging Parameters and Options 69

Part II MR Safety, Patient Positioning, Protocol Design, Graphical Prescription and MR Applications for Anatomical Regions

6 Introduction to Safe Clinical Scanning 93

7 Central Nervous System: MRI Protocols, Imaging Parameters, and Graphical Prescriptions 105

8 Musculoskeletal Imaging: MRI Protocols, Imaging Parameters, and Graphical Prescriptions 181

9 Body Imaging: MRI Protocols, Imaging Parameters, and Graphical Prescriptions 233

10 Cardiovascular Imaging: MRI Protocols, Imaging Parameters, and Graphical Prescriptions 263

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11 Breast Imaging: MRI Protocols, Imaging Parameters, and Graphical Prescriptions 305

Further Reading 313

Index 317

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