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All Saints Catholic School

Science Department

GCSE Revision Pack

C1 Prose, Application and Evaluation Questions

Name .........................................................

Teacher ......................................................

Q1. (a) For the last 200 million years the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has remained almost the same.

Describe the natural processes which remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

To gain full marks in this question you should write your ideas in good English. Put them into a sensible order and use the correct scientific words.

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(b) The amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has increased over the last one hundred years. Suggest two reasons why this has happened.

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(Total 6 marks)

Improvements and Model answers

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Q2. Most plastic bags are made from poly(ethene).

Poly(ethene) is a polymer made from ethene.

Ethene is made by cracking saturated hydrocarbons from crude oil.

(a) Use words from the box to complete the sentences about cracking.

alkanes alkenes catalyst fuel gas

Cracking involves heating the .......................................... to make a vapour.

The vapour is either passed over a hot ............................................... or mixed

with steam and heated to a very high temperature so that thermal decomposition

reactions happen.(2)

(b) Poly(ethene) molecules are made from ethene molecules by a polymerisation reaction.

Describe what happens in a polymerisation reaction.

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(c) In this question you will be assessed on using good English, organising information clearly and using specialist terms where apropriate.

There are millions of plastic bags in use. After use most of these plastic bags are buried in landfill sites. The amount sent to landfill could be reduced if the plastic bags:• could be reused• could be recycled by melting and making into new plastic products• could be burned to release energy

Use the information above and your knowledge and understanding to give the positive and negative environmental impacts of using these methods to reduce the

amount of plastic bags sent to landfill.

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(Total 10 marks)


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Q3. (a) The chemical equation for a reaction of sodium is shown below.

2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl

Describe this reaction of sodium in terms of the names of the substances and the numbers of the atoms involved.

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(b) Use the periodic table on the data sheet to help you to answer this question.

(i) Complete the electronic structure of sodium.

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(ii) How is the electronic structure of sodium different from the electronic structure of chlorine?

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(Total 6 marks)

Q4. Billions of years ago, the Earth’s early atmosphere was probably like the atmosphere of Venus today.

The table shows the temperature and the percentage composition of the atmospheres of the Earth and Venus today.

Percentage (%) composition of atmosphere

Name of gas Earth today Venus today

Nitrogen 78 3.5

Oxygen 20.6 a trace

Argon 0.97 a trace

Carbon dioxide 0.03 96.5

Water vapour 0.4 a trace

Average surface temperature 20 °C 460 °C

(a) Use information from the table to help you to answer each part.

(i) In the Earth’s atmosphere today, the main gas is ............................... .(1)

(ii) In the Earth’s atmosphere billions of years ago

the main gas was .............................................................(1)

(iii) The Earth’s surface is mainly covered with water.

There is no water on the surface of Venus.

Suggest why.

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(b) The diagram shows part of the Earth and ways that carbon dioxide can be removed from the Earth’s atmosphere.

Give three ways that carbon dioxide can be removed from the Earth’s atmosphere.

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(c) In the Earth’s atmosphere the percentage of carbon dioxide has remained at about 0.03% for many thousands of years.

The graph shows the percentage of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere over the last 50 years.

(i) What was the percentage of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere in 1965?

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(ii) What change has happened to the percentage of carbon dioxide in the Earth’s atmosphere over the last 50 years?

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(iii) Suggest one reason for this change.

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(Total 10 marks)

Q5. The pie chart below shows the composition of the atmosphere on the planet Mars.

(a) Use the pie chart above to calculate the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere on Mars.

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(b) The atmosphere on Earth is very different from that on Mars. One important difference is that the Earth’s atmosphere contains a large amount of oxygen.

Give two other ways in which the Earth’s atmosphere is different from the atmosphere on Mars.

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(c) When the Earth was formed its atmosphere is thought to have been similar to the atmosphere on Mars. Explain how green plants and other organisms have changed the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere.

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Q6. The chart below shows the metals which are present in a coin.

(a) Identify the alloy used to make this coin.

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(b) The mass of the coin is 2.5g.Calculate the mass of copper in this coin.

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(c) Suggest what properties would make an alloy suitable for making a coin.

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(Total 6 marks) Improvements and Model answers

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Q7. The diagram below shows a cross-section of a mid-ocean ridge.

(a) X and Y are two separate tectonic plates.

(i) The two plates are both moving. Explain, as fully as you can, what causes tectonic plates to move.

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(ii) New ocean floor is created at the mid-ocean ridge. Explain, as fully as you can, how this happens.

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(b) The layer of sediment that has collected on the ocean floor increases in depth the further it is from the mid-oceanic ridge. Suggest a reason for this.

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Q8. The diagram shows an apparatus that can be used to carry out cracking reactions in a laboratory.

(a) Why is aluminium oxide or broken porcelain used?

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(b) Paraffin contains decane. The cracking of decane can be represented by the equation below. A decane molecule is split into two smaller molecules.

Complete the equation by adding the formula of the other product.

C10H22 (l) →.................... (l) + C2H4 (g)decane

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(c) Would you expect C2H4 molecules to collect at position A or B shown on the

diagram?

Position ............................

Explain your answer.

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(d) Cracking reactions involve thermal decomposition.

What is meant by thermal decomposition?

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(e) Explain, as fully as you can, why cracking is used in the oil industry.

To gain full marks in this question you should write your ideas in good English. Put them into a sensible order and use the correct scientific words.

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(f) The cracking reaction produces a mixture of products. The mixture contains hydrocarbons with different boiling points.

Suggest a method of separating this mixture.

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Q9. An advert for crisps claimed that they are healthier because they are cooked in sunflower oil.

(a) A student found the following information about four oils that are used to make crisps.

Rapeseed oil Sunflower oil Olive oil Corn oil

Saturated fat (%) 6.6 12.0 14.3 14.4

Polyunsaturated fat (%) 29.3 63.3 8.2 51.3

Melting point (°C) +5 –18 –12 –15

One hypothesis is that oils are thought to be healthier if they are:• low in saturated fat• high in polyunsaturated fat.

(i) Use the table to decide which oil should be healthiest. Explain your decision by comparing this oil with other oils from the table that you think are less healthy.

Healthiest oil is .....................................................................................

Explanation ...........................................................................................

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(ii) These oils can be hardened by reacting them with hydrogen.A student said that hardening would make sunflower oil healthier.Is this student’s claim correct?


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(b) A mixture of the olive oil, water and egg yolk was shaken and left to stand. The olive oil and water do not separate.

The diagram shows a simple model of how a stable mixture of olive oil and water is produced by the addition of egg yolk.

Use this simple model to explain how the molecules in the egg yolk are able to produce a stable mixture of olive oil and water.

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Q10. The bar chart shows the composition of the Earth’s atmosphere today, and as it was billions of years ago.

(a) Use information from the bar chart to describe how the atmosphere today is different from the atmosphere of billions of years ago.

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(b) Describe the processes which have brought about the changes in the proportions of these gases in the air over billions of years.

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Q11. Billions of years ago, the Earth’s early atmosphere was probably like the atmosphere of Venus today.

The table shows a comparison of the atmospheres of the Earth and Venus today.

Percentage composition of atmosphere

Name of gas Earth today Venus today

Nitrogen 78 3.5

Oxygen 21 a trace

Argon 0.97 a trace

Carbon dioxide 0.03 96.5

Average surface temperature 20 ºC 460 ºC

(a) Use the names of gases from the table to complete the sentences.

(i) In the Earth’s atmosphere today, the main gas is .................................................. .

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(ii) In the Earth’s atmosphere billions of years ago, the main gas was

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(b) (i) Scientists do not know the accurate composition of the Earth’s early atmosphere.Suggest why.

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(ii) Use information from the table to answer this question.

Water vapour is present in the atmospheres of the Earth and Venus today.The Earth’s surface is mainly covered by water.

Suggest why there is no water on the surface of Venus.

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(c) The diagram shows how carbon dioxide is removed from the Earth’s atmosphere.

Describe what happened to the carbon dioxide in the Earth’s early atmosphere.Use the diagram to help you.

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Q12. Margarine is manufactured using ‘hard’ plant oils. A margarine company tested several plant oils to determine their hardness for use in its margarine.

In the test iodine solution was used to find the iodine value. The units are grams of iodine that react with 100 g of oil.

Plant oils with lower iodine values are harder and are less unsaturated.

Plant oil Melting point in °C Iodine value

Coconut 25 10

Palm 35 54

Olive –6 81

Castor –18 85

Peanut 3 93

Rapeseed –10 98

Sunflower –17 125

Soya bean –16 130

(a) Do the results in the table indicate that there is a relationship between the melting point of a plant oil and its hardness?


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(b) The company stated that some of the plant oils were brown and that this may have affected the results.

Explain why the company considered the colour of plant oils to be a problem with this test.

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(c) A consumer group stated that the test should not be carried out by the margarine company but by independent scientists.

Explain why.

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(d) The company intends to use sunflower oil to make its margarine.

Explain how the company could process the sunflower oil to make it suitable for the manufacture of margarine.

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Q13. (a) PEX is a material that is used as an alternative to copper for hot water pipes.PEX is made from poly(ethene).

(i) Describe how ethene forms poly(ethene).

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(ii) PEX is a shape memory polymer. What property does a shape memory polymer have?

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(iii) The simplified structures of poly(ethene) and PEX are shown.

Poly(ethene) PEX

Poly(ethene) is a thermoplastic that softens easily when heated.

Suggest and explain how the structure of PEX changes this property.

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(b) Copper was considered to be the most suitable material to use for hot water pipes.PEX is now used as an alternative material for hot water pipes.

Copper is extracted from its ore by a series of processes.1 The low-grade ore is powdered and concentrated.2 Smelting is carried out in an oxygen flash furnace. This furnace is heated to

1100 °C using a hydrocarbon fuel. The copper ore is blown into the furnace with air, producing impure, molten copper.

3 Oxygen is blown into the impure, molten copper to remove any sulfur. The copper is cast into rectangular slabs.

4 The final purification of copper is done by electrolysis.

PEX is made from crude oil by a series of processes.1 Fractional distillation2 Cracking3 Polymerisation4 Conversion of poly(ethene) into PEX

Suggest the possible environmental advantages of using PEX instead of copper for hot water pipes.

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Q14. Since 2000 there has been a lot more research into alternative, environmentally-friendly fuels for road transport.

Several pollutants are found in the exhaust emissions produced when fossil fuels are used for road transport.

Carbon monoxide (CO) interferes with the way that red blood cells carry oxygen. Carbon dioxide (CO2) increases the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and causes global warming.

Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) are produced at high temperatures when nitrogen and oxygen from the atmosphere combine.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is produced when sulfur impurities in the fuel combine with oxygen in the atmosphere.

Tiny particles of solids are produced when the fuel does not burn completely.

This increases the level of particulates (PM10) in the atmosphere.

(a) Name the environmental effect caused by:

(i) oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and sulfur dioxide (SO2)

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(ii) the increased level of particulates (PM10).

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(b) Diesel obtained from crude oil is often called fossil diesel. Biodiesel can be made from many vegetable oils. One research project compared the exhaust emissions when fossil diesel or biodiesel were used as fuels.

Some of the relative amounts of these exhaust emissions are shown in the bar chart.

(i) Use your knowledge and the information above to explain the environmental benefits of using biodiesel as a sustainable, low pollution fuel.

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(ii) Biodiesel is called a green fuel.

This is because the life-cycle emission of carbon dioxide from biodiesel is less than that from fossil diesel.

Use your knowledge and the information above to explain why biodiesel’s contribution to global warming is considered to be much less than that of fossil diesel.

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Q15. Crude oil is the source of many useful materials. Crude oil is separated into fractions by fractional distillation.

(a) Describe how the naphtha fraction separates from the other fractions.

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(b) The naphtha fraction is often used to make other useful materials.

This involves the cracking of hydrocarbons in the naphtha fraction.

For example:

decane → hexane + ethene

C10H22 → C6H14 + C2H4

(i) Balance the symbol equation given above.(1)

(ii) Describe how cracking is carried out.

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(iii) Why does ethene have different chemical properties from decane and hexane?

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(c) Ethene is used as the starting material for many polymers. The most common polymer is poly(ethene). One hydrocarbon molecule in poly(ethene) will contain thousands of carbon atoms.

Complete the diagram to show the bonds in ethene.

H H

C C

H H(1)

(d) Read the following information.

Landfill, Incineration, Recycling and Re-use of Poly(ethene)

People could be encouraged to re-use their poly(ethene) bags and containers.

Recycling poly(ethene) saves raw materials and energy needed to make new plastic. When polymers are recycled the plastics must be collected, transported, sorted into different types by hand and washed. This requires the use of fossil fuels and is expensive.

Poly(ethene) can be burnt in an incinerator with other household waste. The heat released could be used to make steam to drive an electric generator. Surplus heat could be used to heat greenhouses used for growing vegetables. Incineration at too low a temperature can produce harmful substances. The residue (ash) has to go to landfill.

Landfill is probably the easiest way to dispose of polymers and it is cheap. Polymers are often mixed in with other household rubbish. Household waste does not get sorted into different materials because it is disposed of in the same hole in the ground. When the hole is eventually full, the waste is covered by a layer of soil to stop it smelling. The waste gets compressed under its own weight. Most polymers, such as poly(ethene), are not biodegradable so will remain in the ground forever.

You are asked to decide which option for the disposal of poly(ethene) will be put forward in your area. You decide that recycling is the best option.

Suggest one economic argument and one environmental argument that will be made against recycling.

For each argument made, how will you persuade those making the argument to accept your option?

(You must use only one sentence for each argument made against your decision and only one sentence for your response to it.)

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(Total 12 marks)


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Q16. A large reservoir is surrounded by trees. Planners need to protect the environment. The distance around the reservoir is many kilometres. There will be only one road access to a car park a few kilometres from the reservoir. From the car park people would be transported to accommodation, activities or places of interest by steam train.

(a) Coal contains carbon and small amounts of sulfur. The steam train would cause environmental problems if coal were used as the fuel.

Explain why.

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(b) The planners have stated that, as a result of using the steam train, there must be no overall increase of carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere. The steam train would be considered as ‘carbon neutral’ if wood, from the surrounding forest, were used as the fuel.

Suggest why.

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(Total 7 marks)Improvements and Model answers

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Q17. Crude oil is a mixture of mostly alkanes.

(a) Crude oil is separated into useful fractions by fractional distillation.

(i) Describe and explain how the mixture of alkanes is separated by fractional distillation.

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(ii) The table gives the name and formula for each of the first three alkanes.

Complete the table to show the formula of butane.

Name of alkane Formula

Methane CH4

Ethane C2H6

Propane C3H8

Butane

(1)

(b) The structural formula of methane, CH4, is:

H │ H C H │ H

Draw the structural formula of propane, C3H8

(1)

(c) The relative amounts of and the market demand for some hydrocarbons from the fractional distillation of crude oil are shown in the graph.

(i) Why is the market demand for the C5 – C8 fraction higher than the market demand for the C21 – C24 fraction?

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(ii) Cracking is used to break down large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller hydrocarbon molecules.

Complete the symbol equation by writing in the formula of the other hydrocarbon.

C20H42 C16H34 + 2 ..........................................(1)

(iii) The C5 – C8 fraction has low supply and high market demand.

Suggest three ways in which the oil industry could overcome this problem.

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Q18. Copper is a widely used metal. The main ore of copper contains copper sulfide. Copper can be extracted from copper sulfide in a three stage process.

(a) In the first stage of extraction the copper sulfide is heated in air.

(i) Balance the symbol equation for the reaction.

Cu2S + ........O2 → .........CuO + SO2

(1)

(ii) Explain why there would be an environmental problem if the gas from this reaction were allowed to escape into the atmosphere.

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(b) In the second stage copper oxide, CuO, is reduced using carbon.

Describe and explain what happens during this reaction.

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(c) During the third stage the copper can be purified as shown in the diagram.

(i) What is the name of the type of process used for this purification?

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(ii) Give one use of purified copper.

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(d) Copper-rich ores are running out.

New ways of extracting copper from low grade ores are being researched.

Recycling of copper may be better than extracting copper from its ores.

Explain why.

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Q19. Known crude oil reserves are being used up rapidly. Crude oil is used to produce many useful fuels, such as petrol. One way to conserve crude oil reserves would be to increase the production of bio-fuels.

(a) Ethanol can be produced for use as a bio-fuel. Cars can be powered by ethanol or ethanol–petrol mixtures.

Sugar cane can be fermented to give a mixture of water (boiling point 100 °C) and ethanol (boiling point 78 °C).

(i) How can ethanol be separated from water?

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(ii) Ethanol, C2H5OH, burns to release heat energy.

Complete the balanced symbol equation by writing in the formulae of the two products.

C2H5OH + 3O2 2......... + 3.........(2)

(b) The cost of producing a bio-fuel, such as ethanol, by fermentation, is at least three times higher than the production cost of petrol. It costs less to produce ethanol from alkanes. In the production, the vapour of an alkane is passed over a hot catalyst.

Ethene is then converted into ethanol.

(i) What has happened to the hexane to produce ethene?

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(ii) Complete the structural formula for ethene, C2H4.

C C(1)

(iii) Name the compound that is added to ethene to produce ethanol, C2H5OH.

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(c) As explained in parts (a) and (b), ethanol can be made using either sugar or alkanes as the starting material.

Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of using these two starting materials to produce ethanol.

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Q20. The table gives some data about four fuels, A, B, C and D.

Fuel Cost in

pence per Energy in kJ perEnergy per

penny in Gas ( ) formed on burning

100 g 100 g kJ Carbon dioxide

Sulphur dioxide

Water vapour

A 6.0 4 800 800

B 4.0 1 200 300

C 3.5 2 800 800

D 18.0 14 400 800

A student was asked to use the data in the table to compare these four fuels, and then place the fuels in an order.

The order that the student chose was:

Use the information in the table to suggest reasons why the student chose this order.

To gain full marks in this question you should write down your ideas in good English. Put them into a sensible order and use the correct scientific words.

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