Mr TomaMr TomaAP World HistoryAP World History

Midwest City High SchoolMidwest City High School

Chapter 19: Chapter 19:

Early Latin Early Latin AmericaAmerica

Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castile carried out a program of Castile carried out a program of unification of Spain.unification of Spain.

1492- Last Muslim kingdom 1492- Last Muslim kingdom (Granada) fell in a predominantly (Granada) fell in a predominantly Catholic Spain. Catholic Spain.

1492 - All Jews ordered to leave Spain 1492 - All Jews ordered to leave Spain (200,000 Jews may have left in (200,000 Jews may have left in Reconquista – The movement to Reconquista – The movement to remove the Muslims from the Iberian remove the Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula in the 11Peninsula in the 11thth-15-15thth Centuries Centuries))

Isabella and Ferdinand use Columbus Isabella and Ferdinand use Columbus for navigationfor navigation

Spaniards and Portuguese:

Reconquest to Conquest

Most Spanish and Portuguese lived in urban Most Spanish and Portuguese lived in urban towns and villages.towns and villages.

EncomiendasEncomiendas: Spanish crown grants : Spanish crown grants Europeans specific number of natives for Europeans specific number of natives for whom they are responsible for; extract whom they are responsible for; extract tribute and labor in returntribute and labor in return

A professional bureaucracy + Church A professional bureaucracy + Church comprised Iberian politics.comprised Iberian politics.

Portugal establishes trading ports in Africa; Portugal establishes trading ports in Africa; in New World, establishes extensive estatesin New World, establishes extensive estates

Iberian Society and Tradition

Three periods of Spanish and Portuguese conquest and colonization 1st- 1492-1570

administration and economy were established

2nd- 1570-1700 colonial institutions

and societies became definite

3rd- 1700’s reform and

reorganization

Chronology of Conquest

1493- Colony of Hispaniola 1493- Colony of Hispaniola established established

Puerto Rico (1508), Cuba Puerto Rico (1508), Cuba (1511), Panama (1513)(1511), Panama (1513)

Spanish used indigenous Spanish used indigenous populations (encomiendas) populations (encomiendas) for labor. for labor.

Administration in Spanish Administration in Spanish coloniescolonies

governorship, treasury governorship, treasury office, royal court of office, royal court of appealsappeals

Gold-hunting turned to the Gold-hunting turned to the establishment of sugar establishment of sugar plantations plantations

The Caribbean

Two areas of Spanish Two areas of Spanish conquest: Mexico and South conquest: Mexico and South AmericaAmerica

Spanish expeditions: Spanish expeditions: generally 50-500 men eachgenerally 50-500 men each

Hernan Cortés (1519)Hernan Cortés (1519) Led 600 men to Mexico Led 600 men to Mexico Reached Aztec capital, Reached Aztec capital,

TenochtitlanTenochtitlan Replaced by Mexico CityReplaced by Mexico City

Captured and killed king Captured and killed king Moctezuma Moctezuma

Most of central Mexico Most of central Mexico became New Spainbecame New Spain

Spanish Conquest: Mexico

1532- Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incan Empire with 200 men Spanish replaced the

capital Cuzco with Lima 1540- Francisco Vásquez de

Coronado searched for cities of gold in the southwestern United States (as far as Kansas)

By 1570, there were 192 Spanish cities and towns throughout the Americas

Spanish Conquest: South America

1/5th of all treasure went to the 1/5th of all treasure went to the crowncrown

The rest of the men shared The rest of the men shared remaining wealth.remaining wealth.

Few were professional soldiersFew were professional soldiers

Saw themselves as new nobility Saw themselves as new nobility over indigenous people over indigenous people

Horses, firearms, and steel Horses, firearms, and steel weapons gave them an advantageweapons gave them an advantage

Bureaucrats, merchants, colonists Bureaucrats, merchants, colonists soon replaced the conquerors soon replaced the conquerors around 1570around 1570

The Conquerors

Debates about morality of Debates about morality of conquestconquest

All indigenous populations All indigenous populations suffered severe declines in suffered severe declines in population (sometimes, groups are population (sometimes, groups are eliminated)eliminated)

Slavery, mistreatment, conquest, Slavery, mistreatment, conquest, disease (smallpox, measles)disease (smallpox, measles)

Central Mexico went from 25 Central Mexico went from 25 million people in 1519 to 2 million million people in 1519 to 2 million people in 1580.people in 1580.

Disruption of social and economic Disruption of social and economic structures.structures.

Destruction and Transformation of Destruction and Transformation of American Indian Societies American Indian Societies

Population Decline in New SpainPopulation Decline in New Spain

Population Decline in New Spain

Traditional Indian nobility Traditional Indian nobility remained in place.remained in place.

Served as middlemen Served as middlemen between tax and labor between tax and labor demands of new rulers.demands of new rulers.

Labor and taxation were Labor and taxation were imposed instead of slavery imposed instead of slavery in Spanish Americain Spanish America

End End encomiendasencomiendas

MitaMita or “forced labor” or “forced labor” (Peru)(Peru)

Many Native Americans Many Native Americans adapted and modified adapted and modified Spanish institutions; kept Spanish institutions; kept indigenous practices as well.indigenous practices as well.

Indian Exploitation

Agriculture and mining were the basis of the Spanish Agriculture and mining were the basis of the Spanish colonial economy. colonial economy. 80% of the population lived and worked on the land. 80% of the population lived and worked on the land.

Mining was the heart of the post-conquest colonial Mining was the heart of the post-conquest colonial economy.economy.

Gold found in Caribbean, Columbia, Chile.Gold found in Caribbean, Columbia, Chile. Silver shaped Spain’s wealth in America, more than Silver shaped Spain’s wealth in America, more than

gold. gold. Silver discoveries made in Mexico and Peru between Silver discoveries made in Mexico and Peru between

1545 and 1565. 1545 and 1565. Potosi (upper Peru) was the largest silver mine. Potosi (upper Peru) was the largest silver mine.

80% of all Peruvian silver.80% of all Peruvian silver. 160,000 workers160,000 workers

Colonial Economies and Governments

Silver Production in Spanish Silver Production in Spanish AmericaAmerica

Haciendas (rural estates) Haciendas (rural estates) became the basis of became the basis of wealth and power wealth and power self- self-sufficient for basic goodssufficient for basic goods

Luxury goods from Luxury goods from Europe on galleons (large Europe on galleons (large armed ships)armed ships)

Less than half of the silver Less than half of the silver mined actually stayed in mined actually stayed in Spain.Spain. Most was kept in new Most was kept in new

worldworld Most of what went to Most of what went to

Spain went to wars, Spain went to wars, repayment of debtrepayment of debt

Colonial Economies and Governments, cont.

King ruled through Council of King ruled through Council of the Indies, which issued laws the Indies, which issued laws and advised himand advised him

Spain created two viceroyalties Spain created two viceroyalties (authority in colony on behalf of (authority in colony on behalf of sovereign).sovereign). Based in Mexico City, LimaBased in Mexico City, Lima Each viceroyalty was divided Each viceroyalty was divided

into ten judicial divisions with into ten judicial divisions with courtscourts

Magistrates create laws, Magistrates create laws, applied laws, collected taxes, applied laws, collected taxes, assigned work to Indiansassigned work to Indians

Missionary work Missionary work Franciscans, Dominicans, JesuitsFranciscans, Dominicans, Jesuits Profound influence on cultural Profound influence on cultural

and intellectual life in coloniesand intellectual life in colonies

State and State and ChurchChurch

1500- Pedro Alvares Cabral 1500- Pedro Alvares Cabral found Brazil on his way to found Brazil on his way to IndiaIndia

1532- Portugal settles 1532- Portugal settles BrazilBrazil

1549- Portugal created a 1549- Portugal created a royal capital at Salvador royal capital at Salvador and Jesuit missionaries and Jesuit missionaries arrivedarrived

Many sugar plantations Many sugar plantations were set up on Brazilian were set up on Brazilian coastcoast

By 1630, Brazilian colonies By 1630, Brazilian colonies had 100,000 inhabitants, had 100,000 inhabitants, 30,000 Europeans and 30,000 Europeans and 15,000 African slaves 15,000 African slaves

Brazil: The First Brazil: The First Plantation Colony Plantation Colony

Sugar plantations required Sugar plantations required tremendous amounts of labor. tremendous amounts of labor.

By 1700, Brazil had 150,000 By 1700, Brazil had 150,000 slaves; half of Brazil’s total slaves; half of Brazil’s total population.population. 7,000 slaves imported a year7,000 slaves imported a year

Social hierarchy in BrazilSocial hierarchy in Brazil White planter familiesWhite planter families Mixed origins, poor whites, Mixed origins, poor whites,

freed blacks, free Indiansfreed blacks, free Indians SlavesSlaves

Bureaucratic structure in Bureaucratic structure in Brazil with missionary orders, Brazil with missionary orders, much like New Spain much like New Spain

Sugar and Sugar and SlaverySlavery

The Brazilian sugar economy soon had competition The Brazilian sugar economy soon had competition with British, French and Dutch sugar plantations in with British, French and Dutch sugar plantations in the Caribbean. the Caribbean.

1695- Gold found in the interior of Brazil called 1695- Gold found in the interior of Brazil called Minas Gerais.Minas Gerais.

By 1775, half of the population were slaves who By 1775, half of the population were slaves who mined for gold. mined for gold.

Between 1735 and 1760, 3 tons of gold a year were Between 1735 and 1760, 3 tons of gold a year were mined and Brazil was greatest source of gold in West. mined and Brazil was greatest source of gold in West.

Rio de Janiero became an important port because it Rio de Janiero became an important port because it was closest to the gold mines. was closest to the gold mines. Became capital of the colony in 1763. Became capital of the colony in 1763.

Age of Gold

Three new groups in colonized lands:

Europeans - conquerors and migrants

Indians - conquered, indigenous peoples

Africans - slaves

Few European women lived in the New World so mixed marriages and sexual exploitation were common.

Mestizos- people of mixed races (European + indigenous)

Sociedad of castas (based on racial origins)

Europeans, Mestizos and mulattos (European + African), Indians, slaves

Peninsulares and Creoles

Multiracial Societies

Spain was weak because of foreign Spain was weak because of foreign wars, increasing debt and internal wars, increasing debt and internal revolts.revolts. Threatened by powerful France, Threatened by powerful France,

and wealthy Protestant England and wealthy Protestant England and Hollandand Holland

French took control of western French took control of western Hispaniola (Haiti); English took Hispaniola (Haiti); English took JamaicaJamaica

Failure of Spanish mercantile and Failure of Spanish mercantile and political systems. political systems.

War of the Spanish Succession War of the Spanish Succession (1702-1713)(1702-1713) Charles II died without an heirCharles II died without an heir Philip of Anjou, from Bourbon Philip of Anjou, from Bourbon

family, was named to the thronefamily, was named to the throne

The 18th Century Reforms

Spanish Bourbon monarchs Spanish Bourbon monarchs launched a series of reforms to launched a series of reforms to strengthen the state and the strengthen the state and the economyeconomy

Age of “Enlightened Despotism”: Age of “Enlightened Despotism”: enlightened rule, desire for enlightened rule, desire for revived Spain, strong revived Spain, strong centralized government and centralized government and economyeconomy Jesuits expelled from Spain in Jesuits expelled from Spain in

1767; too powerful and 1767; too powerful and wealthywealthy

New viceroyalties createdNew viceroyalties created New Granada (1739)New Granada (1739) Rio de la Plata (1778)Rio de la Plata (1778)

Commerce was expanded (hides, Commerce was expanded (hides, salted beef, cloth) salted beef, cloth)

Bourbon

Reforms

Marquis of Pombal (1755-1776) was Marquis of Pombal (1755-1776) was prime minister of Portugalprime minister of Portugal Expelled Jesuits in 1759 because Expelled Jesuits in 1759 because

of their allegiance to Romeof their allegiance to Rome Wanted to break flow of Wanted to break flow of

Portuguese gold to England; Portuguese gold to England; redirect it within Portuguese redirect it within Portuguese economyeconomy

Fiscal reforms, eliminate tax Fiscal reforms, eliminate tax evasion, introduce new cropsevasion, introduce new crops

Stopped slavery in Portugal, Stopped slavery in Portugal, ensure steady stream of slaves to ensure steady stream of slaves to Brazil only Brazil only

Policies were not fully effective; Policies were not fully effective; although he reduces Portugal’s although he reduces Portugal’s trade imbalance with England, trade imbalance with England, Brazil suffers because worldwide Brazil suffers because worldwide demand for its products is lowdemand for its products is low

Pombal and Brazil

Rapid population growth in the Rapid population growth in the New World – 13 million by 1800New World – 13 million by 1800

1781- Comunero Revolt1781- Comunero Revolt Revolt in New GranadaRevolt in New Granada Royal army was defeated and Royal army was defeated and

viceroy fledviceroy fled Concession by government Concession by government

ended the revoltended the revolt Tupac Amaru led a revolt in Peru Tupac Amaru led a revolt in Peru

(1780) against “abuses” of (1780) against “abuses” of Spanish regimeSpanish regime 70,000 rebels70,000 rebels Revolt defeated in 1783, Amaru Revolt defeated in 1783, Amaru

killedkilled

Reforms, Reactions, Revolts