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Moving towards Green Economies and Green Jobs

- a developing country perspective

UNEP International Resource Panel

Tokyo, Japan 6th November 2012

George C Varughese Development Alternatives

New Delhi, India

… more urgent than ever before

The Sustainability Imperative

Climate Change

Eco Refugees

Pollution

Urban Stress

Environmental

Stress

Homes 200m

Sanitation 700m Domestic Energy 500m

Drinking Water 300m

Abject Poverty

40 million families in India alone…

People and Nature are silent victims

of the way our economies have grown

What kinds of Economies will fulfill their needs

?

People working with Nature will secure the future of our planet

IF

Key Stakeholders

Governments, the Private Sector, Academia and Civil Society Organizations

Promote

new knowledge and alternative institutional structures

that inspire change in a methodical and non-confrontational manner

The Sustainable Development Approach

SD

Informed and empowered

communities

clean & healthy environment

dignified & viable income generation

opportunities

Social, Natural …and Economic Capital

Green Growth the technology driven approach

Green Growth – Technology Options

A further shift to natural gas 1400 1 GW CCGT rather than 700 conventional coal fired plants means 1 Gt less carbon emissions per annum.

Nuclear energy 700 1 GW plants rather than 700 conventional coal fired plants means 1 Gt less carbon emissions per annum.

Renewables Wind, solar, geothermal, hydroelectricity. e.g. 300,000 5 MW wind turbines is equivalent to 1 Gt carbon from conventional coal, but would cover Portugal!

Bio-products By 2050, bio-products could contribute 100 EJ of final energy with little or no net CO2 emissions.

Carbon capture and storage A possible route to using our abundant coal resources, but numerous implementation challenges remain.

Mass transportation CO2 emissions per person vary over a 3:1 range for developed countries – mass transit is one of the reasons.

Road transport Could rise to 3 Gt carbon by 2050 with over 2 billion vehicles. Improved efficiency or a hydrogen economy could each reduce this by 1 Gt.

Buildings The US DOE Zero Energy Home program has shown that a 90% reduction in energy can be achieved for new. buildings.

Low energy appliances 0.5 – 1 Gt carbon reductions could be achieved by 2050 just by changing the lights!!

Doing things differently Imagine what can be achieved with the internet and wireless technology!

Emission reduction

Energy conservation and efficiency

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(PRINT THIS NOTES PAGE SEPARATELY) A further shift to natural gas Natural gas is more efficient from a carbon perspective than conventional coal (assuming no CO2 capture) or oil (see Figure 4). 1400 1 GW CCGT rather than coal fired plants, means 1 Gt less carbon emissions per year: A consistent growth of 2.6% per year over 50 years is needed for the 9 Gt world. This is greater than the 2.4% which is forecast by IEA in the World Energy Outlook 2002 (2000-2030). Natural gas is still a fossil fuel with economic supply limits, which means its role is transitory, rather than long-term. Nuclear energy (fission) 700 1 GW nuclear plants rather than equivalent conventional coal facilities would reduce emissions by 1 Gt carbon per year. However: The 4+% growth rate needed exceeds the <2.5% growth rate in nuclear in the 1990s. Nuclear has to overcome public acceptance obstacles. Renewables An emission reduction of 1 Gt carbon per year could be achieved by replacing 700 1 GW conventional coal plants with facilities based on renewable energy. Wind power – Over 300,000 5 MW wind turbines would be required (for 1 Gt) and would cover an area the size of Portugal, although much of the land would still be usable. Many are now sited offshore. Solar power – Becoming an important source of electricity for the more than 2 billion people worldwide who have no access to the electrical power grid. Geothermal – Current capacity and potential growth prospects are similar to wind and it has a very low land use ‘footprint’. Hydroelectricity – Hydropower offers a renewable energy source on a realistic scale in many developing countries where its potential is not fully utilized. Bio-products Biofuel- and biomass-based products can reduce emissions from power generation, manufacturing and transport. In 2000, the non-sustainable use of biomass added 1 Gt carbon emissions to the atmosphere, for the production of only 50 EJ of noncommercial final energy (typically for cooking in developing countries). By 2050, sustainable biofuel and biomass production could contribute 100 EJ of final energy with little or no net CO2 emissions. Carbon capture and storage Carbon capture and storage may provide an effective route to further utilize the world’s abundant coal resources. 700 1 GW coal fired power stations utilizing capture and storage would result in 1 Gt less of carbon emissions. A number of challenges exist: Low-cost CO2 separation technology Societal acceptance of the technology Identifying and developing sufficient sites Establishing monitoring protocols Mass transportation CO2 emissions per person vary over a 3:1 range for developed countries with similar lifestyles due to infrastructure differences and public attitude to mass transit. Road transport Road transport emissions contributed 1.5 Gt of carbon emissions in 2000. This could rise to over 3 Gt by 2050 as the number of vehicles exceeds 2 billion. Yet: If all these vehicles increased efficiency levels (e.g. using hybrid or advanced diesel technologies), emissions could be lower by 1 Gt carbon in 2050. If 800+ million vehicles utilized a new hydrogen transport infrastructure (including fuel cell technology) with zero emission fuel production, emissions would also be lower by 1 Gt carbon. The 9 Gt world presented in the previous slides is based on the use of high efficiency ICE vehicles, partly run on biofuel (see “Bio-products”). Buildings The US DOE Zero Energy Home program has shown that a 90% reduction in net home energy use can be achieved in new buildings. Low energy appliances Today, over 0.5 Gt of carbon emissions come directly and indirectly from lighting. Two billion people in developing countries use direct fuel burning as their only source of lighting, consuming more energy per capita than many in developed countries for the same purpose. A shift to advanced lighting technology, such as white LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes), could see global reductions in related carbon emissions of up to 50%. Doing things differently The information society offers real opportunity for energy conservation. Better stock management through on-demand services and mobile communication results in less waste, reduced transport and ultimately lower greenhouse gas emissions. Advances in wireless technology may allow developing countries to rapidly adopt such approaches, avoiding unnecessary infrastructure investment, which in turn could help their growth progress along a lower Energy per GDP trend line.

Green Growth

with escalating energy costs and emphasis on environmental performance

Large Companies and the Public Sector will find it profitable or be compelled to

invest in “Greening” their Corporations

… with very few new jobs and

inadequate service delivery to the poor

Inclusive Growth the people driven approach

Inclusive Growth … is measured in livelihood security

Jobs and Basic Needs

Inclusive Growth will need Investment

Who will invest in

Green Jobs for the poor?

Green Enterprises

Green Enterprises

innovate and deliver business solutions that can create sustainable livelihoods on a large scale

… so that billions of people can work their way out of poverty

and contribute to a greener planet

Green Economies imply

Green and Inclusive Growth through

Green Enterprises and Green Jobs

Green Economies Streams of Activities

Rejuvenating the natural resource base Promoting sustainable livelihood enterprises

and their support systems Upgrading village infrastructure and facilities Building and strengthening institutional systems

Rejuvenating the Natural Resource

Base

Watershed planning and management

Wasteland rejuvenation

Enhanced productivity from farmlands

Promoting Livelihood Enterprises

Farm based enterprises

Off farm enterprises and services

Hierarchy of support systems

Drinking water and sanitation

Rural energy

Rural roads

Upgrading Village

Infrastructure

Health

Education

ICT

Building / Strengthening Institutional

Systems

Formal and informal community institutional systems

Linkages with district, state and national institutional mechanisms

Seamless synergies to accelerate rural development

Green Enterprises – drivers of change

Innovation Implementation Influence

Compressed Earth Blocks

Micro Concrete Roofing

Ferrocement Roofing Channels

Vertical Shaft Brick Kiln

Renewable Energy Enterprises

Handloom Textiles Technology

Recycled Handmade Paper

CLEAN-India Programme

Poorest Areas Civil Society (PACS) Programme

The program covers over 20,000 villages in around 90 districts of 6 states through a network of

600 NGOs and 40,000 community based organizations.

Restoring the dignity of the Musahars in rural Bihar

Women of Piwadi in Jalna district of Maharashtra win battle against

alcoholism

The 1st step towards local self-governance in Jharkhand

Policy Influence

Network Enablers TARAhaat

TARA Livelihood Academy

• Employment Skills Entrepreneurship Skills

TARA Livelihood Academy

TLA Entrepreneurs

Achievements and Impact

Economic: over one million livelihoods Technology enterprises have marketed 100 million tiles; 100 million bricks; 50,000 houses and continue to grow.

Environment: Over 48,000 environment conservation initiatives with a network of 1.25 million schools children.

Social: Empowered over 1.3 million poor to claim their rights and entitlements through a network of 40,000 community based organizations.

People working with Nature

through Green Jobs, Green Enterprises in Green Economies

will secure the future of our planet

IF

Trap of Institutional Constraints

Mental block

Lack of enabling mechanisms

+ Local Community mobilisation

- Technical and management skills

- Investment and marketing links

+ Technical and management skills + Investment and marketing links - Local ownership

+ Innovative concepts - Investment and

marketing links - Field laboratories

+ Reach and resources

- Local ownership - Dependence

syndrome

to harness synergetic strengths

Reach of Government

Innovativeness of Academia

Efficiency of Industry

Objectives of NGOs

Participation of the Community

Public - Private - Community Partnerships

Thank you

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