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Moving On UPThe Transition to Faster, Larger

More Complex AircraftDave Fry, ATP/CFII/MEI/CFIG

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Topics

• Systems

• Other Differences

• Learning the New Airplane

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Systems

• Constant Speed Prop

• Retractable Gear

• Turbo-Charging

• Pressurization

• De-Ice/Anti-Ice

• Electrical

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Systems (Continued)

• Speed Brakes

• Radar

• Turbine

• Avionics

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Constant Speed Prop

• Automatic Pitch Change for Best Performance

• Takeoff to Landing

• Power Settings and “Over Square”

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Constant Speed PropPitch Change Mechanism

To Prop To PropTo Prop

High RPM Low RPMOn RPM

Oil

Oil

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Takeoff to Landing

• Takeoff - High RPM Setting, Full Power

• Climb - Top of Green X 3

• Cruise - Lowest RPM for Desired Power

• Descent - Reduce Throttle 1 Inch Per Minute

• Landing - Prop High RPM After Throttle Below ≈18 Inches

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Takeoff to LandingMethodology

• Power Increase - Mixture, Prop, Throttle

• Power Decrease - Throttle, Prop Mixture

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Power Settings

• High RPM, Low Power - Hardest on Engine

• High Power, Low RPM - Best if OK by POH

• “Over Square” - Absolute Fiction

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Retractable Gear

• Types

• Operation

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Types of Retractable Gear

• Hydraulic - Aztec, most jets

• Electric - Bonanza, Baron

• Electric Motor, Hydraulic Pump - Arrow, Cutlass, Centurion, Malibu, Saratoga

• Armstrong - Older Mooney

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Gear Operation

• Takeoff - No Useable Runway Left, Tap Brakes, Raise Gear

• Downwind or FAF - Gear Down - Hand on Handle Until Down and Locked

• Base or 500 Feet - Confirm Down and Locked

• Short Final - Final Check, Down and Locked

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Turbocharging

• Structure

• Operation

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Turbocharging Structure

To Intake Manifold

Exhaust

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Turbocharging Structure (Continued)

To Intake Manifold

Exhaust

Waste Gate

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Turbocharging Operations

• Power Increases– Normal Until Boost Range– Very Rapid With Tendency to Over Boost– Real Problem When Cold

• Power Decreases– An Inch a Minute to Avoid Shock Cooling– Plan MUCH Further Ahead

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Pressurization Topics

• Pressurization Operation

• Pre-Takeoff and Pre-Landing Checklist

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Pressurization - Pre Engine Start

FI

GND

FLT

DEPRESS

PRESS

GI

Ambient

Cabin

Vacuum

Control

Rate Ctl

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Pressurization - Engine Start

FI

GND

FLT

DEPRESS

PRESS

GI

Ambient

Cabin

Vacuum

Control

Rate Ctl

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Pressurization - Climbout

FI

GND

FLT

DEPRESS

PRESS

GI

Ambient

Cabin

Vacuum

Control

Rate Ctl

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Pressurization - Climbout 2

FI

GND

FLT

DEPRESS

PRESS

GI

Ambient

Cabin

Vacuum

Control

Rate Ctl

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Pressurization - Climbout 3

FI

GND

FLT

DEPRESS

PRESS

GI

Ambient

Cabin

Vacuum

Control

Rate Ctl

P S Pressurization - At Selected Altitude 1

FI

GND

FLT

DEPRESS

PRESS

GI

Ambient

Cabin

Vacuum

Control

Rate Ctl

P S Pressurization -At Selected Altitude 2

FI

GND

FLT

DEPRESS

PRESS

GI

Ambient

Cabin

Vacuum

Control

Rate Ctl

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Pre-Takeoff and Pre-Landing Checklist

• P.R.A.A.Y.– Pressurization - ON, Set, Zero Differential– Radar - OFF or STANDBY– Autopilot - OFF– Air Conditioner - OFF– Yaw Damper - OFF

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Pressurization Controls• Climb

– Set to Final Altitude Before Takeoff

• Descent– Set to Assigned Altitude as Descent Begins– Turn Altitude Knob Slowly Until Rate

Stabilizes

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De-Ice/Anti-Ice Systems

• Types of Systems

• Operation

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De-Ice/Anti-Ice Systems

• Pneumatic (Boots) - Wings, Stabilizers

• Alcohol/Glycol - Prop, Wings, Stabilizers, Windshields

• Electric - Prop, Windshields, Stall Warning Vanes, Pitot Tubes, Static Ports, AOA Vanes

• Heated Bleed Air - Engine Air Inlets, Wings

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De-Ice/Anti-Ice Operations

• All Systems at First Sign of Icing

• Windshields, Probes, and Vanes on Takeoff

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De-Ice/Anti-Ice Operations

• All Systems at First Sign of Icing

• Windshields, Probes, and Vanes on Takeoff

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De-Ice/Anti-Ice Operations

• All Systems at First Sign of Icing

• Windshields, Probes, and Vanes on Takeoff

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De-Ice/Anti-Ice Operations

• All Systems at First Sign of Icing

• Windshields, Probes, and Vanes on Takeoff

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De-Ice/Anti-Ice Operations

• All Systems at First Sign of Icing

• Windshields, Probes, and Vanes on Takeoff

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De-Ice/Anti-Ice Operations

• All Systems at First Sign of Icing

• Windshields, Probes, and Vanes on Takeoff

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De-Ice/Anti-Ice Operations

• All Systems at First Sign of Icing

• Windshields, Probes, and Vanes on Takeoff

Tailplane Stall

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Electrical

• Typical System Power Up and Load Shedding

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AVIONIC 1 BUS NON ESSENTIAL BUS AVIONIC 2 BUS

GEN 2 BUS

BATTERY DIRECT BUS

GEN 1 BUS

ONOFF

OVRDON

AUTO

ONOFF

ONOFF

ONOFF

ONOFF

ONOFF

AVIONIC 1SWITCH

N ESNTLSWITCH

AVIONIC 2SWITCH

GEN 2 TIE BUS TIE

GEN 2RELAY

GEN 2SWITCH

GEN 2 BATTERY- +

GEN 1SWITCH

STARTER/GEN 1

STARTERRELAY

BATTERY BUS

EXTPOWER

BATTERYSWITCH

EXT POWERSWITCH

+

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AVIONIC 1 BUS NON ESSENTIAL BUS AVIONIC 2 BUS

GEN 2 BUS

BATTERY DIRECT BUS

GEN 1 BUS

ONOFF

OVRDON

AUTO

ONOFF

ONOFF

ONOFF

ONOFF

ONOFF

AVIONIC 1SWITCH

N ESNTLSWITCH

AVIONIC 2SWITCH

GEN 2 TIE BUS TIE

GEN 2RELAY

GEN 2SWITCH

GEN 2 BATTERY- +

GEN 1SWITCH

STARTER/GEN 1

STARTERRELAY

BATTERY BUS

EXTPOWER

BATTERYSWITCH

EXT POWERSWITCH

Battery Master - ON

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AVIONIC 1 BUS NON ESSENTIAL BUS AVIONIC 2 BUS

GEN 2 BUS

BATTERY DIRECT BUS

GEN 1 BUS

ONOFF

OVRDON

AUTO

ONOFF

ONOFF

ONOFF

ONOFF

ONOFF

AVIONIC 1SWITCH

N ESNTLSWITCH

AVIONIC 2SWITCH

GEN 2 TIE BUS TIE

GEN 2RELAY

GEN 2SWITCH

GEN 2 BATTERY- +

GEN 1SWITCH

STARTER/GEN 1

STARTERRELAY

BATTERY BUS

EXTPOWER

BATTERYSWITCH

EXT POWERSWITCH

Starter Relay

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AVIONIC 1 BUS NON ESSENTIAL BUS AVIONIC 2 BUS

GEN 2 BUS

BATTERY DIRECT BUS

GEN 1 BUS

ONOFF

OVRDON

AUTO

ONOFF

ONOFF

ONOFF

ONOFF

ONOFF

AVIONIC 1SWITCH

N ESNTLSWITCH

AVIONIC 2SWITCH

GEN 2 TIE BUS TIE

GEN 2RELAY

GEN 2SWITCH

GEN 2 BATTERY- +

GEN 1SWITCH

STARTER/GEN 1

STARTERRELAY

BATTERY BUS

EXTPOWER

BATTERYSWITCH

EXT POWERSWITCH

Gen 1 On Line

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AVIONIC 1 BUS NON ESSENTIAL BUS AVIONIC 2 BUS

GEN 2 BUS

BATTERY DIRECT BUS

GEN 1 BUS

ONOFF

OVRDON

AUTO

ONOFF

ONOFF

ONOFF

ONOFF

ONOFF

AVIONIC 1SWITCH

N ESNTLSWITCH

AVIONIC 2SWITCH

GEN 2 TIE BUS TIE

GEN 2RELAY

GEN 2SWITCH

GEN 2 BATTERY- +

GEN 1SWITCH

STARTER/GEN 1

STARTERRELAY

BATTERY BUS

EXTPOWER

BATTERYSWITCH

EXT POWERSWITCH

Gen 2 On Line

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AVIONIC 1 BUS NON ESSENTIAL BUS AVIONIC 2 BUS

GEN 2 BUS

BATTERY DIRECT BUS

GEN 1 BUS

ON

OFF

OVRDON

AUTO

ONOFF

ONOFF

ONOFF

ONOFF

ONOFF

AVIONIC 1SWITCH

N ESNTLSWITCH

AVIONIC 2SWITCH

GEN 2 TIE BUS TIE

GEN 2RELAY

GEN 2SWITCH

GEN 2 BATTERY- +

GEN 1SWITCH

STARTER/GEN 1

STARTERRELAY

BATTERY BUS

EXTPOWER

BATTERYSWITCH

EXT POWERSWITCH

Avionics On

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AVIONIC 1 BUS NON ESSENTIAL BUS AVIONIC 2 BUS

GEN 2 BUS

BATTERY DIRECT BUS

GEN 1 BUS

ON

OFF

OVRDON

AUTO

ONOFF

ONOFF

ONOFF

ONOFF

ONOFF

AVIONIC 1SWITCH

N ESNTLSWITCH

AVIONIC 2SWITCH

GEN 2 TIE BUS TIE

GEN 2RELAY

GEN 2SWITCH

GEN 2 BATTERY- +

GEN 1SWITCH

STARTER/GEN 1

STARTERRELAY

BATTERY BUS

EXTPOWER

BATTERYSWITCH

EXT POWERSWITCH

Gen 1 Failure

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AVIONIC 1 BUS NON ESSENTIAL BUS AVIONIC 2 BUS

GEN 2 BUS

BATTERY DIRECT BUS

GEN 1 BUS

ON

OFF

OVRDON

AUTO

ONOFF

ONOFF

ONOFF

ONOFF

ONOFF

AVIONIC 1SWITCH

N ESNTLSWITCH

AVIONIC 2SWITCH

GEN 2 TIE BUS TIE

GEN 2RELAY

GEN 2SWITCH

GEN 2 BATTERY- +

GEN 1SWITCH

STARTER/GEN 1

STARTERRELAY

BATTERY BUS

EXTPOWER

BATTERYSWITCH

EXT POWERSWITCH

Gen 1 and Bus Tie Failure

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Speed Brakes

• Increase Descent Without Increasing Speed

• Not Particularly Effective at Slow Speeds

• Usually Binary - Either On or Off

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Radar

• Indicates Location and Size of Water Drops

• Can Be Masked by Nearby Returns

• Doesn’t Show Where to Fly

• Shows Where NOT to Fly

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Turbine

• Simpler Operations

• More Power

• More Bleed Air

• Longer TBO

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Avionics

• Glass Cockpits

• EGPWS

• IHAS

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Other Differences

• Speed

• Weight (Momentum)

• Number of Seats

• Cargo/Passenger/Fuel Flexibility

• Visibility

• FAA Requirements

• Insurance Requirements

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Speed

• Planning Ahead– Communications– Altitude/Power Changes– Charts

• Larger Turn Radius

• Longer Takeoff/Landing Distances

• Longer Range

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Weight

• Momentum

• Stability

• Landing (Vertical Speed)

• Landing (Crosswinds)

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Number of Seats

• CG Issues

• Multiple Configurations

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FAA Requirements

• Complex Endorsement

• High Performance Endorsement

• High Altitude Endorsement

• MultiEngine Rating

• Type Rating

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Insurance Requirements

• FAA Requirements• Time in Type• Total Time• Complex Time• High Performance Time• Instrument Rating• School• Recurrent Training

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Visibility

• Usually Poor From 3 to 8 O’Clock

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Learning the New Airplane

• POH

• Checklists

• Simulator

• Dual

• Calibrating the Plane

• Regular Practice

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POH

• Section 7 - How Things Work

• Section 9 - How the Other Things Work

• Section 2 - What Can Kill You

• Section 3 - When Things DON’T Work

• Section 4 - Normal Procedures

• Sections 5, 6, and 8

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Checklists

• Read the Manufacturer’s Checklist

• Make Your Own!

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Simulator

• Type Specific, or It’s Not Worthwhile

• Focus is on Emergency/Abnormal Procs

• May Be Required by Insurance

• Great Place to Fine Tune Checklists

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Dual

• Fly With High Time Pro (Current)

• Insist on Lesson Plans and Objectives

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Calibrating the Plane

• Power/Flap/Gear Settings That Give Desired Airspeeds for:– Climb

– Cruise

– Descent

– Downwind

– Base

– Final

– Go Around

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Practice

• Practice Abnormal Procedures Every Other Month

• Review Emergency Procs Monthly

• Fly With a Pro Every 6 Months