motores de turbinas a gas en ruso
DESCRIPTION
Russian book in Gas Turbine EnginesTRANSCRIPT
- 1. . 2006 . . 2006 . .. , .. .. , ..
2. . . 3. 1 .., .. , 2006 . () - - , : , ; , ; , - , , , - . , , , - , , ; , , . - , . - ... - .. . , .., .., .., ... Alexia Attali Communication Divisions Snecma Moteurs, 88; Cynthia Durnal Honeywell product information Honeywell Margaret Fletcher Jet Engine Administrator Rolls-Royce plc - Rolls-Royce plc The Jet Engine, - . .. 3-117 2500. 18 . 1 (). - , , , , . , . 2 , , . - , , , - , , . 3 . .., 1.2.3 2.3.1 - - . 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.6, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3.2, 2.3.4, 2.3.6, 2.4.2, 2.5.2, 2.8, 3.1, .3.2, 3.4 - .. ( 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 3.2) ... 1.5, 2.7, 3.3 - .., 2.3.5 .., 2.3.7 .., 2.3.8 .., 2.3.9 2.5.1 .., 2.3.12 .., 2.4.1 .., 2.6 .. ... 1,2,3 .. ... 4 . , . , , , - . .. .., ..- , .., .., .., .., .., ..- . 4 ... 5 , - , , . - . , . - . .. .. .. ( 5.1, 5.2, 5.2.1, 5.2.1.1, 5.2.2, 5.2.2.1, 5.2.2.2, 5.2.2.3, 5.2.2.4, 5.2.2.5, 5.2.2.6, 5.2.2.7), .. ( 5.2.1.2, 5.10), .. ( 5.2.3, 5.2.3.1, 5.2.4), .. 4. 2 ( 5.4.3, 5.4.3.1, 5.4.3.2, 5.4.3.3), .. ( 5.5.2), .. ( 5.7), ..- ( 5.8, 5.8.1, 5.8.2, 5.8.3), .. ( 5.9), .. ( 5.12, 5.12.1, 5.12.2). .., .., .., ... 6 . , - . - , . - .. .., .., .., .. .. ... .., .., .., .., ... 7 , - . .. .. .., ... ..- ... 8 . - , - . , . , - . , . , . - . . .. .. .. ( 8.3, 8.6), .. ( 8.3), .. ( 8.3), .. ( 8.10). - .., .., .., .., ... 9 () . : , - , (). , - () - , . 30-6. - -90. . (- 1) ( 2). 9.1, 9.2 ..- , .. .., 9.3, 9.4, 9.5 .. ..- , 9.6, 9.7 .., .., .., 9.8 .. ... 1 .., 2- ... - .., .., .., .., .., .., ... ... 10 . , - , , - . , . .. .. ... ..- , .., .., .., .. ... 11 . , , : , , . - . - .. ... ... 12 . 12.1 , , , - , . - . - . 12.2 , , , , . . 12.1 12.2 ... 12.1 - 5. 3 .. (12.1.1.112.1.1.5), .. (12.1.1.6), .. .. (12.1.2). 12.2 - .. (12.2.1) .. (12.2.2) .. (12.2.1.6, 12.2.1.7). .. ... 12.3 , , , , . , , , - . , - , . - . 12.3 .. .. (12.3.1, 12.3.5), .. (12.3.1, 12.3.6), .. (12.3.2), .. (12.3.3), .. (12.3.3), .. (12.3.3), .. (12.3.4). - .., .., ... 12.4 , . . , , , - . .. .. - ... 12.5 (), . , . , , , , - , , . - . ... 12.6 , . , . .., .. ... .., .. ... 12.7 , , . .., .. .. - .., .. ... 12.8 , , , - . . ... 13 - . : , , , , - , , . , . . .. - .., .., .., .., ..- . .. - .. .. ... 14 . , , ; ; - , . ..- ( 14.5, 14.6), .. ( 14.1, 14.4) .. ( 14.2, 14.3). : .., .., .., .., .., .., .. , .., ..- , ... 15 . , - , . - . .. ( 15.115.4, 15.5) ..- ( 15.4, 15.5), .. ( 15.4.3), .. ( 15.4.5) .. (). 6. 4 16 , , , - . , . , - () , . - . .. ( 16.1 16.4) .. ( 16.2, 16.3, 16.5, 16.6) .., ..- , .. ... 17 . - ( ), . .. (- 17.117.12) .. ( 17.13). .. ... .., .. ... 18 - , - . . . : - , , , . - . . - , . ... - .. .. ... . - , - , , - . 7. Preface 5 A.A. Inozemtsev, V.L. Sandratsky Gas Turbine Engines Aviadvigatel Open Joint Stock Company, 2006 The book describes the first step of gas turbine engine making gas turbine engine design, and also contains the information on the last years achievements: on engine and its modules configurations and structure; systems, maintaining its operation; gas dynamics, thermal and durability analysis as a part of the design process and its automation as well. First of all the book is intended to be used as an textbook for the students taking the Aircraft Engines and Power Installations course, though it would be also useful for young specialists of experimental design bureaus and specialists involved in the gas turbines operation and maintenance. The book was prepared with the assistance of many Aviadvigatel OJSC experimental design bureau specialists. Due to the practical support of N.L. Koksharov the co-work of such a huge team became possible. Special thanks to: Alexia Attali (Communication Divisions Snecma Moteurs) for the M88-engine documents; Cynthia Durnal (Honeywell Product Information) for the Honeywell engines illustrations; Margaret Fletcher (Jet Engine Administrator, Rolls-Royce plc) for being so kind to permit the authors to use the illustrations from the brilliant Rolls-Royce plc book The Jet Engine; our colleagues from the Plant named after V.J. Klimov Federal Unitary Scientific Production Enterprise for the TV3-117 and 2500 engines illustrations. The overall design of the book is performed by I.M. Sokolova. The book is the property of the Aviadvigatel Joint Stock Company. Any form of reprinting of any part of the book, by any means, either electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and tape recording, for any purpose is forbidden without Aviadvigatels expressed written permission. 8. 6 9. 7 1 ()..................................23 1.1. .................................................................................................................................................... 23 1.2. .................................................... 25 1.2.1. , ......................................25 1.2.1.1. .............................................................................................25 1.2.1.2. ..............................................................27 1.2.1.3. .................................................................29 1.2.1.4. ..........................................33 1.2.1.5. .......................35 1.2.1.6. ..........................................36 1.2.2. ...............................................................................................37 1.2.3. ..........................................................................................39 1.2.3.1. .................................................................................................................................39 1.2.3.2. .............................................................................................................................44 1.2.3.3. ................................................................................................................................47 1.3. ................................................................................................. 51 1.3.1. ........................................................................51 1.3.1.1. .................................................51 1.3.1.2. .............................................................................................51 1.3.1.3. ........................................................................................................53 1.3.2. .................................................................................53 1.3.2.1. ............................................................................................................54 1.3.2.2. , ...............................55 1.3.2.3. ...................................................................................................................57 1.4. ................................................................................................ 57 1.4.1. ...............................................................................57 1.4.2. ................................................................................60 1.5. - - ........................................................................................................... 61 1.6. ................................................................................................... 62 2 .......................................................63 2.1. .............................................................................................................. 63 2.1.1. ............................................................................................................63 2.1.1.1. ..........................................................................................63 2.1.1.2. ...............................................................................66 2.1.2. ..............................................................................................67 2.1.3. () ..........................................68 2.2. ......................................................................................................................................... 69 2.2.1. ...................................................................................69 2.2.2. ...................................................73 2.3. ............................................................................................................. 75 2.3.1. () ....................................................................................................75 2.3.2. .........................................................76 2.3.3. () .......................................................................77 2.3.4. - .................................................78 2.3.4.1. ...............................................................................................78 2.3.4.2. ..........................................................................................................80 2.3.4.3. .......................................................................82 2.3.5. ...................................................................................................83 2.3.5.1. ........................................................................................................83 2.3.5.1.1 , ............................................................................... 83 2.3.5.1.2. , - ........................................................................................ 83 10. 12 7.4.2 ...............................................................................................................................356 7.4.3 ...................................................................................356 7.5 ........................................................................................................................ 357 7.5.1 ....................................................................................................................................358 7.5.2 ..................................................................................................................................359 7.5.3 ...............................................................................................................359 7.5.4 .......................................................................................................................362 7.6 ........................................................................................................................ 363 7.6.1 ...................................................................................................................................363 7.6.2 ..............................................................365 7.6.3 .............................................................................365 7.7 - - ......................................................................................................... 366 7.8 ................................................................................................. 366 8 ................................................................................................................367 8.1 ............................................................................................. 368 8.1.1 , ...............................................................375 8.1.2 .................................................................................................376 8.1.2.1 .....................................................................................376 8.1.2.2 , .......................................378 8.1.2.3 ......................................................379 8.1.2.4 ............................................380 8.1.2.5 ............................................387 8.1.2.6 .......................................................393 8.1.2.7 ...............................................................395 8.1.3 ......................................................................................397 8.1.3.1 ................................................398 8.1.3.2 ..............................398 8.1.3.3 ..........................................................................................399 8.1.3.4 ..............................................................401 8.1.3.5 ................................................401 8.1.4 .....................................................................................402 8.2 ..................................................................................... 404 8.2.1 ...................................404 8.2.2 ...............................................................405 8.2.3 - .....................................................412 8.2.4 2D/3D- ..................................413 8.2.5 2D/3D- ....................................................................416 8.2.6 ................................................................421 8.2.7 .....................................................................................423 8.2.7.1 ..................................................................................423 8.2.7.2 ..................................................................................425 8.2.7.3 ... .................................................426 8.2.8 .......................................................428 8.2.9 ..................................................431 8.2.10 .............................434 8.2.11 ...................................................................................436 8.3 ............................................................................................................... 438 8.3.1 .....................................................................................438 8.3.1.1 ...................................................................................................438 8.3.2 , .................................................................440 8.3.3 ............................................................................444 8.3.4 ................................................449 8.3.5 .........................................................................................452 8.3.6 .....................................................................................455 8.4 ......................................................................................................................................... 456 11. 13 8.4.1 .................................................................................................................456 8.4.1.1 ...................................................................................................................456 8.4.1.2 ......................................................................................................................458 8.4.1.3 ............................................................................................................463 8.4.1.4 .......................................................467 8.4.1.5 ......................................................469 8.4.2 .............................................................................................................470 8.4.2.1 .........................................................................474 8.4.3 ....................................................................................................476 8.4.4 .....................................................................................483 8.5 ....................................................................................................................................... 484 8.5.1 ..........................................................................................................................484 8.5.2 ....................................................................................................................486 8.5.3 .....................................................................................................................492 8.5.4 .....................................................................................493 8.6 ............................................................................................................. 494 8.6.1 ... .......................................................................494 8.6.2 .................................................................494 8.6.3 ..........................................................................................495 8.6.4 .....................................................................497 8.6.5 .....................................................................................499 8.7 ............................................................................................................. 499 8.7.1 ........................................499 8.7.2 ...................................................................................500 8.7.3 .....................................................................................502 8.8 ............................................................................................... 503 8.8.1 ...........................................................................................503 8.8.2 .....................................................................................................504 8.8.3 .......................................................................................................................506 8.8.4 ..........................................................................................................................507 8.8.5 .....................................................................................507 8.9 ............................................ 508 8.9.1 .....................................................................................512 8.10 ........................................................ 512 8.10.1 ..........................................................................................513 8.10.2 ...................................................................................515 8.10.3 ...................................518 8.10.4 ......................................................................519 8.10.5 .......................................................................................520 8.11 ....................................... 521 8.11.1 2D-: ..............................................521 8.11.2 2D-: .............................................................522 8.11.3 ................................................................524 8.11.4 2D-: ...................................................524 8.11.5 3D-: ..............................................527 8.11.6 ............................................................527 8.11.7 ....................................................529 8.11.8 ......................................529 8.11.9 .........................................................................530 8.11.10 .................................................................................532 8.12 - - ....................................................................................................... 533 9 - .................................................................................535 9.1 ........................................................................................................................... 537 9.2 .................................................................................................................. 539 9.2.1 ........................................................................540 12. 14 9.2.2 ...........................................543 9.3 ............................................................................................................................... 545 9.3.1 ..................................................................................545 9.3.1.1 30-6 ........................................................................548 9.3.2 .............................................................................................................................556 9.3.3 ........................................................561 9.3.3.1 .............................................................562 9.3.3.2 .....563 9.4 - ............................................................................................................................................... 566 9.5 ............................................................................................... 568 9.6 ........................................................................................................................ 570 9.6.1 ................................................................................574 9.6.2 .............................................................................574 9.6.3 .............................................................................575 9.6.3.1 ......................................................580 9.6.3.2 .................................580 9.6.3.3 ......................583 9.7 .............................................................................................................. 586 9.7.1 .............................................................................................................................587 9.7.2 ....................................................................................................587 9.8 .......................................................................................... 587 9.8.1 ..............................................................................................................589 9.8.2 ..........................................................................................................589 9.8.3 ..........................................................................................................................................589 9.8.4 ........................................................................................593 9.8.5 ..................................................................................595 9.9 1. *. .......................................................................................... 595 9.10 2. .................................. 597 9.11 - - ....................................................................................................... 598 9.12 ............................................................................................... 599 10 - , , .....................................................600 10.1. .......................................................................................................................... 603 10.1.1. ................................................................................................................603 10.1.2. ...................................................................................................603 10.2. ...................................................................................................................................... 605 10.2.1. ..........................................................................................................................605 10.2.1.1. , ...............................................................605 10.2.1.2. ......................................................................................607 10.2.2. ...............................................610 10.2.2.1. ............................................................................610 10.2.2.1.1. .............................. 610 10.2.2.1.2. ................................................ 613 10.2.2.2. ....................................................................617 10.2.3. ..........................................................................................................................618 10.2.3.1. ..............................................................................................618 10.3. ............................................................................................................... 622 10.3.1. ...............................................................................................................622 10.3.2. ....................................................................................................................623 10.4. ......................................................................................... 631 10.4.1. .................................................................................632 10.4.1.1. ...........................................................................632 10.4.2. .......................................................................637 10.4.2.1. .................................................................640 13. 15 10.5. ............................................................................................................... 644 10.5.1. ....................................................................644 10.5.2. ......................................................645 10.5.3. ....................................................................645 10.6. . . .................................................................. 647 10.6.1. ..........................................................................................648 10.6.2. ...........................................................................................648 10.6.3. .............................................................................................649 10.6.4. ...........................................................................................650 10.6.5. ......................................................................651 10.6.5.1. .......................................................................................652 10.6.6. , ................................................................656 10.7. - - ....................................................................................................... 657 10.8. ............................................................................................... 659 11 - ...................................................................................................661 11.1. .................................................................................................................................... 661 11.1.1. ......................................................661 11.1.2. ..............................662 11.2. ......................................................................................... 662 11.3. ............................................................................................... 667 11.3.1. . .................................................................667 11.3.2. ..................................................................671 11.3.3. .......................................................................................676 11.4. .............................................................................. 677 11.4.1. .........................................................................................................677 11.4.2. ............................................................................................................677 11.4.3. ....................................................................................................................678 11.4.4. ....................................................................................................680 11.4.5. .........................................................................................................683 11.4.5.1. -48, .......................684 11.5. ....................................................................................... 687 11.5.1. ................................................................................688 11.6. ...................................................... 689 11.6.1. ......................................................................................690 11.6.2. ..................................................................................................690 11.6.3. ....................................................................................692 11.7. ........................................................................................................... 692 11.8. ................................................................................... 693 11.8.1. ..............................................................................693 11.8.2. ................................................................................694 11.9. ................................................................................................. 697 11.10. - - ..................................................................................................... 698 11.11. ................................................................................................. 698 12 - .....................................................................................................................699 12.1. ........................................................................... 700 12.1.1. ...............................700 12.1.1.1. ............................................................................................................700 12.1.1.2. ....................................................................................................................703 12.1.1.3. ...................................................................................708 12.1.1.4. ....................................................................................................................711 12.1.1.5. ..........................................................................................713 12.1.1.5.1. ......................................................................................................... 713 12.1.1.5.2. .................................................................................. 713 12.1.1.5.3. .. 714 14. 16 12.1.1.5.4. .......................................................................... 715 12.1.1.5.5. ............................................................................ 716 12.1.1.5.6. ....................................................... 721 12.1.1.5.7. ................................................. 723 12.1.1.6. ..............726 12.1.2. ..................................................................................................................728 12.1.2.1. ............................................................................................................728 12.1.2.2. ..................................................................................728 12.1.2.3. ...........................................................................................................730 12.1.2.4. ...................................................................................730 12.1.2.5. ............................................................................................................732 12.1.2.6. () .............................................................................733 12.1.2.7. ...............................737 12.1.3. - - ...........................................................................................738 12.1.4. ...................................................................................738 12.2. ..................................................................................................................... 740 12.2.1. ..................................................................................740 12.2.1.1. ..................................................................................740 12.2.1.2. ..........................................................................................740 12.2.1.3. .........................................................742 12.2.1.4. ...........................................................................................744 12.2.1.5. .................................................................746 12.2.1.5.1. ............................................................................... 746 12.2.1.5.2. ................................................................. 746 12.2.1.5.3. ............................... 747 12.2.1.5.4. ...................... 748 12.2.1.5.5. ................................................. 748 12.2.1.6. .............................................................................................................748 12.2.1.7. ......................................................................................................751 12.2.2. .....................................................................................754 12.2.2.1. ..................................................................................754 12.2.2.2. .................................................................754 12.2.2.3. .........................................................756 12.2.2.4. ...........................................................................................756 12.2.3. - - ...........................................................................................757 12.2.4. ...................................................................................757 12.3. .......................................................................................................................... 758 12.3.1. .........................................................................................758 12.3.1.1. .....................................................................................758 12.3.1.2. - ..........................................................................................................760 12.3.1.3. ..................................................................................761 12.3.1.4. ...............................................762 12.3.1.5. ....................................................................................762 12.3.1.6. ...............................................................................762 12.3.1.7. .......................................................................................762 12.3.2. , ..........................................763 12.3.3. , ................................................................................................................765 12.3.3.1. , ..........................765 12.3.3.2. .....................................................765 12.3.3.3. ()..........................767 12.3.4. .......................................................773 12.3.4.1. ..............................................................773 12.3.4.2. ................................................................774 15. 17 12.3.4.3. ..................................................................776 12.3.4.4. ......................................................................................779 12.3.4.5. ..................................................................................780 12.3.5. .................................................784 12.3.5.1. .........................................................................784 12.3.5.2. ................................................784 12.3.5.3. ...............................................784 12.3.6. ................................786 12.3.6.1. , ......................786 12.3.6.2. ............................................787 12.3.6.2.1. ..................................................... 787 12.3.6.2.2. ....................................................... 790 12.3.6.2.3. ......................................................... 790 12.3.6.2.4. ................................................................. 791 12.3.6.2.5. ............................................................................... 791 12.3.7. .....................................................795 12.3.7.1. .......................................................................796 12.3.7.2. ........................................796 12.3.7.3. .....................................................797 12.3.7.4. ........................798 12.3.7.5. .................................................799 12.3.8. - - ...........................................................................................799 12.3.9. .......................................................................................800 12.4. ................................................................................................................................ 802 12.4.1. ....................................................................................802 12.4.1.1. .....................................................................................................................802 12.4.1.2. .........................................................................................................802 12.4.1.3. ...............................................................................................802 12.4.1.4. , ....................................................802 12.4.1.5. , ...........................................................................................................................802 12.4.1.6. ......................................................................................................803 12.4.1.7. ...............................................................................................803 12.4.1.8. .............................................................................805 12.4.1.9. ..............................................807 12.4.1.10. .....................................................................................................807 12.4.1.11. ......................................................807 12.4.1.12. .................................................808 12.4.2. ......................................................................809 12.4.3. - - ...........................................................................................810 12.4.4. ...................................................................................811 12.5. .................................................................................................................... 812 12.5.1. ..............................................................................................................................812 12.5.2. .....................................................................................................814 12.5.3. ....................................................................................................815 12.5.4. ...............................................................................................................815 12.5.4.1. .........................................................................................817 12.5.4.2. ...................................................................................820 12.5.4.2.1. ........................................................... 822 12.5.4.2.2. ............................................................. 824 12.5.4.2.3. .......................... 827 12.5.4.3. ()...................................................................835 12.5.4.4. .........................................................................836 16. 18 12.5.4.5. ...................................................................838 12.5.4.6. ..........................................................................838 12.5.4.7. ................................................................................838 12.5.5. .............................................................................................839 12.5.6. .............................................................................................841 12.5.7. .............................................................................................................................841 12.5.8. - - ...........................................................................................845 12.5.9. ...................................................................................845 12.6. ................................................................................................ 846 12.6.1. ....................................................................................................................846 12.6.2. ..........................................................................................................847 12.6.2.1. ......................................................848 12.6.2.2. ..................................................849 12.6.2.3. ....................................................851 12.6.3. ......................................................................................................852 12.6.3.1. ...................................................................852 12.6.3.2. ..................................................................................855 12.6.4. ..........................................................................855 12.6.5. ...........................................................................................................857 12.6.5.1. .................................................................................................................857 12.6.5.2. ..........................................................................................................860 12.6.5.3. ............................................................................................................862 12.6.5.4. ..................................................................................................863 12.6.5.5. .....................................................................................865 12.6.6. .......................................................................................867 12.6.7. - - ...........................................................................................867 12.6.8. ..................................................................................868 12.7. ............................................................................................................. 869 12.7.1. .............................................................. 869 12.7.1.1. .............869 12.7.1.2. .........................872 12.7.1.3. .......................................................................872 12.7.2. - - ...........................................................................................874 12.7.3. ...................................................................................874 12.8. ............................................................................................................................. 875 12.8.1. ......................................................................................875 12.8.2. .........................................................................................875 12.8.3. .......................................................................876 12.8.4. ......................................................................878 12.8.5. ...........................................................878 12.8.6. ........................................................................879 12.8.7. - ...........................................................................................880 12.8.8. ...................................................................................880 13 - .....................................................................................881 13.1. ........................................................................................................... 881 13.2. ........................................................................................................................... 883 13.2.1. .............................................................................................883 13.2.1.1. .......................................................................................................883 13.2.1.2. ..........................................................................................................883 13.2.1.3. ....................................................................................................................883 13.2.1.4. ......................................................................................884 13.2.1.5. .........................................................................................888 13.2.1.6. .............................................................................................................888 13.2.1.7. ....................................................................................889 13.2.2. .................................................................................................890 17. 19 13.2.2.1. .............................................................................................................890 13.2.2.2. ................................................................................................890 13.2.2.2.1. ........................................................................................ 890 13.2.2.2.2. ..................................................................................... 891 13.2.2.2.3. ............................................................................. 891 13.2.2.2.4. .................................... 892 13.2.2.3. ..........................................................894 13.2.3. ....................................................................................895 13.2.4. .......................................................................................897 13.3. ..................................................................................................................... 898 13.3.1. ................................................................................................................898 13.3.2. ...................................................899 13.3.3. ...............................................................................901 13.3.3.1. ..............................................................................................901 13.3.3.2. ..........................................................................903 13.3.4. , ................................907 13.3.5. ................................................................909 13.3.6. ....................................................................911 13.3.6.1. ...........................................................911 13.3.6.2. .........................................912 13.3.6.3. ...................................................................................915 13.3.6.4. ........................................................................................916 13.3.6.5. ..............................................................917 13.4. ........................................... 917 13.5. - - ....................................................................................................... 917 13.6. ............................................................................................... 919 14 - .......................................................................... 920 14.1 ......................................................................... 920 14.1.1 , ........................................................................921 14.1.2 ..............................................................................................................922 14.1.3 . ..................................923 14.1.4 ...................................................................................925 14.1.5 ..........................................................................................................926 14.1.6 . . .........................................................................................................928 14.1.7 ..........................................................................................929 14.1.8 . ............................931 14.1.9 - . .933 14.1.10 . .....................................935 14.1.11 . . ...........................................937 14.1.12 ..............................................................940 14.1.13 . ..............................................................944 14.1.14 ............................................946 14.1.15 ............................................947 14.1.16 ...............................................951 14.1.17 .........................................953 14.1.18 . ...................954 14.1.19 ..........................................................................956 14.1.20 .....................................................958 14.1.21 ....................................................................961 14.1.22 ...............................................................................964 14.1.23 .....................................966 14.1.24 . 18. 20 - ....................................................................................................................968 14.2 ...................................................... 971 14.2.1 , . ..........................................971 14.2.2 ....974 14.2.3 .............................976 14.2.4 . ............................................................................................................................979 14.2.5 ....................980 14.2.6 .................................................................................982 14.2.7 ........................985 14.2.8 ..................................................985 14.2.9 .....................................................................987 14.2.10 () ............................................................................................................989 14.2.11 ..........................................................991 14.2.12 .................................991 14.2.13 ...................................995 14.3 ........................................................ 998 14.3.1 ..........................................................................................................998 14.3.2 ............................1000 14.3.3 ..................................................1004 14.3.4 . ......................................1007 14.3.5 . .......................................................................................................1009 14.3.6 .....................................................1012 14.3.7 ..................................................................................................................1015 14.3.8 .........................................................................................1018 14.3.9 ...............................................................................1019 14.3.10 . ............................................1020 14.3.11 - ..............................................................................................1022 14.3.12 - ............................................................................................................................1026 14.3.13 - .....................................................................................1028 14.4 ........................ 1032 14.4.1 . ..............................................................................................................................1032 14.4.2 .......................................1035 14.4.3 ...............................................................................1038 14.4.4 ..............................................................................................................................1041 14.4.5 , ...............................1042 14.4.6 ..........................................................................................................1044 14.4.7 .....................................................................................1046 14.4.8 . ..............................................1049 14.4.9 .................................1052 14.4.10 .....................................................1054 14.4.11 , .............1055 14.4.12 - ................................................................................................................1057 14.5 . ................................................................................................... 1061 14.5.1 . .................................................1061 14.5.2 . ....................................1063 14.5.3 . ..................................................1066 19. 21 14.5.4 ...........................................................1071 14.5.5 ...............................................................................1075 14.5.6 - ......................................................1084 14.5.7 .....................................................................................1091 14.5.7.1 ........................1091 14.5.7.2 ...........................................................................1094 14.5.7.3 ................................................1097 14.5.8 .........................................................................................................................1098 14.5.8.1 ..................................................1098 14.5.8.2 ...............1100 14.5.8.3 ..............................................................1102 14.5.8.4 ......................................................................1104 14.6 ..................................................................................... 1107 14.6.1 . .............................................1107 14.6.2 ..............................................................................................................1109 14.6.3 - ............................................................................................................................ 1113 14.6.4 ......................................................................................... 1115 14.6.5 ................................................................................... 1118 14.6.6 ....................................................................................................1120 14.7 - - .................................................................................................... 1122 14.8 ............................................................................................. 1122 15 - ........................................................................................................................1124 15.1 ......................................................................................................................... 1124 15.2 - ..................... 1126 15.3 ................................................................................. 1126 15.4 .......................................................................................................................... 1127 15.4.1 ........................................................1127 15.4.2 .............................................1128 15.4.3 ................................................1129 15.4.4 ......................................................................................... 1130 15.4.5 ....................................................................1131 15.5 ................................... 1132 15.6 - - ...................................................................................................... 1133 15.7 ................................................................................................ 1133 16 - ....................................1134 16.1 ............................................................................................... 1134 16.2 () ..................................................... 1138 16.3 ..................................................................................................... 1142 16.4 ........................................................................................................ 1142 16.5 ...................................................................................... 1144 16.6 .................................................................................... 1146 16.7 - - ...................................................................................................... 1148 16.8 .............................................................................................. 1148 17 - ....................................................................................................................................1149 17.1 ( CALS) ..... 1149 17.2 . ........................................................... 1152 17.3 ........................................................................................... 1152 17.4 ................................................................................. 1153 17.5 PDM-: ......................................................... 1153 17.6 ERP- ...................................................................................... 1155 20. 22 17.7 . ................ 1156 17.8 .............................................................................................. 1156 17.9 CAD/CAM- CAE- .................................................................................... 1158 17.10 - ..................................................................................... 1161 17.11 - ..................................................................................... 1162 17.12 - .................................................................................. 1162 17.13 ........................................................................................... 1163 17.13.1 ............................................................... 1164 17.13.1.1 ..........................................................1164 17.13.1.2 ........................................ 1165 17.13.1.3 .............................................................................................1166 17.13.1.4 .........1167 17.13.2 ...................................................................................................... 1168 17.13.3 - .................................................................................................1170 17.13.4 CAD/CAM-. - ..........1170 17.13.5 ........................................................................................................1171 17.14 - - ................................................................................................... 1173 17.15 ........................................................................................... 1175 18 - ...................................................................................................1176 18.1 ............................................................................................ 1176 18.2 ................................................................................................ 1180 18.2.1 ...........................................1182 18.3 ....................................................... 1184 18.3.1 ...................................................................................................... 1185 18.3.2 ............................................................................................................1188 18.3.3 ..............................................................1191 18.3.4 ................................................................. 1191 18.3.5 .......................................................................................................................................1194 18.4 ..................................................................................... 1197 18.4.1 1 ..................................................................................................................................1197 18.4.2 2. ......................................... 1197 18.5 , , ......................... 1201 18.6 - - ..................................................................................................... 1203 18.7 ............................................................................................. 1203 21. 1 - 23 1.1_1 1 1.1 - - . - (), .. , , . . , - , , - . , . . 1.1_1 - . - 70 %, - - 30 %. - : - ~ 91 %; - - ~ 5 %; - ~ 4 %. - - - . , 22. 1 - 24 1.1_2 , - - . - - . , , - , - . , , - . . - , - , - 50...100 , . - [1.6.1]. - - , . 1.1_2. - . - . - , - (). - () - (). - - - . - , - - . , , , ( ), .. - . -- (), - - , 23. 1 - 25 . - , . . 1. , - () () - . . - 2...3 () (, >6...7). , . - - . (). . - V-1, - . - . - , - , - () . 2. , - - - , . . 1.1_2, - 1.2. - . - . , - - . - , . 1.1_2 - - , -, -. , - - , - . , , , - () - () (. . 1.1_2). - , , - , - . - () . - - . - . , - , : - 3,0...3,3, . 1.2 1.2.1 , 1.2.1.1 - () - , , , (. . 1.2.1.1_1). - - () - . . - - , - , 2 (. . 1.2.1.3_4). - ( = 33,3), 24. 1 - 26 1.2.1.1_2 (11-300) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 . 1.2.1.1_1 (Avon) ( Rolls-Royce plc.) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 - (). () - (. . 1.2.1.1_2), . - () . - - , = 1,11,2 * = 20002100 , - ( ~40 % = 0 100 % 2.5). - , , - , . ( ): -21, -23, F-4 . 1950-1970- (-104, - ), 1970-2000- .. - () -144 . 2003 . - . -144 . - , , , . 25. 1 - 27 1.2.1.2 ( < 0,7) . - . 1.2.1.2_1. - , - , - . - . , , - - , . - - (). - . , , - 850900 /. - -95 -12 . ..- (. ), - (). > 0,7 ... (. . 1.2.1.2_2), . - (- ). - ( ) - ... = 0,80,85 (. . 1.2.1.2_2). - (), - () - . -27 (. , ) -- -70 (. . 1.2.1.2_3). ( 1950-1970- ..) - 1.2.1.2_1 (-20) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 26. 1 - 28 1.2.1.2_2 ... , - , - . - - . : - ; - - ; - . - - . . - . - - . . - , , (- - ) , , - , . 1.2.1.2_3 (-27) 27. 1 - 29 1.2.1.3 - () 1950- 1960- - . , - - , - , (). - , - , (. . 1.2.1.3_1). - - - , . [1.6.2]. - , - , - , , - . 3.1. - , . - : - - - . - ( ...) ( ..), - . ... - (m) ; - ( , ); - - 1.2.1.3_1 (-90) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ( ); 6 ; 7 ; 8 ; 9 ; 10 - ; 11 28. 1 - 30 . ; - - ; - - - - ; - - - . - ( 4) . , > 3, - , . - - [1.6.3]. - - - , . - , - . - m > 910 . - - 1.2.1.3_2 29. 1 - 31 . , - () - - , m 1112, ... - . m > 1112 - - , , - . ( ),.. , - , ( ). . 1.2.1.3_2 . 1.2.1.3_2 - . - 1.2.1.3_2 30. 1 - 32 (m = 0,33,0), - (m = 49), (m = 912) - ( ) m = 1220. - , , 1960- - 1960-1980- .. - ( -20, -30, -25, JT3D, JT8D, , , ). 1970- .. , ( TF39, CF6, JT9D, RB211, -36, -18). - 1980- .. - - CFM56, PW2000, CF6-80, PW4000, V2500, -90 . 1990- .. m = 68 300400 GE90, TRENT, PW4084. - 2,43,1 . - 250520 (TRENT500, TRENT900, GP7000, GE90-115B, GenX, TRENT1000) - m = 811 - = 4050. - , - , : - PW8000 - 110160 (m = 11), - 260310 - Boeing 787 (m = 1011); - -93 ADP . - , , - . - - , - , .., - . - m = 0,252. . 1.2.1.3_3 EJ200, - . m = 2,0 F101 (. . 2.5.2.3_2), - - -1. - - - m = 0,20,5. - 1.2.1.3_3 EJ200 (m = 0,4) 31. 1 - 33 , , .. - - . - m = 0,51,1. - ( ) - - . . 1.2.1.3_4 -306 - (. ), - - - -31. m = 0,57 - - . , - = 2,83 (V = 3000 /), . , - - (* * ). , , . m = 1,52,0 - - . - = 1518 , =2,0. . 1.2.1.3_5. 1.2.1.4 - - - , () - (). - - ( ) : R /G 1,2. - - 45 . 1.2.1.3_4 -306 (m=0,57) 32. 1 - 34 [1.6.2]. - , . , , - 90 - . - Bell-Boeing V-22 Osprey (. . 1.2.1.4_1) , - . - . - - , . , - , () . - , (. . 1.2.1.4_1) - - : - ; - - ; - - -; - , , , - . - - - , - , 3.1. 1.2.1.3_5 [1.6.2] 33. 1 - 35 1.2.1.4_1 1.2.1.5 - - - , - - . , - , , , - - (, + ). - , . - , , - . - , .. - . , - - (- ) . . - . , - ( ) (). . 1.2.1.5_1. - . - , - - . - . , . , - ( > 3), . , - , - - (). - 34. 1 - 36 1.2.1.5_3 1 ; 2 - ; 3 ; 4 1.2.1.5_1 - 1 - ; 2 ; 3 - ; 4 - - ; 5 - - ; 6 ; 7 - (); 8 - 1.2.1.5_2 1 ; 2 - ; 3 ; 4 - ; 5 ; 6 ; 7 ; - ; , - - ( ) - ( ). . 1.2.1.5_2. , - . - , - - (. . 1.2.1.5_3). , , . - . - - () . - , [1.6.4]. 1.2.1.6 - , - , , - . - , , - . , , , (). - , , - , - . - , . - - - . 35. 1 - 37 , , , . - . , - . . 1.2.1.6_1 - -48, - -31. 1.2.2 - , , , , .., - , , - , ( , ). - : - () - - (, ..) (, , , , .); - - ; - ( - , ); - ; - , - , : , - ; - ; - - ; - , . - , - . - , - (). . 1.2.2._1 1.2.2._1 , . - - , - . - - . , - - , , - . . - 19601980 .. - (-154, -42, Boing 727, L-1011) , - (-10, -11). - . 1.2.2._2. - , , - 1.2.1.6_1 -48 1 - ; 2 - ; 3 - ; 4 - ; 5 - ; 6 - ; 7 - 36. 1 - 38 1.2.2_1 . (V2500) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 1.2.2_1 . (PW4084) 1 ; 2 ; 3 ; 4 ; 5 ; 6 37. 1 - 39 . . 1.2.3 - - - . , - . - , , 3,03,3. , - 1.2.2_2 , . - , - - . [1.6.5]: 1 * min)( , * = 5 = 0,7, , - = 930 . , - - : - ; - - ; - ; - ; - . - . - , . 1.2.3.1 - , , - - - . - - .., .., ..- . : .- (1900 .), . (1908 .), . (1909 .), . (1911 .), . (1914 .). () 160 .. . (. . 1.2.3.1_1) 1914 - 140 .. . - - ( ). 38. 1 - 40 1917 - . (1 1918 .) 4 1918 . - 212 650 - 1918 . 1918 . ( - ) . 22 1919 . - - .. . 1929 . .. - , . 1923 . - .. - (. . 1.2.3.1_1) 1925 . .. .. . 1926 . , - , . - .. . 1929 . - .., - (). .. 1500 .. 1933 . -1 , 1935 . - - . -1 11201370 21 . 1935 . - -3 (. . 1.2.3.1_2) 1500 .., 19371939 . -3 - = 8 . , 1470 . - - 1870 1620 , -69 ( - 920970 ). - -3 57 , - , -3 1941 - . 3 1930 . - ( - ), 1940 . ..- . 1943 . 8 1945 . -30-80 (. . 1.2.3.1_3) 1520 . 1947 . - 41, - -11, .. . - -30-80-2, -30-80, -30-80, 25- , 1948 . . 1.2.3.1_1 . 1.2.3.1_1 .. 39. 1 - 41 -30-81 3500 .. - , - (-437), . 1949 . ..- - - . .. . , - , , - 1937 .. . - . - (-1, 1937 ., . . 1.2.3.1_4), - 1.2.3.1_2 -3 .. 1.2.3.1_3 -30-80 .. (-1, 1938 ., . . 1.2.3.1_4). - -1 500 - 1940 . = 3,2 - - * = 923 . 1941 . -1, - . 1942 -1 . .. 1943 (.. - ). 1200 , -18 (). 1944 . - -18, .. - -1, 40. 1 - 42 . 1944 . - -18 . - - , . -1 - -004 BMW-003 900 800 , -18 , -1 1350 . BMW - . -18 1945 . -1 . - 45 ( ) - -165, - .. . 1946 . -1 . 1947 . - 1290 20 . 19481950 . - , 5000 -3, -5. - , - , . 1950- .. - -7 = 910 * = 12001250 650010000 . 1966 . -21 = 12,515 * = 1380 890011400 , - -17, -23, -24. 1985 . - -31 12500 . : = 23, * = 1670 , ( m = 0,6). , 44 - . . . - 312328/25 22 1941. , 1950- . -20 .. -6 .. , - 1,5 2,0 . -20 -6 , - - , - : -20, -30, -30/, -306, -8, -86, -144-22, -32. -20 .., 100- 1959 . -124. - .. - , . , - , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. , .. - - . , 1.2.3.1_4 -1 -1 .. 41. 1 - 43 - , - , - . - 1940- - - : - -10 (-004) 920 194649 . -15, -17, -19; -150, -152, -156; -9; - -20 (BMW-003) 800 - 194554 . -9, -300, -301; - -500 (V) 1590 - 500 ( .- ) 194750 . 1956 . -15, -23, -13, -180, -14; - -45 -45 (-1 -2) 2040 2270 194755 . 195358 . -15, -15, -168, -176, -20 ( ). , 27 1946 . - -15 -9. 1947 . -15 -45. 1949 .. -1 -2 -1 2700 , 1951 . -1 3380 . - 1949 1958 .. 20000 . 19451946 .. - .. BMW-003 -004. BMW-109-028 ( 1940 .) - , , - 7940 .., BMW-109-018 - 3400 . 1946 2 - () 1946 . - : BMW-018 3400 -012 - 3000 (. . 1.2.3.2_4). 1946 . . ( - . ) . ( - . ). BMW-018 - , -012 -022 - 5100 .. -022 - 2, , - 1949 . .. .. . 1950 200- -022, -2. 1951 . 6250 .. - -2. -2 -95-1 - - 11 1953 . 1953 - . , 1960 - - . - : -014, -020 -018 ( 31603730 3680 ..). -2 - , -12. 12500 .., - = 9,5 - * = 1150 . -12 100- 25 1954 . 19 1956 . - -12 15000 .. -12 -12 - -95, -126, -142, -114, -22 () . . 1950- . -9, -7, 11-300, -3, -7, -12, -20. 1960- 1970- - -20, -30, -30/ , -8-4, -8-2, -144 - -21 27, -29-300. - - = 1220, * = 13501430 . 1970- 1990- -36, -18, -90, - -306, -32, -33 -31, - : = 2037 * = 15001670 , . 42. 1 - 44 1980- - -93 -27 ( ) -41, - . - 1.2.3.3_3. 1.2.3.2 - - (1907-1996 ..) (1911-1998 ..) . . - . (.. 1.2.3.2_1) . , - - S1 W.U.-1 1937 . , , , - - . 22 , (192829 ..), . , 22 , - (193334 ..). . 3 1936 . . . - - -178 27 - 1939 . HeS3B 450 (..1.2.3.2_2). . . (-004, . . 1.2.3.2_3) - - (1900-1994 ..). - . , . 1936 . (. ). - , 1939 . - -004. 1.2.3.2_2 . He-178 HS3B-2 He-162V-1 BMW-003 1.2.3.2_1 . . 43. 1 - 45 . . , - , -004 , - . - 21,2 / * = 3,14 - .. . - 82 %, 7578 %. - 7980 % - AEG (. ). - , . - . -004 1940 ., 1941 . n = 9000 / 430 . 1000 1941 . -004 15 1942 . -100. ( ) - 18 1942 . -262 -004. -004 : - 1941 . - , - 1943 . - . , - , - . . -004 900 1944 . 6424 . -262 (1400 .), -287 234 ( . 1.2.3.2_4). - (-012) 2 . (.) (. . 1.2.3.2_5). BMW Bramo (.) BMW-003 (. . 1.2.3.2_6). -004, - 800 . . BMW-003 , -004 - -162 Ar-234. - ( 1946 .) Snecma 120 BMW Atar-101. 1.2.3.2_3 -004 1.2.3.2_4 Me-262A - -004 Arado-234 BMW-003 -004 44. 1 - 46 1.2.3.2_6 BMW-003 1.2.3.2_5 (-012) 1.2.3.2_7 BMW (BMW-109-028) 45. 1 - 47 1949 BMW - . 260 . 460 BMW-003 - -262 1941 . -262 , . . . - , -004. BMW-003-0 1943 . 700 . BMW-003. 1940 . BMW - BMW-109-028 7900 .. ( .. 1.2.3.2_6). - . (. ) 2. 1.2.3.3 . - ( -004) . - - * = 4 . - . . W.U. (Whittle Unit), 12 1937 ., - 28/39 (. . 1.2.3.3_1) W.1 ( . . 1.2.3.3._2) 15 1941 . . - . , - - , - . W.U.-3 1.2.3.3_1 28/39 -1 1.2.3.3_2 . W.1 W.2B ( 1) 1941 . , 80. - , - - W.2B ( . . 1.2.3.3_1), , - ( ). 5 1943 . - 46. 1 - 48 -1 - W.2B ( 1) 770 - . 1944 . - (. . 1.2.3.3_2). 1943 1954 .. 3875 - . - F2 (. . 1.2.3.3_3), . . - 1940 . 1943 . 975 F2/40 - . 1.2.3.3_3 F2 - - , (1943 .), (1944 .) (1947 .), 1950- ( ) (, ..) , 1.2.3.3_1. - , - 1.2.3.3_2. 1.2.3.3_1 -1 1938. -1 1944. R, 530 1350 550 770 900 800 CR, / 1,43 1,315 1,30 1,12 1,40 1,40 G, / - 31,5 - - 21,2 19 3,2 3,16 - 4,0 3,14 3,10 - - - 0,75 0,78 - - - - 0,87 0,795 - , 940 1050 - - 1048 1023 Z 6 8 1+1 (- ) 1 () 8 () 7 () Z 1 1 1 1 1 1 , - 856 490 410 745 660 ., - 851 790 - 760 690 , - 3860 2700 - 3860 3640 , / - 0,634 0,89 0,53 0,83 0,825 - 1946. (-11) 30 1941. (-280) 5 1943. ( 1) 18 1942. (-262) 6 1944. (-162V-1) W.2B (-) -S8 -0041 BMW-003 (. . ) * * 47. 1 - 49 1.2.3.3_2 .. .. . . . () . (BMW) 1923 () .. (9 ) 1929 1500 .. .. . .. - . . 1930 . ( 16 ) 1933 -1 .. (. ) 1935 -1 -3 1500 .. .. W.U. (Whittle Unit) . 1936 -1 (1 ) . () . . .. 1937 -3. -1 (..) W.U. 1- (12 ) . 600 ( ) BMW 1938 -1 (.. ) W.U. 3- ( ) HeS3B-1 -118 () . . . 1939 -178 HeS3B-2 (27 ) - 004 . 1940 -1 500 . .. - F2 975 (. . .) HeS8 . HeS30 . BMW-109-003 800 (. .). BMW-109-028 7900 .. 1941 -3 ..... ( 22 ) 28/39 W1 563 (. . ) (15 )W1X . 280 HeS8 (30 ) . 262 -004 (18 ) -262 BMW-003 () 1942 -59 W1X (I-A)() HeS30 900 . 109-011 2- - (1+3) =4..5, 2- . ., 13001600 () -262 -109-004-0 840 (18 ) 1943 -30- 80 1400 .... -1 1200 - 1 W2B (Welland) 770 (5 ) F2/40 . () 109-011 (. . . ) BMW-003A-0 (). -004 , 6 ( ) ( 1943 1944). BMW-011 1362 () 1944 -18 ( -1 .. ) 1 (). 2270 1600 (-) 109-011 1300 - 004 -262 234 - 287. 6400 . -004. 1- - 162V-1 BMW-003 (6 ) 48. 1 - 50 1.2.3.3_3 mMmax 0,52,5 2, D (- ) . , , 10 (1000 ). - , .. - , [2.8.2]. , - , - (), . 71. 73 2 - 0,160,21. - 0,10,15. - 0,050,08. , - (1 2 ) . - - . - - ( ). , - . - . 2.2.2 - - , - - - . - - - . - ... . - , - , , . - - . . , .. , . () , - . - ISO 2314: - +15 ; - 760 ..; - 60 %; - , - - - - , , . - - - . - , - 30 350000 (350 ). - : - 30 250 , - - , ; - - 250 10 , - - ; - - 10 60 , - ; - - 60 350 , - ; . , - , - ... . ( - ) , (1 /) - G , (/), //. N = Ne /G . - , - . - - . 72. 2 - 74 - , - () , - - - . 400450 // * = 1700 ( - 25000 ). - - * = 1783 . 300350 // - * = 15001600 . - ... ( ). - N , N , : , , G , /; Hu , /. , G /N , ... : . ... - * * , - - , - . ... - - ..., , (. . 2.2.2_1). - . - , .. ... 2.2.2_1 ... ( ) 73. 75 2 - . , , - . ... - = 0,180,43. , 1 - - . , - , : , - , , , - . . , , - 400450 $/ ( - ~1 ) 170180 $/ ( 3040 ). 2.3 - - : - , , - - . - - , , , - , - , , . 2.3.1 - () , (* , * , m). - - . - (R) (R ), (G. ): . . - - ( ). - , - , , - - . - 0,250,35. , . - - ( ) - H=f(L) (V =const) -- ( 30 ), - ( ). - - ( ), - ( ) () . - - - - . , . - (, APR) ( 530 ). - . - . - , , o, . - , , - t = (+15 0 ) t =(+10 ) . - (- m) - , , , - - (), =0,200,24. - - = 0,951,15 - ( 911 ) = 2,02,2 74. 2 - 76 ( = 1718 ). - - (). 34 - = f(M), : - , - ; - - ; - = 1,61,8 ( - 5- - ). (- ) - , 1015 %. 2.3.1_1. 2.3.1_1 2.3.2 - . , - - . - - , . - . - . - - , - R=(0,250,35)G./n R=(0,80,9)R R.. (0,040,06)R R 0,2R (1,051,1) Rmax . n n : - R =(11,25)G - (/) R=(0,60,7)R : - R.. =(0,850,90)R - (/) R..=(0,60,7) R.. =0; =0,7 =11 ; =0,8; 1,8 (0,190,22) R(=0,=0) G. /( n), =1719 =0 =0 =18 20 =22,5 Rmax=(1,11,15)R (1,071,1) Rmax . () =0 =0; t=+30 =11 =0,8 +10 ( , ) () 75. 77 2 - - . - , - (, - CFM56, - Boeing 737). - - . - , .. , - , - . - . - - - -- - ( , (- ) , , - ). - , - , - - - . - - . ( 17106-90), , , - - . - , , . , , (). , . 2.3.3 - () - . , - - , - - , . , - -- . - . - . , + 45 , + 30 , . 10 % . - - ( - ) . - . - . 20 % - - . - , , , . - , - - , . 20 % - - . - 76. 2 - 78 , - , .. () - 2.5.2. 2.3.4 - - - () - , . 2.3.4.1 - , - . , : - - , ; - : - ; - - ( 60 + 60 ); - - - - ; - - , ; - ; - - ; - , . - - . . - , , ( - - ) . - n H2n+2 , n H2n , n H2n-6 . 85 % 15 % . - , , - 2.3.4.1_1. - . - - . - - , .. . , - 2.3.4.1_2. - : ( ), ( -). - - - ( - ), () . - - -1 2.3.4.1_3. , , , ( - 1,4 ; - 4 ), - . , - - (- -, - 2.3.4.1_1 -1 -6 , -8 -8, -1 -8, -6, -2 -2, -6 -1 77. 79 2 - 2.3.4.1_2 , -1 10227-86 100, 120 ( ). JET A-1; JP-8; ATF type JET A-1; Turbo Fuel A-1 -2 10227-86 JP-4 10227-86 ( ). , JET A-1; PT; N3; PL-6 -6 12308-89 300 . . . -8 12308-89 250 . . . 100, 120 -1 (410) (38) (4) (2) , / 0,788 0,601 0,582 0,424 0,071 ( ), ~ 410 -0,5 -42 -162 -253 : , / 43300 45640 46380 50060 121020 , / 34120 27430 26990 21220 8590 : , % 85 82,7 81,7 75 - , % 15 17,3 18,3 25 100 2.3.4.1_3 78. 2 - 80 .), - - . - .. (. - ). 1988 . -155 -88 - , 1989 . - . - - , . 2.3.4.2 - , , - . - : - - ; - ; - , , , ; - . - - . - - : - - , - ( , - -8 38 1011181-88 150 . -8, Aeroshell Turbine Oil 3SP; Turbonycoil 321; Mobil Turbo 319A-2 -8 38.01163-78 150 . , , . 40 HP-8 -7,5 38 101722-85 150 , , . -8 38.301-19-59-95 150 . -8 -20 21743-76 250 . , . -8 2.3.4.2_1 79. 81 2 - ); - - - , - - ; - ; - ; 2.3.4.2_2 . , - -10 38 1011299-90 200 , . - . Turbonycoil 210A; Mobil Turbo 319A-2 50-1-4 13076-86 200 , . -10 Turbonycoil 210A; Mobil Turbo 319A-2; Aeroshell Turbine Oil 390 50-1-4 38.401-58-12-91 200 . 50-1-4, Castrol AERO 325; Exxon Turbo Oil 2389; Ayrex S Turbo 256; Mobil Jet Oil 11; Exxon Turbo Oil 2380; Aeroshell Turbine Oil 560; Turbonycoil 525-2A; Turbonycoil 600 -240 301-04-010-92 175 -3 38 101295-85 175 , , -301 38 101657-85 250 . - -225 38.401-58-1-90 225 , . 38.401-58-245-99 175 - ; - - ; - ; - . - - - . 80. 2 - 82 . - - - - , , - .. - - , . - , , . - 150 . , - - 2.3.4.2_1. . - - , - , , , . , , - . - - , , . - , - 2.3.4.2_2. 2.3.4.3 - - . - - , , . - , , . - , - - (). - [2.8.3]: - , - - , ; - - ; - ; - ; - , - , - , ; - . - - 2.3.4.3_1. -10 6794-75 , -2. , -60+150 . -4 38 101740-80 , , -55+125 . . 200 -5 38.401-58-57-93 , , , -60+150 . . 2.3.4.3_1 81. 2 - 83 2.3.5 2.3.5.1 , - : - , , - , - . . 2.3.5.1.1 , 100000 ; - (100000). - : 100000 = 100000N / t , N - (- , - ) - ; t - c - , . - , : = 100000 / 100000 . 100000 (). (25, 33) 0,03 ( >3,3 .). , 1000 (1000 ). , (T). 1000 : 1000 = 1000N / t , N - , - - - ; tC - - , . , - : = 1000 / 100000 . , , - ( - ). 1000 0,02 - . 2.3.5.1.2 , - 1000 (1000 ). - : 1000 = 1000N / t , N - - ; t - - , . 1000 1000SV , . - , , . : = 1000 / 1000 - - ( ) . - - 82. 2 - 84 - - . , . - , - , . - : = (1 N / N )100% N - - 15 - , ; N - . - - . 99,98% - . 2.3.5.2 - () . 2.3.5.2.1 - , - . - , - . : - ; - - - - ; - - , - , ; - - - ; - - ; - , - , , , - ( - ); - - ; - - , - ; - - ; - ; - ; - - - ; - ; - ; - ; - , - , , ; - - , ; - - - ; - - . 2.3.5.2.2 - , , : - - ; - - , - ; - ; 83. 2 - 85 - , - ; - - ; - - , , , , ; - , . 2.3.6 - - , - , - - , - . - , . , - . - . . - . 2.3.6.1 - - () - . - () - . - , - . - - . 1 . 1 - . - , - - . - . - . - - - . , () - ( 105) . - ( ). - - , , - - . - , . 1 - - . - , . . , - , - - . - - . 84. 2 - 86 . - , , .. . - - , - . - , - . - - . - - , , - , - . - - ( 2) - (- 3). 2.3.6.2 - 1 - - () . - , . 2 3 , - . - , , ( ). . - - . - , ( - ), -