Motivation: Drives, Hunger, and Motivation: Drives, Hunger, and the Hierarchy of Needsthe Hierarchy of Needs

Motivation Guides BehaviorMotivation Guides BehaviorMotivation:Motivation: is a stimulus that is a stimulus that

directs behavior.directs behavior.Behavior is guided by both Behavior is guided by both

physiological and psychological physiological and psychological needs/desires.needs/desires.

What types of things motivate us?What types of things motivate us?

major theories of major theories of MOTIVATIONMOTIVATION

•Instinct / Evolutionary Instinct / Evolutionary PerspectivePerspective•Drive Reduction Drive Reduction •IncentiveIncentive•Arousal TheoryArousal Theory•Maslow’s hierarchy of needsMaslow’s hierarchy of needs

InstinctInstinct(Motivational Theory # 1)(Motivational Theory # 1)

Refers to inherited Refers to inherited patterns of behavior patterns of behavior that are unlearned. that are unlearned. Mostly common in Mostly common in species other than species other than humans. humans.

Ex:Ex: Imprinting Imprinting

IMPRINTING: :

Owen the baby hippo & Mzee, the 130-year-old Owen the baby hippo & Mzee, the 130-year-old tortoisetortoise

the process by which animals form attachments during a limited critical period early in life

IMPRINTINGIMPRINTING

Tink the dachsand & her piglet “puppy”, Pink.

InstinctInstinct(Motivational Theory #1)(Motivational Theory #1)

+ Provides survival + Provides survival valuevalue

–– Doesn’t meet the Doesn’t meet the complexity of most complexity of most human behaviorhuman behavior

Internal MotivationInternal Motivation

How do you know How do you know when you when you needneed a a glass of water?glass of water?

Need:Need: a situation a situation where you require where you require something we lack. something we lack.

Alive

This Feeling of Thirstiness This Feeling of Thirstiness Creates a DriveCreates a Drive

Drive:Drive: caused by some need. caused by some need. Ex:Ex: Thirst or hunger Thirst or hunger

Drives motivate us to do behave in a certain Drives motivate us to do behave in a certain way. way.

The goal of our body according to some The goal of our body according to some

psychologists, is to ELIMINATE all drives so that psychologists, is to ELIMINATE all drives so that we can experience we can experience homeostasishomeostasis: a balanced : a balanced or constant internal state that the body or constant internal state that the body regulates.regulates.

Drive Reduction Theory Drive Reduction Theory (Motivational Theory # 2)(Motivational Theory # 2)

Drive Reduction Theory:Drive Reduction Theory: idea that idea that physiological (biological) physiological (biological) needsneeds create create drivesdrives which motivates an organism to satisfy the which motivates an organism to satisfy the need.need.

Ex: Thirstiness (physiological need) creates Ex: Thirstiness (physiological need) creates tension state (drive) which motivates you to get tension state (drive) which motivates you to get water.water.

After you drink, the drive is reduced and you After you drink, the drive is reduced and you are closer to homeostasis. are closer to homeostasis.

Drive Reduction Theory Drive Reduction Theory (Motivational Theory 2)(Motivational Theory 2)

+ Primary drives + Primary drives satisfiedsatisfied

++ Homeostasis for bio Homeostasis for bio needsneeds

–– Does not account for Does not account for secondary motivessecondary motives

Drive Reduction Theory Drive Reduction Theory (Motivational Theory #2)(Motivational Theory #2)

Examples of secondary Examples of secondary motives:motives:

curiositycuriosity sensation seekingsensation seeking playplay achievementachievement affiliationaffiliation PowerPower

Drive Reduction Theory does not explain why we want these things!

Incentive TheoryIncentive Theory(Motivational Theory #3)(Motivational Theory #3)

Incentives Theory:Incentives Theory: a positive or a positive or negative ENVIRONMENTAL (has to be negative ENVIRONMENTAL (has to be external) stimulus motivates behavior. external) stimulus motivates behavior.

Incentives are not “needs”.Incentives are not “needs”.Ex: money, etc.Ex: money, etc.

Contrasting approachesContrasting approaches

Drive reduction Drive reduction theorytheory

• 5 hours since last 5 hours since last mealmeal

• HungerHunger

• internalinternal

Incentive theoryIncentive theory

• Ice cream truckIce cream truck

• Palatability Palatability (good (good tasting)tasting)

• externalexternal

Exploration ScaleExploration Scale

Arousal Theory Arousal Theory (Motivational Theory #4)(Motivational Theory #4)

Based on 2 basic ideas:Based on 2 basic ideas: Individuals perform tasks at different Individuals perform tasks at different

levels of arousal (wakefulness/stress).levels of arousal (wakefulness/stress). Each individual seeks to find its Each individual seeks to find its

optimal level of arousaloptimal level of arousal to perform to perform tasks and tasks and to avoid boredom. to avoid boredom.

People with high levels of optimal

arousal may be more susceptible to thrill seeking activities while those with low levels may seek out more relaxing quiet activities..

We are motivated to do some We are motivated to do some things to maintain our arousal. things to maintain our arousal.

Babies Explore their surroundings out of curiosity.

Monkeys Illustrating Optimal Monkeys Illustrating Optimal ArousalArousal

Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs(Motivation Theory 5)(Motivation Theory 5)

Physical Needs Physical Needs at bottom must at bottom must be met first.be met first.

Psychological Psychological goals come goals come after…ultimate after…ultimate goal is goal is self self actualization.actualization.

Quick Review: Why Do We Eat?Quick Review: Why Do We Eat?

Incentive TheoryIncentive Theory would argue:would argue:

Drive Reduction TheoryDrive Reduction Theory would would argue:argue:

Optimal Arousal TheoryOptimal Arousal Theory would would argue:argue:

Time’s Affect on HungerTime’s Affect on HungerMemory of our last meal can also affect Memory of our last meal can also affect

hunger along with our schedule of when hunger along with our schedule of when we usually eat.we usually eat.Ex. Amnesia Patients who cannot remember their last meal will readily eat another meal soon after the previous one.

Learning (External Environment) Learning (External Environment) and Hungerand Hunger

If good eating habits are positively If good eating habits are positively reinforced and bad habits punished, reinforced and bad habits punished, children will often eat healthy. Type of children will often eat healthy. Type of conditioning?conditioning?

People can also develop taste aversions People can also develop taste aversions due to certain associations. due to certain associations.

Ex:Ex: chemotherapy patients. chemotherapy patients.Modeling:Modeling: imitation of healthy or poor imitation of healthy or poor

eating habits can effect a child’s eating.eating habits can effect a child’s eating.Ex: Parents Eat Junk FoodEx: Parents Eat Junk Food

Culture’s Influence on EatingCulture’s Influence on EatingAlthough our preferences for sweet and Although our preferences for sweet and

salty foods are genetic and universal, our salty foods are genetic and universal, our culture’s eating norms affect our specific culture’s eating norms affect our specific eating habits. eating habits.

Monkey Stew is a popular dish in some Eastern cultures. This steak would seem repulsive to

eat to most Hindus.

Reinforcements Influence on Reinforcements Influence on EatingEating

Example: May finish Example: May finish your vegetables to your vegetables to stop your mom from stop your mom from nagging you or to nagging you or to make your grandma make your grandma happy.happy.

If you eat brussel If you eat brussel sprouts, you get sprouts, you get dessertdessert

Culture’s Influence on Eating Culture’s Influence on Eating (disorders)(disorders)

Many argue the impossible standards of Many argue the impossible standards of beauty put out by popular culture has beauty put out by popular culture has lead to an increase in eating disorders:lead to an increase in eating disorders:

Anorexia Nervosa:Anorexia Nervosa: eating disorder in eating disorder in which a normal-weight person diets and which a normal-weight person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet becomes significantly underweight, yet still feels fat and starves themselves.still feels fat and starves themselves.

Bulimia Nervosa:Bulimia Nervosa: an eating disorder an eating disorder usually characterized by excessive eating usually characterized by excessive eating followed by vomiting.followed by vomiting.

Changing Beauty Standards Changing Beauty Standards Correlate with Eating DisordersCorrelate with Eating Disorders

KATE MOSSMARILYN MONROEIDEAL UNTIL 1900’S

Anorexia Often Ends In DeathAnorexia Often Ends In Death

Women’s Distorted Ideals Women’s Distorted Ideals of Body Imageof Body Image

Thinnest Women’sideal

What womenbelieved men

preferred

What menactually

preferred

Women’scurrent

body image

Fattest

Achievement MotivationAchievement Motivation

Achievement Motivation: desire to Achievement Motivation: desire to accomplish things and attaining a accomplish things and attaining a high standard. high standard.

2 Types of Achievement Motivation: 2 Types of Achievement Motivation:

1.1. Intrinsic Motivation:Intrinsic Motivation: performing performing task for its own sake.task for its own sake.

2.2. Extrinsic Motivation:Extrinsic Motivation: performing performing task because of you will receive task because of you will receive rewards or punishments. rewards or punishments.

Intrinsic vs. ExtrinsicIntrinsic vs. Extrinsic

Mom: “I’ll give you $5 for every A.’’Controlling reward

Child: “As long as she pays, I’ll study.’’Extrinsic motivation

Mom: “Your grades were great! Let’s celebrate by going out for dinner.’’Informative reward

Child: “I love doing well.’’Intrinsic motivation

What types of tasks do people What types of tasks do people with high achievement with high achievement

challenge themselves with? challenge themselves with?

A. Very EasyA. Very EasyB. Moderately B. Moderately

EasyEasyC. ModerateC. ModerateD. Moderately D. Moderately

DifficultDifficultE. Very Difficult E. Very Difficult