motivation by sohail arif

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MotivationSohail Arif

Hamza

Zaka Akhtar



Motivation

• Motivation is a term that refers to a processthat controls, and sustains certain behaviors.There are two types of motivation

Extrinsic Motivation.

Doing something that you have to.Intrinsic Motivation.

Doing something that you want to.



Motivational Theories

There are three groups of motivationaltheories

Internal theoriesExternal theoriesProcess theories



Internal Theories

• Internal TheoriesSuggest that variables within the individual give rise to

motivation and behaviorFor Example: Maslow’s hierarchy of needs Theory,

ERG Theory.



Maslow’s Needs Theory According to Maslow theory he says thatpeople are motivated by five needs that aretriggered in a hierarchical order.

• Lower-level needs must be satisfied beforehigher-level needs become motivators.

• A need that is satisfied no longer motivates.• There are more ways to satisfy higher-level

than there are ways to satisfy lower-levelneeds.



Maslow’s Needs Theory Hierarchy

Social

Safety

Physiological

Self-Actualisation

Esteem

S-A



Maslow’s Needs Theory

1. Biological and Physiological needs - air, food, drink, warmth, sleep, etc.

2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, limits,

stability, etc.

3. Social Needs- work group, family, affection, relationships, etc.

4. Esteem needs - self-esteem, achievement, mastery, independence, status,

dominance, prestige, managerial responsibility, etc.

5. Self-Actualization needs - realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment,

seeking personal growth and peak experiences.



ERG Theory (Introduction)

To address some of the limitation of Maslow theory

as a theory of motivation, Clayton Alderfer

proposed the ERG theory, ERG stand for existence,

relatedness and growth. which is similar to the

Maslow need hierarchy theory. it also describe

needs as a hierarchy though there are some commonaspects between Maslow needs theory and ERG

theory , but it also has differences in some important

aspects.



ERG Theory

ERG Theory:

ERG theory suggested that movement between the

need levels is not necessarily straightforward.

Failure to meet a higher- level need could cause an

individual to go back to a lower-level need.



Hierarchy of ERG Theory



External Theories

• External Theories:

Focus on environmental elements to explain behaviorFor Example: Herzberg's Two-factor theory



Herzberg's Two-factor theory

Motivation theory which argues that the factors which cause satisfaction on the job are differentthan those which cause dissatisfaction.



The Two Factors of Herzberg's

TheoryHygiene Factor - work condition related todissatisfaction caused by discomfort or pain

▫ maintenance factor

▫ contributes to employee’s feeling not dissatisfied ▫ contributes to absence of complaints

Motivation Factor - work condition related tothe satisfaction of the need for psychologicalgrowth

▫ job enrichment▫ leads to superior performance & effort



Dissatisfaction

and

demotivation

Not dissatisfied

but

not motivated

Positive

satisfaction

and motivation

Hygiene Factors

•Company policies

•Quality of supervision•Relations with others

•Personal life

•Rate of pay

•Job security

•Working conditions

Motivational Factors

• Achievement

•Career advancement

•Personal growth

•Job interest

•Recognition

•Responsibility

Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory



Process Theories

• Process Theories:

Emphasize the nature of the interaction betweenthe individual and the environmentFor Example: Equity theory



Equity Theory

Equity Theory

• The core of the equity theory is the principleof balance or equity. As per this motivationtheory, an individual’s motivation level iscorrelated to his perception of equity, fairnessand justice practiced by the management.

Higher is individual’s perception of fairness,greater is the motivation level and vice versa.



Assumptions of the Equity Theory

1.The theory demonstrates that the individuals areconcerned both with their own rewards and also with

what others get in their comparison.2.Employees expect a fair and equitable return for theircontribution to their jobs.

3.Employees decide what their equitable return should be

after comparing their inputs and outcomes with thoseof their

colleagues.



Assumptions of the Equity Theory4.Employees who perceive themselves as being in an

inequitable scenario will attempt to reduce the inequity

either by distorting inputs and/or outcomespsychologically, by directly altering inputs and/oroutputs, or by quitting the organization.



Relation Equity

• Relation Equity

• A relationship is formed based on theexpectations of potential cost and rewards

However, can having a fixed set of expectationall the time be the possible factor inundermining the equity of the relationship



Other Theories

• There are other theories of motivation as well,such as

McGregor Theory of Needs.



McGregor Theory of Needs

McGregor Theory of Needs Says that for understanding needs in people,

whichholds significance in understanding motivations

and behaviors. It is subdivided into three categories

oThe Need for AchievementoThe Need for AffiliationoThe Need for Power.



McGregor Theory of Needs

• Need for Achievement refers to the notion of getting ahead and succeeding.

• Need for Affiliation is the desire to be aroundpeople and be well-received socially.

• Need for Power is the desire for control over

others and over yourself.



Theory X assumptions, management's roleand control employees

• People have an inherent dislike for work and willavoid it whenever possible.

• People must be controlled, directed, orthreatened with punishment in order to get themto

achieve the organizational objectives.• People prefer to be directed, do not want

responsibility, and have little or no ambition.

• People seek security above all else.



Theory Y assumptions, management's roleis to develop the potential in employees

• Work is as natural as play and rest.

• People will exercise self-direction if they arecommitted to the objectives.

• Commitment to objectives is a function of therewards associated with their achievement.

• People learn to accept and seek responsibility.• People have potential.

motivation by sohail arif

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