mother’s antenatal depression and their children’s antisocial outcomes

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Mother’s Antenatal depression and their children’s antisocial outcomes Fangnania T Rumthe 69080081

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Page 1: Mother’s Antenatal depression and their children’s antisocial outcomes

Mother’s Antenatal depression and their children’s antisocial outcomes

Fangnania T Rumthe69080081

Page 2: Mother’s Antenatal depression and their children’s antisocial outcomes

BackGround• It has been shown that the mother’s mental health

problems in pregnancy predict disruptive behavior disorders in offspring. In particular, the mother’s symptoms of anxiety predict behavioral problems (O’Connor, Heron, Golding, Beveridge, & Glover, 2002) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (Van den Bergh & Marcoen, 2004; Van den Bergh, Mennes, et al., 2005; Van den Bergh, Mulder, Mennes, & Glover, 2005; Van den Bergh et al., 2006).

• In a large Finnish cohort, mothers’ reports of depression during pregnancy predicted antisocial behavior in their adult offspring 30 years later (Maki et al., 2003).

• Although these studies have found evidence for an association between mothers’ mental health problems in pregnancy and children’s outcomes, it is not clear whether that association reflects a direct effect of the mother’s mental state on the fetus or whether it is accounted for by other social and biological processes.

Page 3: Mother’s Antenatal depression and their children’s antisocial outcomes

LATAR BELAKANG• Beberapa penelitian sebelumnya menyatakan

bahwa masalah kesehatan mental ibu pada masa kehamilan memungkinkan gangguan perilaku pada keturunannya.

• Penelitian tersebut memperoleh bukti akan adanya gabungan antara masalah kesehatan mental ibu dalam masa kehamilan dan hasil perilaku anaknya namun tidak jelas apakah gabungan ini merefleksikan akibat langsung dari keberadaan mental ibu pada janin atau di akibatkan oleh proses sosial dan biologis lainnya.

Page 4: Mother’s Antenatal depression and their children’s antisocial outcomes

Purpose • The original purpose of the study was to identify the

environmental predictors of women’s physical and mental health in pregnancy and the first year postpartum (Sharp, 1993).

• The aim of our study was to describe such accumulation of risks for antisocial behavior from the mother’s pregnancy to 16 years of age in a population of British children who reside in relatively disadvantaged urban communities and are therefore already at general environmental risk for antisocial behavior, psychopathology, and poor educational and occupational outcomes.

• Thus, in the present study, we examine the effects of depression in pregnancy on violent and nonviolent antisocial behavior in adolescence while controlling for general environmental adversity, cumulative exposure to maternal mental illness, substance use in pregnancy, and parents’ antisocial behavior.

Page 5: Mother’s Antenatal depression and their children’s antisocial outcomes

TUJUAN PENELITIAN• Tujuan Awal : Mengidentifikasi kemungkinan faktor

lingkungan dari kesehatan mental dan fisik perempuan dalam masa kehamilan dan satu tahun sesudah melahirkan

• Tujuan 1 : Menggambarkan resiko akumulasi perilaku antisosial dari masa kehamilan sampai usia 16 th dalam populasi anak2 Inggris yg tinggal di komunitas urban yang kurang beruntung, berada pada resiko lingkungan terdapat perilaku antisosial , psikopatologi, serta berpendidikan dan pendapatan rendah.

• Tujuan 2 : Menguji akibat depresi kehamilan pada perilaku antisosial remaja (dengan/atau tanpa kekerasan) sambil mengontrol kondisi lingkungan buruk, penyakit mental ibu, penggunaan drug selama hamil dan perilaku antisosial orang tua

Page 6: Mother’s Antenatal depression and their children’s antisocial outcomes

Significance

• A focus on mothers’ history of conduct problems and depression during pregnancy, as opposed to broader measures of the social environment, would hold promise for more targeted early interventions to prevent the development of serious antisocial behavior.

Page 7: Mother’s Antenatal depression and their children’s antisocial outcomes

MANFAAT PENELITIAN

• Tidak di sebutkan secara eksplisit namun berdasarkan hasil penelitian pada bagian akhir disebutkan bahwa perlu adanya target lebih pada intervensi awal untuk mencegah berkembangnya perilaku antisosial yang serius

Page 8: Mother’s Antenatal depression and their children’s antisocial outcomes

TINJAUAN PUSTAKA• Penulis hanya menggunakan 6 literatur

pada bagian awal untuk menjelaskan secara umum hubungan masalah mental ibu ketika mengandung dengan perilaku keturunan yang kacau (disorder).

• Untuk selanjutnya tinjauan pustaka yang diberikan menunjukkan bukti-bukti yang di ajukan demi mendukung kebenaran hipotesis alternatif awal yang kemudian akan di uji kembali dengan lebih spesifik.

• Presentase sumber primer : 50 % (28/53)

Page 9: Mother’s Antenatal depression and their children’s antisocial outcomes

Hypothesis• Hypothesis 1: The mother’s depression in pregnancy

has direct effects on the developing fetus.• Hypothesis 2: The link between antenatal symptoms

and antisocial behavior is explained by preexisting environmental adversity.

• Hypothesis 3: The link between antenatal depression and antisocial outcomes is explained by re-exposure to maternal depression.

• Hypothesis 4: The mother’s illness has indirect effects on the developing fetus that are mediated by her substance use in pregnancy.

• Hypothesis 5: Many children whose mothers experience depression in pregnancy are already at familial risk for antisocial behavior.

Page 10: Mother’s Antenatal depression and their children’s antisocial outcomes

HIPOTESIS1. Depresi ibu ketika hamil memiliki akibat

langsung pada perkembangan fetus.2. Hubungan antara gejala antenatal dan

perilaku antisosial dijelaskan oleh lingkungan buruk yg telah ada lebih dulu.

3. Hubungan antara depresi antenatal dan hasil antisosial di jelaskan oleh depresi ibu yang di exposure kembali.

4. Kesakitan ibu berdampak tidak langsung pada perkembangan fetus di fasilitasi oleh penggunaan drugs selama kehamilan.

5. Banyak anak yang ibunya mengalami depresi ketika hamil telah berada pada keluarga beresiko perilaku antisosial.

Page 11: Mother’s Antenatal depression and their children’s antisocial outcomes

METODE• Penelitian ini merupakan sebuah studi longitudinal

dilakukan selama 16 thn di London Selatan• Subjek :

– Karakteristik umum populasi merupakan komunitas urban yang kurang beruntung, lingkungan yang beresiko perilaku antisosial, psikopatologi dan berpendidikan serta pendapatan yang rendah.

– Jumlah populasi tidak di sebutkan• Penentuan Sample : Sample diambil secara acak yaitu 178

perempuan yg terdata sebagai pasien antenatal di National Health Service.

• 178 ibu hamil 9 keguguran, meninggal, lahir mati, 7 pindah, 1 dirawat panti sosial, 10 menolak berpartisipasi = sisa 151

• 151 cases (89%), pada thn ke-16 sebanyak 137 keluarga terus berpartisipasi (91%)

• Setelah menguji kelengkapan informasi : sisa 120 keluarga (80% dari 151 kk)

Page 12: Mother’s Antenatal depression and their children’s antisocial outcomes

PROSEDUR

Pregnancy PostNatalKunj 1 Kunj

2Kunj 3 Kunj 4 Kunj 5 Kunj 6 Kunj 7

14<…<20 weeks

36 weeks

3 months

12 months

4 th 11 th At school

16 th

Interview by 2 doctors Interview by different researcher

Mothers provided sociodemographic information

Page 13: Mother’s Antenatal depression and their children’s antisocial outcomes

INSTRUMEN(MENGUKUR) Maternal

PsychopathologyKunj 1 Kunj 2 Kunj 3 Kunj 4 Kunj 5 Kunj 6 Kunj 7

14<…<20

weeks

36 weeks

3 months

12 months

4 th 11 th At

school

16 th

Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS) Schedule of Affective Disorder n Schizophrenia

(SADS-L)ICD-9 diagnosa depresi n kecemasan

Current mental states of mother

Kappa Koefisien.80

Diagnosa di buat oleh psikiater using Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC)

Page 14: Mother’s Antenatal depression and their children’s antisocial outcomes

INSTRUMEN• Mengukur faktor resiko sosiodemografis

karakteristik lingkungan keluarga interview thdp hal2 al : kelas sosial ibu, pendidikan ibu, background budaya, umur ibu ketika melahirkan dll

• Mengukur kemampuan intelektual ibu (4 th, 11th, 16th ) using Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

• Mengukur jumlah rokok n minuman selama kehamilan laporan ibu # rokok n # minuman

• Mengukur Perilaku antisosial ibu SADS-L; ada 10 item scala al: bolos, diusir dr sekolah, melanggar aturan, mencuri, berbohong, vandalism, underage alcohol use, underage sex n juvenille arrest Cronbach α = .75

• Mengukur father’s history of arrest interview• Mengukur perilaku antisosial remaja CAPA (Child

and Adolosence Psychiatric Assessment) info ttg gejala DSM-IV

Page 15: Mother’s Antenatal depression and their children’s antisocial outcomes

HASIL

• Perilaku antisosial pada remaja tidak signifikan associated dengan laporan gejala kecemasan ibu semasa kehamilan.

Page 16: Mother’s Antenatal depression and their children’s antisocial outcomes

HASIL

• Remaja yg melakukan kekerasan tidak berbeda signifikan dengan remaja lain sehubungan dgn pendidikan ibu, etnis atau IQ ibu tetapi lebih kepada lahir pada ortu yg tidak menikah.

Page 17: Mother’s Antenatal depression and their children’s antisocial outcomes

Result• Antenatal exposure to cigarette smoking and alcohol

did not predict antisocial outcomes for the children.• The mothers of antisocial teenagers had not smoked

significantly more cigarettes per day and had not drunk significantly more units of alcohol per week, than other mothers in the sample (see Table 4).

• Similarly, the mothers of adolescents who had shown violent behavior had not been significantly more likely to smoke or drink alcohol in pregnancy (see Table 5).

• When fetal exposure to cigarette smoking and alcohol was taken into account, depression in pregnancy continued to predict antisocial behavior,

Page 18: Mother’s Antenatal depression and their children’s antisocial outcomes

HASIL• Antenatal Exposure pada merokok dan

minum alkohol tidak memprediksikan hasil antisosial pada anak.

• Ibu yg memiliki anak anti sosial tidak merokok dan minum alkohol dalam jumlah signifikan.

• Demikian juga, ibu dengan remaja yang melakukan kekerasan tidak minum alkohol dan merokok dlm jumlah signifikan

• Akan tetapi ketika fetal exposure pada merokok dan minum alkohol di perhitungkan, depresi kehamilan menjadi prediksi perilaku antisosial.

Page 19: Mother’s Antenatal depression and their children’s antisocial outcomes

Discussion• In general, mothers’ depression in pregnancy placed

their children at a twofold risk for antisocial outcomes, and at a fourfold risk for violent behavior, even when the alternative explanations were taken into account. (Menjawab tujuan penulisan 1)

• The influence of depression in pregnancy was not explained by other environmental risk factors at The time of the pregnancy, or by exposure to the mother’s illness at later time points, or by the mother’s smoking cigarettes and drinking alcohol during the pregnancy

• the findings suggest that there was indeed an association between depression in pregnancy and violent antisocial behavior that was not explained by the competing hypotheses that were tested. (Menjawab tujuan penulisan 2)

Page 20: Mother’s Antenatal depression and their children’s antisocial outcomes

DISKUSI & KESIMPULAN• Secara umum, depresi kehamilan ibu menempatkan

anak pada resiko 2 kali lipat akan hasil anti sosial dan resiko 4 kali lipat pada perilaku kekerasan. (Menjawab tujuan penulisan 1)

• Pengaruh depresi kehamilan tidak di jelaskan oleh faktor resiko lingkungan pada masa kehamilan atau kesakitan ibu pada masa kunjungan atau konsumsi rokok dan minuman alkohol

• Temuan menjelaskan bahwa benar terdapat association antara depresi kehamilan dan perilaku kekerasan antisosial yang tidak di jelaskan oleh hipotesis yang telah di uji. (Menjawab tujuan penulisan 2)

Page 21: Mother’s Antenatal depression and their children’s antisocial outcomes

Discussion• Our data show that depression in pregnancy is a potent predictor of

antisocial outcomes, particularly overtly violent behavior, but donot specify the underlying biological and psychological processes that are involved.

• Limitations:– One major limitation of our study is the absence of information

about fetal growth and neuroendocrine measures on mother and child.

– The socioeconomic characteristics of the SLCDS population may be seen as a limitation of the study. However, by drawing a random sample from a representative population that was at elevated risk for antisocial outcomes, we controlled for many of the broader environmental risk factors that are associated with antisocial behavior in more heterogeneous samples.

– Another limitation of the study was its relatively small sample size; the design did not have the statistical power to detect small effects of antenatal influences that have been documented in larger surveys. For example, in this sample, neither smoking nor drinking in pregnancy exerted detectable effects on antisocial outcomes, and did not explain the association with antenatal depression.

• In the future, it mightbe helpful to test fetal programming hypotheses with respect to different categories of symptoms rather than a general diagnosis of CD or a summary measure of externalizing behaviors.

Page 22: Mother’s Antenatal depression and their children’s antisocial outcomes

DISKUSI & KESIMPULAN• Data temuan menunjukkan bahwa depressi

kehamilan menjadi prediktor potensial hasil antisosial, terutama perilaku kekerasan tetapi tidak spesifik mendasari proses psikologis dan biologis yg ada.

• Limitations :– Tidak adanya informasi ttg perkembangan fetal dan

ukuran neurondokrin pada ibu dan anak– Karakteristik sosioekonomis populasi– Ukuran sample, desain tidak memiliki kekuatan

statistik untuk mendeteksi efek kecil pada pengaruh antenatal yang didokumentasikan dalam survey lebih besar.

• In the future : Menguji hipotesis fetal programming

Page 23: Mother’s Antenatal depression and their children’s antisocial outcomes

KESIMPULAN• Temuan penelitian menguatkan hasil studi

sebelumnya.• Hipotesis yang di ajukan tidak menjawab

hubungan variabel yang di teliti.• Hubungan kedua variable terbukti namun perlu

di uji lagi dengan menggunakan hipotesis lain. (Fetal Programming)

• Jumlah sample tidak mewakili populasi.

Page 24: Mother’s Antenatal depression and their children’s antisocial outcomes

Conclusion• In sum, by testing a series of alternative hypotheses,

we have identified two maternal variables that, in combination, led to high rates of antisocial behavior, and violence in particular. The importance of the additive risk of maternal conduct problems and antenatal depression was replicated across two different analytic approaches, logistic regression models and second-order Markov chain analysis. Although the relatively small sample size limited our ability to detect all risk factors that exert small effects on the development of antisocial behavior, the availability of detailed information on an initially random sample of mothers and children studied for 16 years provided a vivid picture of the challenges faced by the children of mothers with a history of conduct problems and lifelong depressive illness.

Page 25: Mother’s Antenatal depression and their children’s antisocial outcomes

ABSTRACT• Masalah :

– Menggambarkan resiko akumulasi perilaku antisosial dari masa kehamilan sampai usia 16 th

– Menguji akibat depresi kehamilan pada perilaku antisosial remaja (dengan/atau tanpa kekerasan)

• Deskripsi besar dan tipe subjek maupun instrumen:– Subjek Populasi komunitas urban, berpendidikan dan pendapatan

rendah, keluarga pekerja dan etnis minoritas– Instrumen yg di gunakan adalah interview yang sudah di jamin

validitas dan reliabilitasnya seperti : CIS (Clinical Interview Schedule), SADS-L, CAPA, WAIS

• Deskripsi prosedur:– Merupakan studi longitudinal selama 16 thn, dimana partisipant

di ikuti mulai dari masa kehamilan, sampai anaknya berusia 16 dengan jumlah kunjungan 7 kali yaitu 4 kali pada masa kehamilan dan 3 kali pada masa adolesence

• Hasil utama dan kesimpulan yang dinyatakan kembali:– Depresi kehamilan signifikan memprediksikan kekerasan pada

remaja dan ibu dengan masalah perilaku beresiko mengalami depresi pada masalah kehamilan dan akhirnya anaknya akan melakukan kekerasan pada usia 16 thn.

Page 26: Mother’s Antenatal depression and their children’s antisocial outcomes

Thank You