monsanto profile eu

7/28/2019 Monsanto Profile Eu

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A CORPORATE PROFILE


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About Food & Water EuropeFood & Water Europe is the European program of Food &

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the United States that works to ensure the food, water and

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Food & Water Europe

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[email protected]

www.foodandwatereurope.org

Copyright April 2013 by Food & Water Europe.

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Execuive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Inroducion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Company Hisory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Modern-Day Monsano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Monsantos Environmental Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Market Share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Figure 1. TIMELINE: A Seleced Hisory o Monsano . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Inluence on Governmen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Figure 2. Monsanos Inerlocking Board Members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Figure 3. Monsanos Revolving Door . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10

Aggressive Tacics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

PR Masterminds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11

Litigation Against Farmers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12

Corporate Lawsuits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Buying Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Global Reach. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15

Recommendaions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

Market Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Genetically Engineered Crops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19

Endnoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

A CORPORATE PROFILE


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2 Food & Water Watch tXXXGPPEBOEXBUFSXBUDIPSH

You know who Monsano is. Even i you don recog-

nize he company name, youve come across some

o is producs: maybe youve used Roundup weed

killer on your grass or garden, youve heard abou he

debae over reaing cows wih he ariicial growh

hormone rBGH, youre worried abou geneically

modiied organisms in your ood, or youve learnedabou he U.S. miliarys use o he oxic herbicide

Agen Orange during he Vienam War. These may

no seem relaed, bu hey all are a major par o

Monsanos legacy.

The agriculure and lie sciences company hasknown oday as Monsano is only a recen develop-men. Mos o Monsanos hisory is seeped in heavyindusrial chemical producion a legacy ha is

exremely a odds wih he environmenally riendly,eed-he-world image ha he company spendsmillions rying o convey.

Executive Summary

GROUNDS OF THE MONSANTO CHEMICAL COMPANY; NITRO, WEST VIRGINIA, 1973 / PHOTO COURTESY OF U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY


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Monsantot"$PSQPSBUF1SPMF 3

IntroductionMonsano is a global agriculural bioechnology

company ha specializes in geneically modiied (GM)

seeds and herbicides, mos noably Roundup herbi-

cide and GM Roundup Ready seed.1 GM seeds have

been alered wih insered geneic maerial o exhibi

rais ha repel pess or wihsand he applicaion o

herbicides. In 2009, in he Unied Saes alone, nearlyall (93 percen) o soybeans and our-ifhs (80 percen)

o corn were grown wih seeds conaining Monsano-

paened geneics.2 The companys power and inluence

aecs no only he global agriculural indusry, bu

also poliical campaigns, regulaory processes and he

srucure o agriculure sysems all over he world.

Monsano was he larges bioechnology seed company

in he world in 2011,10 providing many essenial inpus

required or arming. Monsano repored 2011 ne sales

o 8.8 billion, and prois o 1.2 billion.

11

Monsano hasbeen a he oreron o he bioechnology indusry and

is one o he larges agriculural paen-holding compa-

nies, wih more han 1,676 paens on seeds, plans and

oher agriculural applicaions.12 Because o Monsanos

marke dominance, is producs are changing he ace

o arming, rom he use o Monsanos pesicides and

herbicides, o he geneic makeup o he ood we ea.

Monsano was no always a purveyor o lie sciences,

purporedly working o produce beter oods or

consumers and beter eed or animals13; i began as a

purveyor o dangerous and conroversial chemicals, a

hisory ha i has ried desperaely o greenwash away.

Monsano grew rom a small chemical sarup

company o an enormously powerul agriculural and

lie sciences company, which Fortunemagazine once

labeled possibly Americas mos eared corporaion.14

Is marke share o seed and paens is overwhelming,

and i is noorious or aggressively enorcing inellecual

propery righs.15

Monsano has a close relaionship wih he U.S. govern-men, which helps i o ind loopholes or simply creae

regulaions ha benei is botom line. Monsano and

oher corporaions have increasingly unded academic

research rom public universiies, which hey use o

jusiy heir laes producs. Monsanos inernaional

power has grown a an alarming rae, much o he

dismay o developing counries ha have inadverenly

been exposed o is relenless business sraegy. For all

o hese reasons, Monsano has become a company

ha armers and consumers around he world should

ear.

Company HistoryMonsano began in 1901 as a small chemical sar-up

by John Francis Qeeney, a man in he wholesale

drug indusry. Is irs produc was saccharin, a sugar

subsiue, and i became he major supplier o inpus

or anoher relaively new company, Coca-Cola.16

By he 1920s, Monsanos produc line had expanded

o include sedaives, laxaives and aspirin. In he lae

1920s, John Qeeneys son Edgar ook over and drasi-cally expanded operaions: Monsano began producing

2011 Net Sales: ELOOLRQ3

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(20002012):8

U.S. Lobbying Expenditures (20002012):

Monsanto: By the Numbers

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everyhing rom synheic ibers, plasics and rubber

goods o indusrial chemicals, erilizers, and pesicides

and herbicides.17

Afer a period ocused on agrichemicals including

producion o he noorious Agen Orange (see sidebar)

and producion o PCBs, a class o chemicals so oxic

ha hey were banned in he 1970s bu sill pollue he

environmen oday Monsano ransiioned beyondchemicals ino seeds. Afer is creaion o an agricul-

ural division in 1960, Monsano wen on a buying

spree or he nex 40 years, acquiring and merging wih

dozens o seed and agriculural companies (and shed-

ding is chemical and indusrial divisions) o broaden

is operaions once again and shif isel exclusively ino

he agriculural marke.18

See page 6 or a imeline o Monsanos hisory.

Modern-Day MonsantoMonsantos Environmental Impact

As a chemical manuacurer, Monsanos day-o-day

operaions have wreaked havoc on he environmen and

public healh, boh in he Unied Saes and around he

world.

Approximaely 99 percen o he polychlorinaed

biphenyls (PCBs) used by U.S. indusry were produced

by Monsano a is Sauge, Illinois, plan unil Congress

banned all PCB producion naionwide in 1976. 61 PCBs

are a chemical class produced since he 1930s mainly

or use as coolans and lubricans in elecrical equip-

men, unil sarling healh eecs were discovered.

PCBs were ound o be carcinogenic, and o cause deri-

menal eecs o he liver, endocrine sysem, immune

sysem, reproducive sysem, developmenal sysem,

skin, eye and brain.62

PCBs coninue o be illegally leaked or dumped in

he Unied Saes even afer he ban. These persisen

chemicals do no break down easily in he environmen,

and coninue o cycle hrough air, waer and soil or

long periods o ime.63 PCBs can accumulae in plans

and ood crops, and also in ish and oher aquaic

organisms rom waer ha conains PCBs. They can

hen be aken up by oher animals ha ea hese ish

and crops as ood, and accumulae o higher levels as

hey go up he ood chain. One o he main sources o

human exposure o PCBs is hrough conaminaed oodconsumpion.64

Market ShareMonsano began is research and producion o agro-

chemicals in he 1960s. In 1982, Monsanos scieniss

became he irs o geneically modiy a plan cell. 83

Throughou he 1990s, Monsano gradually shed is

plasics, chemicals and ibers companies and rapidly

Beween 1962 and 1971, almos 72,000 kiloliers o

deolians were sprayed in Vienam o clear vegea-

ion around miliary bases and o oblierae hiding

places and rice paddies used by he Vie Cong.19

The chemical mixes were labeled by he color o he

barrel, and he mos oxic o hem all displayed a

brigh orange sripe.

Agen Orange is a deolian made rom woherbicide compounds, 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T. In he

manuacuring process, dioxin is released as a

byproduc and conained wihin 2,4,5-T (alhough

several orms o dioxin have also been ound in

2,4-D).20 Dioxin is a highly oxic carcinogen one

o he mos dangerous chemicals known. Monsano

was one o he principal companies o supply Agen

Orange o he U.S. governmen during his period.21

The Vienam Veerans o America have caalogued

a leas 50 illnesses and diseases, and almos 20separae birh deecs, as conneced o Agen

Orange.22 The illnesses were so widespread among

Vienam War veerans ha a class-acion lawsui

was brough agains he seven larges manuac-

urers o Agen Orange. The companies setled

or 135 million; however, hey coninue o deny

he connecion beween Agen Orange and he

plainis healh problems, showing Monsano once

again reusing o acknowledge he risks o is oxic

producs.23

The lasing eecs as relaed o herbicide use in

he Vienam War are sill in such conenion ha

he U.S. Congress passed he Agen Orange Ac in

1991, mandaing a biennial comprehensive repor

by he Insiue o Medicine exploring new biomed-

ical evidence o healh eecs rom exposure o

he deolian.24 U.S. veerans are no he only ones

aeced by Agen Orange. The ongoing impacs o

Agen Orange on he healh o Vienamese ciizens

have been he source o much debae bu, unil

recenly, litle acion by U.S. companies or he U.S.governmen.25

What Is Agent Orange?


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1947Grandcampship explodes in Texas City,Tex.,

while loading near a Monsanto plant dock. The shipwas carrying nearly 2,500 metric tonnes of ammonium

nitrate, and killed over 500 people. It remains thelargest and most deadly U.S. chemical disaster, even

six decades later.

31

1930sAcquires Swann ChemicalCorporation; manufacturespolychlorinated biphenyls

(PCBs) through 1977.30

1962-1971Becomes principal company supplying

Agent Orange to U.S. military for use inthe Vietnam War.

33The Air Force sprayed

nearly 1.6 million hectares of South Vietnam

with 68,000 kiloliters of Agent Orangeand similar defoliants,

34the effects of

which are still being felt today. (Seesidebar, page 4.)

1940sManufactures plasticsand synthetic fibers.

1976Roundupherbicide

is approvedfor use on

certaincrops.

35

1982Dioxin, a byproduct of PCB production, isfound at up to 127 parts per billion in the

Missouri community ofTimes Beach,and over 2,000 people have to be perma-

nently relocated by the U.S. EPA.36

Monsanto denies any connection, despite

its PCB manufacturing plant in the area.(See sidebar, page 5.)

1982Scientists at Monsanto are the first to

genetically modify a plant cell.37

1985Monsanto acquires GD Searle, which

discovered and manufactured aspartame

artificial sweetener. Creates subsidiary

NutraSweet Company.38

1901MonsantoCompany is

founded.26

1960sMonsantos brands of

propachlor and arachlorherbicides are approved for

use, spurring the companysshift into the agricultural

market.32

1910sManufactures saccharin, as a majorsupplier to Coca-Cola; manufacturescaffeine, vanillin, sedatives,

laxatives. Becomes worldslargest maker of aspirin.27

1920sManufactures salicylic acid, plastics, resins,

industrial and chemical goods.28

Acquireschemical and rubber companies.29

1945Begins manufacturing agricultural chemicals. These

include 2,4-D, an herbicide that was mixed with

2,4,5-T to create Agent Orange, a defoliantcontaminated with dioxin that was produced for the

U.S. military during the Vietnam War.

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Figure 1.

a selected history of


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1993rBGH, commercially known asPosilac, is approved for U.S.

market.39 (See sidebar, page 11.)

1995Divests plastics division to Bayer.39

1996Genetically modified Roundup Readysoybeans, canola and cotton, as well as

Bollgard insect-protected (Bt) corn and

cotton, are introduced to the U.S. market.41

Roundup Ready soybeans are first GMproduct to be authorized for import to the

EU market for food and feed.42

1997First stacked-trait combinationin cotton is introduced (multiple GE

traits added to one seed).43

1997Spins off chemical division as Solutia. Beginsan acquisition spree buying multiple seed and

agricultural companies.44

1998Roundup Ready corn

is commercialized.

1998Acquires DeKalb Genetics

Corporation, a seed company.45

2005Roundup Ready alfalfa and sugar beets are

approved for the U.S. market, then cancelled

in 2007 for further analysis, then approved

again in 2011 (alfalfa) and 2012 (beets).49

Roundup ready canola is authorized for

import to the EU market as food or feed.50

2007First GM sugar beet is authorized forimport to the EU market as food or feed.

52

2011Drought-tolerant GM corn, as well as altered fatty-acid GM soybean,

are approved.54

Roundup Ready alfalfa is reapproved for U.S. market.56

2011Acquires Beeologics, a company dedicated to restoring the health of the

bee population, amid scientific and media speculation that an overuse ofpesticides is to blame for dwindling bee populations.

55

2012Roundup Ready sugar beets are reapproved for the U.S. market.

57

2012Maharashtra state government in India bans sale and distribution

of Bt cotton seeds after accusations that Mahyco Monsanto

provided inferior quality seeds that aggravated Indias agrariancrisis and spurred farmer suicides.58 (See sidebar, page 15.)

2012Monsanto Rider is introduced in U.S. Farm Bill, which would allowGE crops to be approved quickly with very little regulation or testing.59

2012Opposes Proposition 37 in California that would

require labeling of foods with GM ingredients. Contributes

6.1 million as top donor in a 33.8 million campaign that

defeats the initiative.60

199

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200

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2000Monsanto Chemical Company becomes a

subsidiary of Pharmacia Corporation(which merged with Upjohn in 1995).47Monsanto

sells NutraSweet Company to J.W. Childs.48

2007Acquires Delta & Pine LandCompany after a decade of

antitrust investigation on

Monsantos monopolyin the cotton indus-try. Divests Stonevillecotton brand as ordered by

the District Court of

Columbia in order to go

through with D&PL

acquisition.51

2008Sells Posilac to Eli Lilly, amid consumer uproar over com-

pany support for attempts to outlaw rBGH-free labeling.53

2002Monsanto Company is spun off as its own

new agricultural sciences company.The Monsanto as we know it today is born.


10/26


acquired muliple seed and agriculural companies,

shifing is ideniy rom a chemical company o one

ha produced GE crops and linked agrochemicals a

lie sciences company.

Roundup

Monsanos wildly popular herbicide Roundup guar-

aneed he company a op spo as i ransiioned inohe agriculure marke. Sales rom Roundup and oher

glyphosae-based herbicides accouned or 27 percen o

Monsanos oal 2011 ne sales.84 Monsano engineers

is GM seeds o resis Roundup and Roundup alone, so

ha he sale o he herbicide is absoluely necessary or

hose who buy Roundup Ready seeds.

GM Seeds

Mos o Monsanos marke srengh comes rom is

geneically modiied seeds. Geneic engineering modi-

ies he geneic maerial o crops o display speciic

rais. Mos commercial bioech crops are developed o

be eiher herbicide oleran, allowing herbicides o kill

weeds wihou harming crops, or insec resisan, which

proecs plans rom desrucive pess. 85 Monsano

creaes many o boh ypes.

Monsano no only markes is own paened seeds,

bu i uses licensing agreemens wih oher companies

and disribuors o spread is rais hroughou he

seed supply. An Associated Pressinvesigaion ound

ha hese agreemens sipulae how compeiors can

use Monsanos rais in heir producs, and negoiae

discouns received or keeping a cerain amoun o

Monsanos producs in sock; some conracs even

aeced ownership o smaller seed companies by

requiring hem o desroy heir Monsano invenory i

ownership changed.86 By 2010, Monsanos rais were

presen in 95 percen o he U.S. GM corn seed marke

and 89 percen o he U.S. GM coton seed marke.87

The acreage on which Monsanos GM crop rais are

grown has increased rom a oal o 1.2 million hecaresin 1996 o 114.2 million hecares worldwide and 61.2

million hecares in he Unied Saes in 2009.88 Roughly

154.5 million hecares in he Unied Saes are used

or crop producion,89 so ha means ha Monsanos

producs consiue approximaely 40 percen o all

crop hecares in he counry. Monsanos research and

developmen surpasses oher companies, as i holds six

imes as many permis or ield rials o bioech seeds

as any oher company in he Unied Saes.90

A lawyer working or DuPon, he nex larges compe-ior in he seed business, said, a seed company can

say in business wihou oering seeds wih Roundup

Ready in i, so i hey wan o say in ha business,

essenially hey have o do wha Monsano ells hem

o do.91

While Monsanos sheer size and he power o is

produc lines gives i an obvious edge, heres some-

hing more o he sory o is unbridled success. Is he

way Monsano does business: how i ineracs wih and

inluences governmens; is aggressive acics againsis own cusomers and compeiion; and is ruhless

expansion ino oreign markes.

QXHQFHRQ*RYHUQPHQW

Monsano has a long hisory wih ormer and curren

employees o he U.S. governmen, public universi-

ies and indusry and rade groups. There has been a

coninuous revolving door beween hese insiuions

and Monsanos Board o Direcors and senior sa,

oering some explanaion or Monsanos powerul

inluence in policy and public research.

Monsanos board members have worked or he EPA, 92

advised he U.S. Deparmen o Agriculure (USDA) 93

and served on Presiden Barack Obamas Advisory

Commitee or Trade Policy and Negoiaions.94 They

have presided over muliple universiies in various

senior posiions, including Souh Dakoa Sae Univer-

siy (wih whom Monsano has a signiican research

agreemen),95 Arizona Saes Biodesign Insiue96

and Washingon Universiy in S. Louis.97 Monsano

shares board members wih oher corporaions such asProcer & Gamble,98 Lockheed Marin99 and Synheic

Genomics.100

W,KdKzt/',dhZddt/


11/26


MCDONALDSSARA LEE

SOUTHDAKOTA STATEUNIVERSITY

WASHINGTONUNIVERSITYIN ST. LOUIS

UNIVERSITYOF MISSOURI

CORNELLUNIVERSITY

STRYKERCORP.

GANNETTCOMPANY

LOCKHEEDMARTIN

SYNTHETICGENOMICS

CARIS LIFESCIENCES

INTERNATIONAL SERVICEFOR THE ACQUISITIONOF AGRI-BIOTECH

APPLICATIONS

GLOBAL FORUMON AGRICULTURALRESEARCH

BIOTECHNOLOGYINDUSTRYORGANIZATION (BIO)

INTERNATIONAL FOODAND AGRICULTURALTRADE POLICY COUNCIL

UNITED KINGDOMACADEMY OF MEDICINE

COUNCIL ONFOREIGN RELATIONS

ST. LOUISUNIVERSITY

ARIZONASTATE

UNIVERSITY

MORGANSTANLEY

CROPLIFEINTERNATIONAL

COM

PANIES

UNIVER

SITIES

T

RADEASSOCIAT

IONS

PPGINDUSTRIES

GENNX360

MICROSOFT

DUPONTPROCTER

& GAMBLE

CISCO

Figure 2.Monsantos Interlocking Board Members

$62)-$18$5


12/26


SOCIAL SECURITYADMINISTRATION

Monsanto Director was

11th SSA Commissioner(1989-1992)

Former MonsantoDirector was President

Clintons USTR(1993-1996)

UNITED STATESTRADE

REPRESENTATIVE

DEPARTMENTOF COMMERCE

Former MonsantoDirector was 31st U.S.Secretary of Commerce

(1996)

SUPREME COURT

FEDERALRESERVE BANK

OF CLEVELAND

Monsanto Director was amember of the CincinnatiBusiness Advisory Council

(2011)

DEPARTMENTOF DEFENSE

DEPARTMENTOF STATE

Monsanto Director was onDefense Science Boardand Threat ReductionAdvisory Committee

(2001-2009)

As of January 2013. Source: Monsanto Proxy Statement 2012, press releases, news sources.

Former MonsantoDirector was EPA

Agency Administrator(1983-1985)

ENVIRONMENTALPROTECTION AGENCY

FOOD AND DRUGADMINISTRATION

Monsanto Directorappointed by President

Obama to AdvisoryCommittee for Trade Policy

and Negotiations(2012)

Monsanto Director wasDeputy Assistant to President

Reagan, and Director ofIntergovernmental Affairs

(1986-1988)

WHITEHOUSE

Former Monsanto lawyer laterbecame a Supreme Court justice

(that voted in 2012 to upholdUSDAs decision to deregulate GE

alfalfa without the requiredEnvironmental Impact Statement.)

Monsanto Director wason Advisory Committee

on InternationalEconomic Policy

(2012)Michael Taylor: FDA staff

lawyer/executive assistant toCommissioner (1976-1981), lawyer at

King & Spaulding representingMonsanto (1984-1991), FDA Deputy

Commissioner for Policy (1991-1994),Vice President of Public Policy at

Monsanto (1998-2001), FDA DeputyCommissioner for Foods and Veterinary

Medicine (2010-present)

Figure 3.Monsantos Revolving Door

$62)-$18$5


13/26


The companys board members have been a par o

he Inernaional Food and Agriculural Trade Policy

Council, he Council or Bioechnology Inorma-

ion,101 he Unied Kingdom Academy o Medicine, he

Naional Academy o Sciences Biological Weapons

working group,102 CropLie Inernaional103 and he

Council on Foreign Relaions.104

The prevalence o Monsanos direcors in hese highlyinluenial posiions begs a closer look a how heyre

able o push he pro-GM agenda wihin he governmen

and inluence public opinion.

Bovine Growth Hormone

The U.S. Food and Drug Adminisraions (FDA)

approval process or recombinan bovine growh

hormone (rBGH) has been scruinized or he

connecions beween Monsano and he agency

ha ulimaely approved he drug or use. Three

FDA employees working on Monsanos applicaion

or approval appeared o have such close ies wihMonsano ha a he reques o Represenaives

George Brown rom Caliornia, David Obey rom

Wisconsin and Bernie Sanders rom Vermon he

U.S. Governmen Accounabiliy Oice invesigaed

hem in 1994 or conlics o ineres.107

The GAO invesigaed Michael Taylor, Margare Miller

and Suzanne Sechen. They had all been involved in

some way in Monsanos iniial rBGH sudies, and

hen wen on o work or he FDA in posiions ha

were laer responsible or review o hose same sudies.

The GAO concluded ha none o hem echnically

violaed any conlic-o-ineres rules, and ha here

was no legal ground or hem o ake acion, despie he

muliple ies beween Monsano and he FDA.108

I was especially surprising ha Michael Taylor go

o wihou a igh, as he had begun his career a he

law irm King & Spalding, where one o his cliens was

Monsano.109 There, he drafed a memo or Monsano

on wheher i would be consiuional or saes o

adop dieren rules regarding rBGH labeling. He hen

lef King & Spalding o work or he FDA, where he

helped draf he FDAs guidance on rBGH labeling,110

which helped preven dairies rom labeling heir prod-

ucs rBGH ree.111 Taylor was also responsible or he

FDAs 1992 guidance saing ha here was no need o

label geneically modiied oods as such.112

Aggressive Tactics

PR MastermindsAs Monsano ransiioned rom a chemical and indus-

rial processor ino an agriculure and lie sciencescompany, i worked o convince he media and

consumers ha is pas would no aec is abiliy o

improve agriculure and produce more, conserve more

and improve armers lives.122

The company has oued is producs and echnologies

as he mos sae and susainable answers o arming

problems so much so, in ac, ha i has been known

o blaanly mislead consumers. In 1996, as he paen

on Roundup was nearing expiraion, Monsano released

a series o adverisemens in New York or Roundupherbicide and Accord pesicide, claiming ha Roundup

biodegrades ino naurally occurring elemens, will

no wash or leach in he soil and can be used where

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14/26


kids and pesll play. 123 The company also claimed

ha glyphosae, he main ingredien in Roundup and

Accord, is less oxic o ras han able sal, and is

pracically non-oxic. 124

These ads were aken o he New York Atorney

General, Dennis Vacco, or using misleading inorma-

ion, and he ound all o he above claims o be alse

and misleading.125 In his saemen, Vacco said haMonsanos claims conradic he [] saemens

required on he EPA-approved label or Roundup a he

ime he claims were made.126 He said ha ads canno

imply ha hese pesicides, which are used o kill

vegeaion, are risk ree. They should give consumers a

ull picure o a pesicides risks.127 To setle he case,

Monsano had o agree o immediaely cease and

desis rom producing any adverisemens in New York

wih he claims invesigaed, and o pay he Atorney

General 37,600 in coss.128

Similar indings o misleading adverising have been

handed down in cours in France, he Unied Kingdom,

India, Brazil and Souh Arica.129

More recenly, Monsano has ramped up a media

campaign o porray he company as an agriculural

hero, a riend o armers and a savior o he global

Souh. These claims include reducing chemical use,

increasing yield, proecing rom drough and eedinghe worlds growing populaion.

The companys adverising coss or 20092011 oaled

210 million.130 This budge was used o orward

Monsanos susainable image, saing goals o proec

our naural resources, igh hunger, improve nuriion

and provide economic beneis o everyone involved in

an improved sysem o agriculure.131

Insead o ollowing hrough on hese promises,

Monsano is merely creaing an image o hide behind

as he company coninues o promoe indusrial agricul-

ure and geneically modiied seeds all over he world.

Is model o agriculure brings higher coss or armers

in he Unied Saes and abroad, while Monsano and

oher bioech companies reap he prois.

GM crops have shown litle benei over convenional

crops, as he herbicide- and pesicide-laden crops have

led o weed and pes resisance,132 have shown small

increase or no yield advanage133 and have no reduced

agrochemical use.134 Furher, he 2009 Inernaional

Assessmen o Agriculure Knowledge, Science andTechnology or Developmen concluded ha he high

coss or seeds and chemicals, uncerain yields and

poenial o undermine local ood securiy makes

bioechnology a poor choice or he developing world.135

Litigation Against Farmers

Monsano has come under public scruiny or is role in

liigaion agains individual armers or paen violaion

claims on GM seeds. Popular documenaries such as

Food, Inc. and The Fuure o Food highlighed someo hese armers sories, and i became such a ho opic

in he media ha Monsano developed a special secion

on is websie or explanaion o hese lawsuis.136

Monsano ensures is righ o sue armers hrough he

companys echnology licensing agreemen on every

bag o GM seed. Any armer who buys Monsanos seed

is bound o i, eiher by signing a conrac or simply

opening he bag, and i sipulaes ha armers mus

no save any seed (a housands-year-old radiion) and

are responsible or ollowing all procedures included in

Monsanos Technology Use Guide.137 This sipulaion

eecively shu down he seed-saving indusry in he

Unied Saes.W,KdK>ZDE

hE/KEK&KEZE^/Ed/^d^


15/26


The U.S. agreemen also allows Monsano o inves-

igae armers ields a any ime, and o access

armers records iled wih he USDA Farm Service

Agency.138 These records ell Monsano how many

bags a armer bough and exacly how many acres he

planed he seed on, making propery invesigaions

and prosecuion very easy.139 To make hings even

simpler, Monsano se up a oll-ree snich line where

neighbors and communiy members are encouraged

o anonymously atle on armers ha may be using

Monsanos seeds wihou a license.140

The company iercely deends is paen righs and

sands behind he claim ha i should be able o collec

damages rom anyone who violaes hem.141 To achieve

hese ends, Monsano has hired privae invesigaors o

videoape armers, sneak ino communiy meeings and

inerview inormans abou local arming aciviies.142

The cases ha resul rom he inormaion Monsano

collecs have seen he company demanding housandso dollars in damages and legal ees rom armers who

never chose o plan he companys seeds in he irs

place.143

GM seed conaminaion is a legiimae concern or

which Monsano has reused o ake responsibiliy. The

very naure o plan reproducion means ha pollen

rom crops is carried by he wind or insecs o repro-

duce elsewhere. Any crops grown near GM crops are

a risk o GM conaminaion hrough cross-pollinaion.

Conaminaion can also occur when GM seeds areinadverenly mixed wih non-GM seeds during sorage

or disribuion.144

However, Monsano saes in is Technology Use Guide

(which is required reading only or hose planing

Monsano seeds) ha responsibiliy or any speciic

markeing sandards or ceriicaion lies wih ha

grower, ha he grower inherenly agree[s] o employ

hose pracices appropriae o ensure he inegriy and

markeabiliy o his or her crop and ha each grower

needs o be aware o he planing inenions o his orher neighbor in order o gauge he need or appropriae

bes managemen pracices.145

In oher words, even armers who do no grow

Monsanos producs mus be held accounable or heir

neighbors GM crops, and Monsano eecively elimi-

naes he companys responsibiliy or is own producs.

This is especially righening or armers when hey see

Monsano going afer hose who inadverenly end up

wih Monsanos rais on heir ields.

Percy Schmeiser is one o he ew lucky ones who won

his case agains Monsano or as much o a win as is

possible in such an unair igh. Schmeiser is a Cana-

dian armer who was ound o be growing Monsanos

GM canola plans in 1999, bu he never inenionally

planed Monsanos seed i had blown on o his ield

eiher rom passing rucks, or rom ive neighboring

arms ha all grew Monsanos canola.146 Monsano

sued, and he case wen all he way o he Canadian

Supreme Cour in 2004. While he cour upheldMonsanos paen, i also decided ha Schmeiser did

no have o pay any ees o Monsano or he presence

o he GE canola.147 He was sill, however, burdened by

years o expensive legal ees.

Mos armers aren as orunae. According o a sudy

conduced by The Cener or Food Saey, Monsano

had iled 136 lawsuis agains American armers as o

2010. These lawsuis involved 400 armers and 53 small

businesses.148 Anoher inding is ha Monsano keeps

sa on hand solely or he purpose o invesigaing and

prosecuing armers.149 Even or he armers who win

heir cases, like Mr. Schmeiser, he process akes years

o legal batle, sress and signiican inancial burden.


16/26


Many armers setle ou o cour raher han ry o

deend hemselves ouside o recorded lawsuis, he

company invesigaes roughly 500 armers each year.150

Corporate LawsuitsMonsano doesn jus sue armers; i sues (and ges

sued by) is own compeiors in he seed marke.

Monsano and he nex larges compeior DuPon have

been in a years-long batle rying o prove ha he oher

has oo much marke power.

Monsano sued DuPon in 2009 or paen inringemen

when DuPon sacked Monsanos Roundup Ready rai

wih one o DuPons own rais in soybeans, which was

no allowed in Monsanos licensing agreemen. DuPon

counersued on anirus issues, claiming ha Monsano

gained illegal monopoly power hrough a muliaceed,

ani-compeiive scheme o unlawully resric compei-

ion.151

DuPon los agains Monsano and was ordered o pay

750 million, he ourh larges paen verdic ever in he

Unied Saes.152 Legal expers noed ha i was odd ha

such a large damage was awarded when DuPon never

even sold he produc guily o paen inringemen.153 As

o Sepember 2012, DuPon was appealing he decision.154

The problem here is no who copied whom; is he ac

ha our bigges bioech companies are spending heir

ime on lenghy and cosly lawsuis amongs hem-

selves, while he prices o seeds coninue o rise becauseo anicompeiive behavior. The endless inger-poining

obscures eors o squeeze ou compeiion and allows

he use o paens o urher consolidae he seed supply,

driving up coss or armers and limiing he choices o

seed available o hem.

Buying Research

In he Unied Saes, land-gran universiies have

been imporan agriculural knowledge ceners since

heir creaion in 1862. For over 100 years, hese public

insiuions provided invaluable research o armers andhe agriculural communiy hrough public invesmens

rom sae and ederal governmens.

Saring in he 1980s, however, U.S. ederal policies

including he Bayh-Dole Ac o 1982 began encouraging

land-gran schools o parner wih he privae secor on

agriculural research, and o paen he resuls o he

research. A key goal was o develop agriculural prod-

ucs such as seeds, which were sold o armers under

an increasingly aggressive paen regime.155 Privae

secor businesses have looded public universiies wihdonaions and unding or research, skewing he goals

o research oward he goals o indusry and discour-

aging independen research.

I is no surprising ha Monsano has aken an ineres

in inluencing he research prioriies o several o hese

insiuions.

As menioned earlier, Monsano has shared board

members wih several U.S. universiies. The company

also has donaed enough or naming righs a some

schools. Iowa Sae Universiy now has a Monsano

Suden Services wing in he main agriculure building,hanks o a million-dollar pledge.156 The Universiy o

Missouri houses a Monsano Audiorium.157 Monsano

gave 150,550 o he Universiy o Illinoiss college o

agriculure o und he Monsano Muli-Media Execu-

ive Sudio, where indusry seminars are held.158 These

donaions (or more appropriaely, invesmens) increase

boh he companys inluence and brand power a he

universiy level.


17/26


Wih his connecion o land-gran research, Monsano

is no only gaining access o research ha is publicly

acceped as legiimae and independen, bu i is pro-

iing highly rom i. The companys signaure producs,

he ariicial growh hormone or cows rBGH and

Roundup Ready seed echnology, were only possible

hrough research provided by public universiies.159 The

use o hese echnologies is urher advanced because

he oicial agriculural research esablishmen pursues

hem raher han alernaives such as organic or

agroecological soluions. Exension services hen spread

his as oicial advice or bes arming pracices, giving

i even more legiimacy.

Global ReachAs Monsanos share o he U.S. marke grows, so does

is share o he global marke. Monsano has recenly

bough muliple companies in Souh America and

Easern Europe160 and licenses and sells is producs o

every region in he world.161 Monsanos hybrid corn

crops hold he number one posiion in he share o

seeds in all Lain American key counries (Argenina,

Brazil, and Mexico, according o a corporae presena-

ion).162 Approximaely 46 percen o Monsanos 2011sales originaed ouside he Unied Saes.163

Amid discussions o a global ood crisis, echnological

advancemens in bioechnology are widely oued as a

quick, easy and susainable ix or agriculural develop-

men. Corporaions are sepping in as key players in

he igh agains hunger and povery, and hey are

convincing governmens o le hem promoe heir

indusrialized business models in developing counries.

WikiLeaks cables rom around he world in recen years

reveal Monsanos represenaives and U.S. governmen

oicials sriving o promoe and sell bioechnology

worldwide.164 The Deparmen o Sae has hosed

meeings o discuss he meris o GM echnology in

arge counries in recen years.165 Cables rom embas-

sies in China, Hungary, Ukraine, France and even

he Vaican show a relenless drive o convince hose

counries o he beneis o GM crops, wheher or no

he counries hemselves wan or need i.166

No surprisingly, no all counries are beneiing rom

Monsanos invasive global business sraegy. Once

Monsanos producs are inroduced, i is virually impos-

sible o rever back o radiionally grown crops. Farmers

mus inves in he maching herbicide and pesicides,

sign licensing agreemens and become liable or anynaural spreading o he germplasm. A ew sories rom

around he globe illusrae Monsanos impac.


18/26


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Why Are Farmers Committing Suicide in India?


19/26


Haiti

Afer he disasrous earhquake in Haii in 2010,

unding and aid came rom individuals, governmens,

oundaions and corporaions worldwide. Monsano

donaed 3 million worh o hybrid rui and vegeable

seeds o Haiis sruggling armers.184 While his may

seem like a chariable move, i locks he growers ino

buying he same cosly seeds again and again becausehybrid seeds are more expensive han convenional

seeds, canno reain he exac same rais in he nex

generaion (so hey can be saved rom year o year)

and require more chemicals o work wih Monsanos

geneic engineering.185

The leader o he Peasan Movemen o Papay,

Chavannes Jean-Bapise, saw he donaion as a plan o

ge peasan armers o coninue buying more expensive

hybrid seeds and insiue large-scale agribusiness in

Haii.186 He said, in he agriculural indusry, is always

a package. You have o use he seeds, he erilizer and

pesicide ogeher he Unied Saes agribusiness

wans o use our land o produce agro-uel and produce

rui o send o he Unied Saes. I doesn wan a

peasan producion culure. The peasan agriculure

doesn use chemical pesicide or erilizer is our

agriculure. Is agains he agriculural indusry o he

Unied Saes.

Jean-Bapise and his organizaion wan o end he

promoion o hese new seeds, and o sand up agains

Monsanos promoion o more chemical-inensive

agriculure. For hem, regardless o inenions, any

seed rom Monsano is bad, because agriculure is

o produce ood or lie. Now, he agribusiness ener-

prise combines agriculure and business o ge money,

wihou any apprehension abou he healh o he

producs.187

China

According o a cable rom he U.S. Embassy in Beijing,

a he 8h U.S.China High Level Join Bioechnology

Working Group Meeing in Beijing in 2009, Chinas Vice

Miniser o Agriculure noed complains received rom

Chinese soybean armers abou he large volumes o

bioech soybean impors rom he Unied Saes. He

commened ha U.S. companies, including Monsano,

were earning a prois rom his rade and were onlyineresed in expanding heir marke share.188

Nepal

In Nepal, a growing resisance movemen o Monsan-

os presence escalaed in lae 2011 afer he Nepalese

Minisry o Agriculure made agreemens wih he U.S.

Agency or Inernaional Developmen and Monsano

o inroduce a pilo program ha would impor more o

W,KdKzDZh^'Ez&KZ/EdZEd/KE>s>KWDEdh^/


20/26


Monsanos hybrid corn and rain armers o eicienly

grow i.189 Nepalese aciviss proesed exensively and

sparked a hearing wihin he Minisry o Agriculure o

reassess he proposed Monsano venure.190 The minisry

spokesman, Hari Dahal, had his o say abou he siua-

ion:

Because we are ood insecure o some exen we do

eel ha we should use hybrids. Second hing is, hereis remendous pressure rom he companies oo. I here

is a provision o ile an applicaion hen companies will

and have been iling applicaions. So we can pick and

choose. There is no denying he companies are quie

inluenial. I a company like Monsano comes i will

ea us whole.191

Hungary

Alhough he European Commission regulaes GM crops

a he European Union (EU) level, here is a saeguard

clause allowing emporary resricions or bans o he

use or sale o GM producs in individual counries.192

Hungary was he irs Easern European counry o

have used his saeguard clause, banning Monsanos

GM corn in 2005 or human healh and biodiversiy

reasons.193

Since hen, Monsano, Pioneer and he U.S. Deparmen

o Sae Senior Advisor or Bioechnology, Jack Bobo,

have relenlessly worked o change Hungarys posiion.

The U.S. governmen, along wih Monsano and Pioneer,

is, according o a cable rom he U.S. Embassy in

Hungary, coninuing a susained, modulaed oureach

plan in hopes o changing he policy over he long erm,

and hey are hopeul ha a seady sream o careully

orchesraed oureach o his ype will evenually wear

down Hungarys resisance o lifing he bioech ban.194

By 2009, Hungarys unwavering posiion (even wih

muliple pressures by he European Commission o over-

urn he ban195) promped he EU o allow he counry o

permanenly mainain is ban on he culivaion o GM

crops.196

France

France is one o Europes leading agriculural producers,

and has been agains GM culivaion since is inroduc-

ion.

In 2006, he op French cour revoked some o

Monsanos auhorizaions o ield es is GM corn

and Monsano said his would no sop i rom urher

esing. Monsano insised ha i had he permis neces-

sary and reused o disclose is es-sie locaions, in

ear ha GM opposiion groups would desroy is ields.

Roughly hal o all o Monsanos es sies in France are

desroyed each year.197

Currenly, only one seed, Monsanos pes-resisan GE

corn, has been allowed or culivaion in he EU o beused or human consumpion. Beyond ha, he only GM

producs allowed in he EU are impored ood and eed,

and a GM poao culivaed or sarch or he paper

indusry.198 France banned he GM srain o corn in 2008

ollowing public proess and concerns abou public

saey.199 The French are iercely proecive o heir envi-

ronmen and ood, and he public oucry agains GM

crops has been undeniable. Even so, he French cour

overurned he ban in November 2011.200

French Agriculural Miniser Bruno Le Maire imposedanoher emporary ban on Monsanos corn in March

2012 afer he company was ound guily o chemical

poisoning relaed o is Lasso herbicide in February

2012.201 I was he irs ime a decision was made ha

ound a pesicide maker guily o such a poisoning

here is usually oo much diiculy in esablishing

deiniive causal links beween a speciic produc and

healh eecs experienced by hose who use i.202

In order or a counrys individual ban o sand up o he

EUs regulaions, he counry mus have valid scieniic

jusiicaion as deermined by he EU or he decision.

The European Food Saey Auhoriy ruled in May 2012

ha here was no enough evidence o risk o human,


21/26


animal or environmenal healh o jusiy Frances ban

on he GM corn, and rejeced i.203 Regardless, Prime

Miniser Jean-Marc Ayraul has promised o mainain

he ban as par o Presiden Franois Hollandes broader

plan o reduce he use o chemicals in arming and

overall environmenal healh.204

The back-and-orh poliicizaion o his issue hreaens

o ake atenion away rom he real problem here:he French public does no wan GM crops culivaed

in heir counry.205 Ye he rade pressures rom he

bioechnology indusry, he Unied Saes and he

European Union sill orce heir way ino French ood

and agriculure policy.

RecommendationsMonsano bullies is way ono armers ields, universiy

research labs, governmen policies and consumers

dinner plaes hrough is massive size and aggressive

acics. Is ime or governmens around he world,saring wih he Unied Saes, o ake on his agribusi-

ness gians sranglehold on he ood sysem. While

consumers need o avoid Monsanos producs, we also

need o demand ha governmens ake he ollowing

acions:

Market Power

The U.S. Deparmen o Jusice should invesigae

seed paen conracs wih armers and srenghen

he guidelines used o evaluae seed companymergers o deermine wha eec he mergers had

on he markeplace, armers and consumers and

ake enorcemen acion, including divesiures, o

address anicompeiive condiions.

Research

The U.S. Congress should use he Farm Bill o priori-

ize and und research o urher he public ineres,

raher han allowing companies like Monsano

o hijack he agriculural research agenda. EU

auhoriies should ensure ha he regions researchand developmen agenda drives he public good

and srenghens independen research bodies and

universiies.

The U.S. ederal governmen and EU auhoriies

should shif public research away rom projecs ha

culminae in privae paens, giving money insead

oward he developmen o non-GM seeds ha are

disribued o armers wihou paens and licensing

ees.

The U.S. Congress should repeal he Bayh-Dole Ac,which creaed an inellecual propery regime ha

allows companies like Monsano o dominae he

agriculural research sysem.

*HQHWLFDOO\0RGLHG&URSV


should enac a moraorium on new approvals o GM

plans and animals or boh impor and culivaion.

U.S. regulaory agencies, including he USDA and

he FDA, should insiue he precauionary prin-

ciple or GM oods, and enac policy ha would

more rigorously evaluae he poenially harmul

eecs o GM crops beore heir commercializaion.

EU auhoriies, such as he European Commis-

sion and he European Food Saey Auhoriy,

should uphold he precauionary principle alreadyenshrined in EU regulaions.

The U.S. Congress and EU auhoriies should

und independen research ino he healh and

environmenal impacs o GM crops and mandae

ha public insiuions are permited o research

paened bioech seeds o analyze yields, assess

ood saey and invesigae poenial environmenal

impacs by prohibiing companies like Monsano

rom resricing research in heir licensing agree-

mens. The U.S. ederal governmen should require manda-

ory labeling o GM oods, ingrediens and animal

producs. EU auhoriies should require labels on

all mea, milk and eggs ed a GM die so shoppers

have he inormaion hey need and wan in order o

exercise heir righ o avoid hese producs.


should esablish policy ha shifs ull economic

and environmenal liabiliy or damage caused by

GM ood and crops, including conaminaion, oseed paen holders such as Monsano, raher han

armers and landowners who are economically

harmed.

W,KdKz^dW,ED/'EKE&>/


22/26


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Endnotes


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Food & Water Europe

Food & Water Europe

Rue dEdimbourg, 26

1050 Bruxelles

Belgium

[email protected]

www.foodandwatereurope.org

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