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![Page 1: Monitoring of lake water level variation from pulse- and ... · PDF fileMonitoring of lake water level variation from pulse- and doppler beam-limited as well as laser altimeters Shirzad](https://reader031.vdocuments.site/reader031/viewer/2022022419/5a78742a7f8b9a77438d35ef/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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Monitoring of lake water level variation frompulse- and doppler beam-limited as well as laser
altimeters
Shirzad Roohi1
andNico Sneeuw1, S. Dinardo2, J. Benveniste2
1- Institute of Geodesy, University of Stuttgart2- European Space Agency, Esrin
Geodätische Woche Sep 2015, Stuttgart, Germany
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Motivation
Evaluate the performance of different kinds of altimeters formonitoring inland bodiesHow much do
I waveform retrackingand
I waveform saturation
corrections improve the quality of water level monitoring?
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Altimetry missions
Pulse- limited:sending separated consequences electromagnetic pulses to thewater surface, e.g. Envisat, Jason-2, CS-2 (LRM)Doppler beam-limited:sending correlated consequences electromagnetic pulses to thewater surface and using delay doppler processing, e.g. CS-2(SAR and SARIn)Laser:sending separated laser pulses to the water surface, e.g. IceSat,Airborne LiDAR
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Pulse-limited and doppler beam-limited altimeters
(http://www.altimetry.info)
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Pulse-limited and doppler beam-limited altimetersPulse-limited Doppler beam-limited
(CryoSat-2 handbook, 2013)
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Laser altimeter
(http://icesat.gsfc.nasa.gov/icesat/links.php)
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How can we improve the water leveldetermination?
h = f (H,R)
H: Satellite orbit height R: RangePrecise orbit determination
Increasing precision of range measurementsI Use more precise range correction, e.g. media and geophysical
correctionsI waveform retracking correction
∆Rretracking = (Gr −G0)× c2τ
Gr: Retracked gate G0: Nominal retracking gatec: Light velocity τ: Pulse duration
I Waveform saturation correction: Ereceived > Ethreshold, E: Energy
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Waveform
The reflected signal from water surface back to the satellite, waveform,can be considered as:
Full-waveform
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1400
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Time or Bin
Pow
er
Nom. Bin
Sub-waveform
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1400
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Pow
er
Nom. Bin
Ret. Bin
Ret. Bin
Pulse-limited (CS-2 LRM), Qinghai lake, August 20107
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Waveform of different altimetersPulse-limited
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1400
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Time or Bin
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er
Doppler beam-limited (SARIn)
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
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7000
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Pow
er
Doppler beam-limited (SAR)
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 1400
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Time or Bin
Pow
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Laser
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
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Time or Bin
Pow
er
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Along track waveform variations
Qinghai lake: Pulse-limited altimeter (CS-2 LRM), September 2012
Time or Bin
Latit
ude
[deg
]
20 40 60 80 100 120
36.7
36.75
36.8
36.85
36.9
36.95
37
37.05
37.1
37.15
37.2
Lough Neagh lake: Doppler beam-limited (CS-2 SAR), April 2012
Time or Bin
Latit
ude
[deg
]
20 40 60 80 100 120
54.55
54.6
54.65
54.7
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Along track waveform variations
Nasser lake: Doppler beam-limited (CS-2 SARIn), August 2011
Time or Bin
Latit
ude
[deg
]
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 50023
23.1
23.2
23.3
23.4
23.5
23.6
23.7
23.8
23.9
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Along track waveform variations
Lough Neagh lake: Laser (IceSat), October 2004
Time or Bins
Latit
ude
[deg
]
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
54.55
54.6
54.65
54.7
54.75
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
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Time or Bin
Pow
er
0 100 200 300 400 500 6000
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Time or BinP
ower
Unsaturated waveform Saturated waveform
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Waveform retracking scenarios
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Retracked water level changes
Defining water level time series for each pass of satellite over thelake and rejecting outliers using linear trendCombining all of the short water level time series from eachsatellite over pass to build a long time seriesRejecting outliers from the long time series using following model:
h(ti) = a+ bti + ct2i + dsin
(2πT
ti
)+ ecos
(2πT
ti
)a, b, c, d, e : Unknown parametersT : Annual periodh : Observed water heightValidation in front of available in-situ gauge data
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Data and area of studyData:
I Envisat: GDR, May 2002- Apr 2012I IceSat: Campaign L2 and L3 (GLA01 and GLA14), Oct 2003- Oct
2010I Jason-2: gdr-d, Jul 2008- Jun 2014I CS-2: L1b, L2I and L2 from Oct 2010- Jan 2014
Area of study:
Lake Surface area (km2) Depth (m) Latitude Longitude
Qinghai 4298 21 38.9◦ 100.12◦Lough Neagh 392 10 54.6◦ −6.4◦
Nasser 5250 25.2 22.7◦ 32.5◦
I Qinghai lake: Pulse-limited (CS-2 LRM), EnvisatI Lough Neagh lake: Pulse-limited (Envisat), Doppler beam-limited
(CS-2 SAR), Laser (IceSat)I Nasser: Doppler beam-limited (CS-2 SARIn), Pulse-limited
(Jason-2)
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Spatial and temporal resolutions
Repeat orbit of different missions
Mission β1 α2 Sub-cycle Inclination(day) (day)
Envisat 501 35 16 98.60◦IceSat 1354 91 33 94◦
Jason-2 127 10 3 66.00◦CS-2 5344 369 30, 85 92.00◦
1: Number of revolution 2: Repeat cycle
Ground track separation at the equator (km)
Mission 10 days Sub-cycle Full repeat cycle
Envisat 280.0 174.0 80.0IceSat 269.3 81.6 29.6
Jason-2 315.5 1051.8 315.5CS-2 277.0 92.2, 32.5 7.5
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Ground track after 30 days revolution
97 98 99 100 101 102 10336
36.5
37
37.5
38
Longitude [deg]
Latit
ude
[deg
]
CS−2, LRMEinvisat
−9 −8.5 −8 −7.5 −7 −6.5 −6 −5.5 −5 −4.5 −454
54.5
55
55.5
Longitude [deg]
Latit
ude
[deg
]
CS−2, SAREnvisatIceSat
26 28 30 32 34 36 38 4020
21
22
23
24
25
26
Longitude [deg]
Latit
ude
[deg
]
CS−2, SARInJason−2
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Water level from pulse-limited altimeter
Table: Standard deviation (cm) of water level from different retrackers
retracker full-waveform sub-waveform
first mean-all min-residual
Envisat ice-1 17–211 – – –CS-2 ESA 22 – – –CS-2 β-5 17 169 150 164
CS-2 OCOG 132 169 150 153CS-2 Threshold 10% 100 163 157 163CS-2 Threshold 20% 101 173 157 163CS-2 Threshold 50% 101 169 157 160
2010.5 2011 2011.5 2012 2012.5 2013 2013.5 2014 2014.53193
3193.5
3194
3194.5
3195
3195.5
Time [year]
Wat
er le
vel
[m]
σ: 17 cm σ: 22 cm
LRM1b retracked− β−5LRM L2Model
1- Roohi et al., Capability of pulse-limited satellite radar altimetry to monitor inland water bodies,
EGU 2014
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Water level from doppler beam-limited altimeterSAR
Table: RMS (cm) of water level from different retrackers
retracker full-waveform sub-waveform
first mean-all min-residual
Envisat ice-1 32 – – –CS-2 ESA 18 – – –CS-2 β-5 19 48 74 77
CS-2 OCOG 20 48 38 88CS-2 Threshold 10% 19 21 11 22CS-2 Threshold 20% 62 32 12 26CS-2 Threshold 50% 22 47 17 24
CS-2 SAMOSA3 15.5 13 – –
2010.5 2011 2011.5 2012 2012.5 2013 2013.5 2014 2014.512.2
12.4
12.6
12.8
13
13.2
Time [year]
Wat
er le
vel [
m]
RMS = 13 cm RMS = 18 cm
SAR L1b retracked−SAMOSA3SAR L2In−situ
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Water level from doppler beam-limited altimeterSARIn
Table: RMS (cm) of water level from different retrackers
retracker full-waveform sub-waveform
first mean-all min-residual
Jason-2 ice 54 – – –CS-2 ESA 44 – – –CS-2 β-5 97 40 92 64
CS-2 OCOG 89 96 104 94CS-2 Threshold 10% 87 65 93 53CS-2 Threshold 20% 71 79 92 72CS-2 Threshold 50% 51 102 92 94
2010.5 2011 2011.5 2012 2012.5 2013 2013.5168
170
172
174
176
Time [year]
Wat
er le
vel [
m]
RMS=40 cm RMS=44 cm
SARIn L1b retracked−β−5SARIn L2In−situ
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Water level from laser altimeter
2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 201012
12.2
12.4
12.6
12.8
13
13.2
Time [year]
Wat
er le
vel [
m]
RMS: 15 cm RMS: 13 cm
IceSat without saturation correctionIceSat with saturation correctionIn−situ
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Conclusion and discussionObviously waveform retracking techniques can improve the qualityof altimetry data especially over the shallow water bodies.Waveform saturation correction can improve the quality of waterlevel measurement.The quality of water level depends on the waveform retracking tech-niques and type of altimeters.For Qinghai lake the full-waveform outperforms the sub-waveformand Envisat shows better performance than CS-2 (LRM).For Neagh lake SAMOSA3 and threshold 10% with the accuracy of10–15 cm are the best retrackers for doppler beam-limited altime-ter, CS-2 SAR.Laser altimeter (IceSat) provides an RMS of 13 cm for water levelin the case of using waveform saturation correction.Doppler beam-limited altimeter (CS-2 SAR) has better performancethan laser altimeter and laser altimeter has better performance thanpulse-limited altimeter (Envisat) over Neagh lake.
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Conclusion and discussion
For Nasser lake the first detected sub-waveform retracked by β-5is the best reacking scenario for doppler beam-limited altimeter.Doppler beam-limited altimeter (CS-2 SARIn) has betterperformance than pulse-limited altimeter (Jason-2) over this lake.
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Many thanks for your attention
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