INTEGRATION OF FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY INTO AFRICA’S DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

MOBILIZATION OF INFORMATION AND DEMONSTRATION SITES

Demonstration project in the Gambia River basin

Training of Trainers Module

Monitoring of freshwater fish

Anis DIALLO & Dr. NDiaga THIAM

September 2010

INTEGRATION OF FRESHWATER BIODIVERSITY INTO AFRICA’S DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

MOBILIZATION OF INFORMATION AND DEMONSTRATION SITES

Demonstration project in the Gambia River basin

Training of Trainers Module

Monitoring of freshwater fish

Wetlands International Afrique Rue 111, Zone B, Villa No 39B

BP 25581 DAKAR-FANN TEL. : (+221) 33 869 16 81 FAX : (221) 33 825 12 92 EMAIL: wetlands@orange.sn

TABLE OF CONTENT Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 4

Goals and objectives of the module ........................................................................................ 6 Module content ..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Module content (continued) .................................................................................................... 8 Training needs ....................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. Expected results .................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

1. Presentation of the study area ............................................................................................... 11 2. ASPECTS OF BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION .......................................................... 15

2.1.- Species geographical area ............................................................................................. 15 2.2.- Identification and abundance of species ....................................................................... 16 2.3.- Genetic diversity ........................................................................................................... 22 2.4.- Behavior of migratory species ...................................................................................... 23 2.5.- Synopsis on planned changes ....................................................................................... 23

3. Potential impacts of dams on fishing and biodiversity ........................................................ 25 4.- Adaptation for biodiversity conservation ............................................................................ 26

4.1.- Management of biological diversity ............................................................................. 26 4.1.1.- Monitoring of indicators and sites .......................................................................... 26

5.- Environmental assessment .................................................................................................. 30 6.- Integrated water management ............................................................................................. 31 Bibliographical references ........................................................................................................ 32

Web site listing ..................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined. GLOSSARY ............................................................................................................................. 34 ANNEXES ............................................................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Annex 1 : Estimated training budget .................................................................................... 35 ANNEX 2 .............................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. ANNEX 3 : Lexicon for the survey of fishing efforts and landings ..................................... 37 ANNEX 4 : Species that are under specific monitoring ....... Error! Bookmark not defined.

ACCRONYMES IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature OMVG The Gambia River Basin Development Organization OMVS Organization for the Development of the Senegal River

INTRODUCTION The Gambia River Basin Development Organization (OMVG), which includes The Gambia, Guinea, Senegal and Guinea-Bissau, looks to further improve the socio-economic integration of the four member states through the development and management of resources in the Gambia basin, Kayanga (Senegal), Geba (Guinea Bissau), Koliba (Guinea), and Corubal (Guinea Bissau). The project’s objective is to increase the agro forestry and pastoral yield, streamline the procurement of natural resources and improve infrastructure and Social Services. It also seeks to reduce poverty on a sustainable basis and improve the conditions of the populations established in the Gambia River basin. OMVG has committed to an important infrastructure project to reduce the energy deficit of its member countries. The project includes hydroelectric dams in Senegal (Sambangalou) and in Guinea (Kaleta) with regional integration of power grids in the four countries. The bigger of the two projects is the Sambangalou dam, which will have a 400 Gigawatt (GWh) capacity. In addition to the dams and power stations in Senegal and Guinea, the construction of 225 kilovolt (kV) power lines connecting the plant and the four countries is included in the project. In order to mitigate the impact of constructing the Sambangalou dam, OMVG has partnered with Wetlands International and the International Union for the Conservation of Nature (IUCN) with the objective of conserving biodiversity in the Gambia River basin within the framework of the demonstration project. The biodiversity gap assessment has provided basic information for species’ development and monitoring. Biodiversity conservation will also enable the development of eco-tourism. This local development will move forward via the training of targeted community groups to raise awareness of the importance of biodiversity conservation. Thus, this module on freshwater fish is destined for trainers and for the monitoring of biodiversity, especially once the Sambangalou dam is functional, in relation to the creation of an observatory. The information issuing from this biodiversity monitoring will serve as a support to future habitat construction projects and approved plans for species conservation. Wetlands International, in collaboration with IUCN, has implemented a program entitled "Integration of Freshwater Biodiversity in Africa’s Development Process: Mobilization of Information and Demonstration Sites. The Gambia River Basin Development Organization

(OMVG) which is composed of The Gambia, the Republic of Guinea, Guinea Bissau and Senegal, plans to build a dam on the Sambangalou site. The construction of this dam will involve a significant disturbance to biodiversity as proven by the impact studies conducted by OMVG. In order to mitigate the negative impact of this project, and to simultaneously improve those that are positive, Wetlands International Africa, in partnership with the IUCN-Species Survival Commission and the OMVG Organization, through Phase 2 entitled "Demonstration Project of the Gambia River (West Africa)" within the program "Integration of Freshwater Biodiversity in Africa’s Development Process: Mobilization of Information and Demonstration Site" agree on the implementation of a plan to monitor the biodiversity of freshwater ecosystems in the Gambia River basin.

In order to get important information on all ecosystems and especially on key species and habitats, it is important that all stakeholders are given the tools to undertake the monitoring of biodiversity in general and of key species related to this specific project. As for the various challenges and issues at this point in time, it is appropriate to provide training on the adapted monitoring methods. Thus, Wetlands International Africa decided to develop a training module for trainers on freshwater fish.

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE MODULE This module is designed for the state’s technical services, NGOs and local communities of the Gambia River Basin to implement in a practical manner a preliminary monitoring plan of freshwater biodiversity of the Gambia River basin. It offers a precise and operational methodology to monitor the status and dynamics of freshwater crabs. The development of this type of course involves choices that must eventually be adjusted in the field. Ultimately, this course will enable the : • Strengthening of the capacities of trainers in the monitoring of species for the

conservation of species biodiversity • Evaluation of the educational means and training plan for targeted groups • Provision of information on the impacts of the construction of the

Sambanganlou hydroelectric dam

Arius parkii (FAO, fishbase)

This module is for the training of trainers who will be able to disseminate widely within the communities or other targeted groups the need for the conservation of the biological diversity of the Gambia River basin and to adapt to changes resulting from the establishment of the Sambangalou dam. The training aims to teach participants the concepts of biological diversity conservation, the identification of monitored species, collection of biological, environmental and socio-economic data and the archiving of data for in-depth analysis and processing by the observatory. The training module on fish requires 28 hours of course work distributed as follows:

• General information on the Gambia River Basin ecosystems (2H). o Types of ecosystems (characteristics)

• Bio-ecology of freshwater fish and those with marine or brackish affinities (4H).

o The course "Physical Environment" aims to present various facets of the physical characteristics of natural environments (aquatic)

• The concept of biological diversity 'Biodiversity' (2H). o Appreciation of the natural diversity and fish species which is

assessed by considering the diversity of ecosystems and populations.

MODULE CONTENT

• Communication and future role of trainers for awareness purposes (2H). o Awareness strategy and communication materials for the target groups

• Training evaluation (2H). o Summary by each participant.

MODULE CONTENT (CONTINUED)

• Concepts of biological diversity conservation (2H). o Factors responsible for the loss of biodiversity o Adaptation measures for biodiversity conservation

• Environmental impacts of the dam (3H). o Hydrological regimen o Risks associated with the building of dams

• Taxonomy and species identification (3H). o Technique for the identification of fish and their classification

• Identification cards to monitor and collect the various data to be collected (2H). o Development and validation of tools for the survey of fish landings

(statistics, species diversity and socio-economic importance of fishing) • Practical implementation of training elements in the field (4H).

o Field surveys using the tools mentioned above • Ability to adapt to changes (2H).

o Identification of practical measures to be taken to adapt to changes in order to mitigate the effects on the populations and their activities in the Gambia River basin

TRAINING NEEDS a) Target groups:

This training module targets in particular the development agents who intervene in the realm and who are in permanent contact with the local populations. They will have to train them to increase the awareness and participation of grassroots communities in biodiversity conservation and the use of natural resources. The people targeted for capacity building are:

- Water and forestry agents, - Continental fishing agents, - OMVG agents, - Representatives of local communities, - NGOs and private (hotels) who work with or use products from this industry.

b) Material needs

- Room with 25 seat capacity (training site) - Twenty (20) copies at least of course materials (Module), - Twenty (20) copies at least of cards for identification of species to be monitored, - Twenty (20) copies at least of each card to collect biological, fish, environmental

and socio-economic data (example provided in annex 1), - One (01) dissection kit, - Ten liters (10) of alcohol, formalin, etc., - One (01) flip chart and paper, - Six (06) markers of different colors, - One (01) Power light projection, - Nine (09) computers (PC), 01 computer for 2 persons (for the participants), - Eighteen (18) boards to measure fish size.

• The ability to identify (systematically) species to be monitored (presence and abundance)

• The methodological approach for the monitoring of freshwater biodiversity is mastered;

• The ability to train other target groups for larger dissemination of the need to conserve biological diversity and the valorization of extracted resources.

• The impact of changes related both to the establishment of the dam and climatic changes.

EXPECTED RESULTS The primary expected results from the development of this module are the training of technicians and the provision of a method for the monitoring of freshwater fish. Thus, after the training session, trainers will have:

Auchenoglanis occidentalis (FAO, Fishbase)

1. PRESENTATION OF THE STUDY AREA The Gambia River has its source in the high rainy mountains of the Fouta Djallon in the northern part of Guinea’s central region. The total amount of water leaving Guinea for Senegal is estimated at around 3 km³ / year. The river then flows north to enter The Gambia in the country’s extreme east. The total area of the Gambia River Basin is 77,850 sq. km. There is a large fluctuation in river flow between the wet (2,000 m3 / s) and dry season (10 m3 / s). Due to this reason and given the flat topography of The Gambia, salt waters can be found at about 70 km upstream during the rainy season and 250 km upstream in the dry season. This has an effect on the distribution of species and habitats at the river’s mouth. All changes in river flow have an effect on the composition and structure of zones near the river’s mouth.

Figure 1 : Gambia River Basin

Three main types of wetlands can be found in the basin namely mangroves near the mouth, small flood zones in the middle and thick riparian forests in the mountains of Guinea. These wetlands provide habitats to about 1,500 species of plants, 80 species of mammals, 330 bird species, 26 species of reptiles, about 150 species of freshwater fish and 481 other species found in the coastal lagoons. Several endangered species such as chimpanzees, crocodiles and the Egyptian plover can still be found in these regions. There are about 3 million people living in the Gambia basin who are chiefly involved in agriculture (70 to 90% of the population). Other activities include fishing, livestock, forestry and trade. The Gambia River Basin Development Organization (OMVG) was founded in 1978 to foster the development of the basin with the provision of irrigation and hydroelectric power. In order to meet the ever increasing need for clean energy production, a feasibility study was conducted for the construction of a dam on the upper Gambia River. The construction of a hydroelectric dam has recently been approved at a location near Sambangalou. The dam will

have an impact on the hydrological, ecological and abiotic aspects of the river. The main impacts are:

Reduction of flood peak discharge from 50 to 60% Reduction of the water depth to an overall average of about 10 cm The intrusion of saline water in a range of 150 km, resulting in:

- The loss of animal biodiversity and mangroves along the riverbed - Possible changes in the morpho-sedimentary configuration and microbiology, - A decrease in irrigation water levels - A decline in fish production

There will be a significant impact on freshwater biodiversity, not only on commercial fish species but also on endangered animals such as the West African manatee. As recommended in the environmental impacts assessment, compensation must be given to local communities for the loss of income due to changes in the environment. Changes must be monitored continuously to detect any obvious change in biodiversity that require a management response.

Figure 2: Location of hydroelectric dams (source: OMVG Energy Project)

2. ASPECTS OF BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

2.1.- GEOGRAPHICAL AREA OF SPECIES The establishment of the dam will lead to a modification of ecosystems and constitute an obstacle for fish migration and habitat loss, which will affect their reproductive cycle (biology). The intrusion of salt to nearly 150 km (downstream) of the dam will cause the depletion or even disappearance of major parts of the river’s uniquely freshwater species that would be trapped downstream. Thus, there will be a general reduction in the space devoted to bio-ecological fish. Indeed, under normal circumstances, flood plains and basins provide an ideal habitat for the growth of juveniles because of the following factors:

High temperatures in shallow areas contribute to the acceleration of metabolism and growth of juveniles

The low depths, weak current and the presence of nutritive elements provide ideal conditions for the growth of aquatic plants and plankton (food for juveniles)

The presence of aquatic vegetation and plants provides cover against predators of the juvenile fish

Figure 3: Distribution area of freshwater species.

2.2.- IDENTIFICATION AND ABUNDANCE OF SPECIES

Even though biodiversity monitoring is important, it cannot be undertaken without the ability to identify the species to be monitored. This recognition will permit better appreciation on the presence/absence of species. The observation provides evidence of environmental changes and will enable notation on the new species distribution. One can witness new dominance phenomena or new communities, based on the available space and the loss of competitiveness on the ecological niche.

The real reactions unique to each species will depend on the population dynamics, mutualistic or competitive interactions between species and the biochemical and physiological reactions of individuals (Oswald et al., 2003). The latter express the manner, often complex, in which an individual reacts to its environment and changes within that environment.

Fish that are non-tetra pod chordates and have gills throughout their life. These fish are classified by "Wikipedia.org" in the following main groups (in grey are the extinct taxa):

───────o Sub-class of Pteraspidomorphi (agnathes, primitive fish without jaws) ─────o Class of Thelodonti (agnathes, primitive fish without jaws) ─────o Class of Anaspida (agnathes, primitive fish without jaws) ─o (no classification) Cephalaspidomorphi (agnathes, primitive fish without jaws) ├───o (no clasification) Hyperoartia │ └─o Petromyzontiformes (lamproies) ├───o Class of Galeaspides ├───o Class of Pituriaspida └───o Class of Ostracodermes (agnathes, primitive fish without jaws) ─o Sub-branch of Gnathostomes (vertebrae with jaws) ├───o Class of Placodermes fish with an articulated armor, no longer in existence) ├───o Class of Acanthodii (thorn shark, no longer in existence) ├───o Class of Chondrichtyens (fish with cartilage: sharks and rays) └─o Super class of Osteichthyens (bony fish) ├─o Class of Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish) └─o Class of Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish) ├─o Sub-class Coelacanthimorpha (cœlacanthes) └─o Sub-class Dipnoi (dipneustes) It is also important to list a few examples of fish classification

Mugil cephalus (FAO, Fishbase)

Classification

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata

Sub-phylum Vertebrata

Super-class Osteichthyes

Class Actinopterygii

Sub-class Neopterygii

Infra-class Teleostei

Super-order Acanthopterygii

Order Mugiliformes according to ITIS Perciformes according to FishBase

Family Mugilidae

Lates niloticus

Classification

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata

Sub-phylum Vertebrata

Super-class OsteichthyesClass ActinopterygiiSub-class NeopterygiiInfra-class TeleosteiSuper-order Acanthopterygii

Order Perciformes Sub-order Percoidei

Family Centropomidae

Sub – family Latinae

Genera Lates

Name Lates niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758)

Clarias gariepinus

Classification

Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata

Sub-phylum Vertebrata

Super-class OsteichthyesClass ActinopterygiiSub-class NeopterygiiInfra-class TeleosteiSuper- order Acanthopterygii

Order Siluriformes Sub – order Ostariophysi

Family Clariidae

Sub – family Latinae

Genera Clarias

Name

Clarias gariepinus

Tilapia guineensis (Fishbase)

Classification

Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Chordata

Super-class Osteichthyes

Class Actinopterygii

Sub-class Neopterygii

Infra-class Teleostei

Order Perciformes

Sub-order Labroidei

Family Cichlidae

Barbus baudoni

Classification

Kingdom Animalia

Phylum Chordata

Sub-Phylum Vertebrata

Super-class

OsteichthyesClass

ActinopterygiiSub-class

NeopterygiiInfra-class

Teleostei

Super-order Ostariophysi

Order Cypriniformes

Super-family Cyprinoidea

Family Cyprinidae

2.3.- GENETIC DIVERSITY Genetic diversity is an important aspect of biodiversity. Genetic variability is not often visually recognizable and can only be detected by using sophisticated analytical methods (Usher, 2005). Thus, the best way to conserve genetic diversity is to ensure the conservation of each species over a geographic area as wide as possible and in as many habitats as appropriate based on the assumption that the geographical and environmental features have structured genetic variation. The reduction in flood plains because of the dam could cause a decline in fish habitat and thus have an impact on genetic diversity.

2.4.- BEHAVIOR OF MIGRATING SPECIES

Freshwater fish are holobiotic or potamodromous, meaning they complete their entire reproductive cycle in the river, its floodplain and its tributaries (Albaret, 1994). These fish, outside of the restricted migration zone, will not be highly affected by the establishment of the dam because their whole life cycle unfolds in freshwater. However species with marine affinity who spend much of their lives (juvenile) in fresh water will undertake a longer migration due to saltwater intrusion to nearly 150 kms.

2.5.- SYNOPSIS OF PLANNED CHANGES

The activation of the Sambanganlou dam combined with the effects of climate change will also provoke a loss of biodiversity and a decline in fish production. Indeed, with a reduction of flooding areas and a blockage of the migration of species in both directions (downstream / upstream), one will note that there will be a drastic disturbance of the reproductive cycle of many species.

The vulnerability of species related to hydrological changes due to the establishment of a hydroelectric dam (habitat loss, impossibility of migration in the brackish and fresh water downstream / upstream of the dam). Ecosystems and coastal systems will no longer perform their ecological function even though they are a remarkable living environment, a cultural component, and an important source of income for lakeshore communities, in addition to great bulwarks against coastal erosion.

Gambia River (Wetlands, 2009)

3. POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF DAMS ON FISHING AND BIODIVERSITY

Fishing in the Gambia River basin holds major socio-economic significance as both a source of income and animal protein intake. By being a barrier to fish migration in both directions (downstream / upstream), it will on the one hand drastically reduce the breeding area of anadromous species and on the other prevent the catadromous species, from going back to the sea or salt waters for reproduction. The dam may also cause the depletion in the environment, scarcity or even the disappearance of some species. Catches of fish will suffer a significant decline that will result in a decline in revenues for fishing communities.

4.- ADAPTATION FOR BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION

Given the magnitude of the expected impacts related to the establishment of the Sambangalou dam on biodiversity and habitats, species monitoring in relation to their vulnerability and adaptability is imperative.

4.1.- BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT The working group on fish has completed an inventory of species in the Gambia River basin that as accounted for 308 fish species. This inventory is important because it forms the basis for the conservation of biological diversity and thus can assess the survivability of the listed species.

4.1.1.- Monitoring of indicators and sites Tracking or monitoring consists of record data regularly in order to identify trends. In fact, it is only used to evaluate existing resources and quantitative fluctuations of these resources. The goal is to monitor biodiversity and its evolution with the use of applicable and appropriate mechanisms, and to monitor the causal relationship between pressure and the effects on biodiversity (Usher, 2005). In July 2008, the working group on fish had identified 308 fish species for the entire Gambia River basin; however, in terms of presence it noted gaps in 47 species for Guinea, 150 for Senegal, 172 for Guinea Bissau and 187 for The Gambia. The criteria for site selection chosen by the team of experts on fish remain valid; namely:

The ecological importance The role of the site (habitat diversity) in the conservation of biodiversity Species richness The presence of rare or endangered species The presence or absence of endemic species The economic importance

The emphasis will be placed on listed freshwater species that number142 in 21 families (Wetlands, 2009). Indeed, it is assumed that 21% of freshwater species in mainland Africa are in danger of extinction, which threatens the livelihoods of millions of people (Wetlands, 2010). Given the issue’s importance, inland waters should be managed not only for freshwater supply, but also to preserve the rich biodiversity they contain.

Variation of the number of species in the various families (Wetlands, 2009)

Depending on the objectives of the observatory, the number of sites that will be monitored will vary in importance. The sites will be both downstream and upstream of the Sambangalou dam location. The intrusion of saltwater up stream extending 15O km into the river from the dam, about 500 km from the mouth, means the possibility of having fresh water for at least 300 km downstream of the dam. To this end, we propose the monitoring of nine sites (09), three (03) of which covering the salt intrusion area, three (03) in the freshwater zone downstream of the dam and three (03) upstream of the Sambangalou dam. The various monitoring sites proposed are:

COUNTRY SITES SENEGAL • Bara

• Fort de Damantan • Niokolo tributary • Nieriko tributary • Simenti Basin • Wouring Basin • Oudassi Basin • Padan Basin • Banthantity Basin • Sambangalou dam

THE GAMBIA • Downstream • Central part (Manatee reserve) • Upstream (mountain area)

• Fouta Djallo area REPUBLIC OF GUINEA • Kounsi (CRD of Balaki)

• Théwiirè • Pakaya • Parabanta

It has been agreed upon that the final choice of monitoring sites will be made after a field visit to consolidate this initial proposal.

4.1.1.1.- Materials

The objective of monitoring is to collect data on fishery statistics, note the presence/absence or reduction of species in the catches; the evolution of sizes for species monitored, fishermen’s yield and the evolution of their income drawn from this activity but also the evolution of the salted area. Those responsible for this collection will receive cards (vouchers) to collect different types of data, and a measurement board.

Monitoring (data collection) will be once a week except for special events recorded in the fishing industry. The scientific team of the observatory will be equipped with kits for dissection and preservation fluid (formaldehyde, Boën liquid) during field visits for fish control.

Composed of : 1 pair of scissors strong and sharp, round 140 mm, 1 pair of scissors fine « Iris » 110 mm, 1 strong pliers 140 mm, 1 fine pliers 110 mm, 1 pair of scalpels, 1 pack of 5 scalpel blades, 2 straight needles for dissection

Dissection kit

Board to measure the length of fish

4.1.1.2.- Method

All the data collected will be subject to statistical and factorial analysis (ANOVA) to allow the observations to have a sound basis for policy implementation, projects or resource management. Besides the weekly monitoring of sites, it will be useful for the observatory to undertake at least two field missions per year during quite characteristic periods to verify the species’ state of maturity to be monitored and verify whether there are changes in sizes of sexual maturity and at the end, identify the number of fishing units operating in the Gambia River basin for extrapolation purposes in order to assess the landings.

5.- ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT Based on the evaluation of the impact of dam construction, the decline in water depth and the intrusion of salt will result in a loss of habitats. The gathering of information on flooded areas, the salinity measurements, combined with biological diversity monitoring will enable the observatory to make an environmental assessment on a periodic basis in order to guide adaptation strategies in relation to changes.

6.- INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT The various uses of water from the Gambia River basin should be well managed especially after the implementation of the Sambangalou dam. Using OMVS as a model, sound policy and concerted management of water resources have to be put in place with a network of hydrological, hydro-geological data and an early warning system. Grassroots communities must be involved in collecting and managing this network. The environmental fluctuations, elements of the integrated management of water resources, are a fundamental concept provided that flow control of the river is not critical for the maintenance and operation of a wetland ecosystem. The goal is to find a balance between quantity, quality and timing of needed water flows to sustain freshwater and brackish ecosystems, and the water needs of the local population (Smith et al., 2008). Using this approach, the normal flow of a river can be maintained or restored (just like during the controlled opening and closing of dams) to allow the targeted species, dependent on seasonal changes, to maintain themselves.

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL REFERENCES

- Albaret , J.J. 1982. Reproduction et fécondité des poissons d'eau douce de Côte d'Ivoire. Rev. Hydrobiol. Trop. 15 (4): 347-371.

- Albaret J.J. 1994. Peuplement de poisson, ressources halieutiques, pisciculture, dans le delta du fleuve Sénégal. Impact des modifications de l’environnement. ORSTOM/CRODT, 47p.

- Anonymes, 2000. Etude des ressources Ichtyologiques du fleuve Sénégal, 286 p.

- Anonymes, 2000. Gam River Dam. Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment. Creating Protected Areas for Resourses Conservation using Landscape Ecology, 28 p.

- Anonymes, 2005. Integrated Water Resource Management Planning Process in Senegal, 13 p.

- Bruno Phillipe & Olivier Pitras, L’Impact du changement climatique sur les activités de pêche. Module 14, 21 p.

- IUCN, 2009. A user’s guide to the IUCN Red List web site, 40 p.

- IAVS, 2009. Fiche descriptive du Programme pilote de renforcement des capacités des médias burkinabé à traiter l’information sur les changements climatiques. Institut d’Application et de Vulgarisation en Science, 5 p.

- Lévëque C., Paugy D. et Teugels G.G., 1992. Faune des poisons d’eaux douces et saumâtres d’Afrique de l’ouest. Edition de l’ORSTOM, Volumes 1 & 2, 902 p.

- Michel B. Usher, 2005. Convention Relative à la Conservation de la vie sauvage et du milieu naturel de l’Europe. Conserver la diversité biologique européenne dans le contexte du changement climatique, 33p.

OMVG, 2007. OMVG Energy project. Environmental and Social Impact assessment summary, 16 p.

- Philippe R., 2008. Vulnérabilité des ressources en eau superficielle d’un bassin soudano-sahélien dans un contexte de changement climatique : Approche par indicateurs. Mémoire Master 2, 101 p.

- République du Sénégal, 2007. Plan d’Action pour la Gestion intégrée des ressources en Eaux du Sénégal, 62 p.

- Samuel K. N., 2007. Curriculum East African Regional Training of Trainers Course. Wetlands International, 60 p.

- Shinde/UNEP, 2007. Les changements climatiques, ses conséquences sur l’emploi et l’action syndicale. Module 1 : Introduction aux changements climatiques, 50 p.

- Shinde/UNEP, 2007. Les changements climatiques, ses conséquences sur l’emploi et l’action syndicale. Module 2 : Conséquences du changement climatique sur l’emploi, 34 p.

- Smith, K.G., Diop, M.D., Niane, M. and Darwall, W.R.T. (Compilers). 2009. The Status and Distribution of Freshwater Biodiversity in Western Africa Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK: IUCN. X + 94pp + 4pp cover.

- Sylla M. Rapport de mission. Atelier tenu à Banjul du 15 au 17 juillet 2008, 4 p.

- The UNEP-GEF African-Eurasian Flyways Project, 2007. The flyway approach to the conservation and wise use of waterbirds and wetlands, 5 p.

- The UNEP-GEF African-Eurasian Flyways Project, 2007. Wings over Wetlands Project : Training and Awareness Raising Framework, 35 p.

- Thieme M.L., Abell. R., Stiassny M.L.J., Skelton P., Lahner B., Teugels G.G., Dinerstein E., Toham A.K., Burgess N. and Olson D., 2005. Freshwater Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar. A Conservation Assessment. Island Press, 431 p.

-UICN, 2010. Menaces sur les espèces d’eau douce : moyens de subsistance en péril. Press release du 22 septembre 2010.

- Wetlands International, 2007. Integration of freshwater biodiversity into the development process of Africa. Freshwater Biodiversity on Gambie River’s Basin. Mobilisation of Information and Demonstration Sites, 57 p.

WEB SITE LISTING - www.feow.org - www.iucn.org - http://iavs.6mablog.com - www.globalamphibians.org - www.fao.org - www.fishbase.org - http://www.conservationmeasures.org/initiatives/threats-actions-taxonomies/threats-

taxonomy http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/species/red_list/?5898/2/Menaces-sur-les-especes-africaines-deau-douce-moyens-de-subsistance-en-peril

GLOSSARY

Anadromous Fish that live in the sea and spawn in freshwater

Biodiversity The natural diversity of living organisms

Catadromous Fish that live in freshwater and spawn at sea

Species The most basic unit of taxonomic systematics

Genetics The science that studies heredity and genes

Holobiotics migrators

Fish that can initiate significant displacement of environmental location and do so to satisfy needs essential to maintaining the population in good condition

Potamodromous Fish who only migrate in freshwater

Systematics This is the science that organizes the classification of taxa and their relationships

Taxon It is a conceptual entity meant to group all those living organisms that share certain taxonomic traits or well-defined identification

Taxonomy The science that seeks to describe living organisms and group them into entities called taxa in order to identify and name them, and ultimately classify them

ANNEXES 

ANNEX 1: ESTIMATED TRAINING BUDGET Capacity building of the trainers for the ' Freshwater Fish Module’ requires an estimated budget of four million, four hundred and thirty six thousand francs CFA broken down as follows:

DESIGNATION Number AMOUNT/

UNIT (fcfa)

TOTAL AMOUNT (fcfa)

- Course tools (Module) 20 20,000 400,000

- Elaboration of identification boards and data collection cards

01 2,000,000 2,000,000

- Copies of boards 20 25,000 500,000

- Copies of data collection cards 100 50 5,000

- Markers 06 1,000 6,000

- Measuring boards 18 9,000 162,000

- Dissection kit 01 100,000 100,000

- Preserving fluids 10 50,000 50,000

- Computer rental (09 X 3) 15,000 270,000

- Power light rental (01 X 3) 20,000 60,000

- Trainers’ fees 05 65,000 325,000

- Per Diem (participants) (18 X 3) 20,000 1,080,000

TOTAL 4,436,000

ANNEX 2

Guidance: Sample data collection card on landings (statistics) of fish and species diversity (used in the Saloum estuary). It is assumed that the different types of elements and targeted species will be included on the card after an exhaustive survey of the fishing activity in the Gambia basin.

ANNEX 3: LEXICON FOR THE SURVEY OF FISHING EFFORTS AND LANDINGS

Variable Meaning of the variable Zone Maritime area Port Fishing port Surveyor Name of the surveyor Date Survey date Enq Surveyor code PE Fishing port code F Holiday T Time LSM Number of outputs of the simple motorized line LSNM Number of outputs of the simple non motorized line FDS Number of outputs for surface nets FDF Number of outputs for deep lying nets LPG Number of outputs for the line or long line cooler ST Number of outputs for the turning seine FME Number of outputs for the encircling gill net SP Number of outputs for the beach seine LR Number of outputs for the rhinobatos line LCS Number of outputs for the cuttlefish line LTR Number of outputs for the trolling line PAL Number of outputs for long line LPO Number of outputs for the octopus line TM Number of outputs for the trammel FMDS Number of outputs for the surface driftnet FMDF Number of outputs for the deep driftnet KILI Number of outputs for the kili FFC Number of outputs for the fixed shrimp net EP Number of outputs for the hawk PSM Number of outputs for deep sea fishing Nbenq Total number of fish units sampled Num Number of the pirogues sampled UP Type of fishing unit (boat or on-foot fishing) TP Type of fishing (fishing gear) PM Engine strength Nbp Number of fishermen in the boat PO Port of origin of the boat TR Navigating time DR Duration of fishing operations Lieu Fishing location PF Fishing depth Ess Value of the fuel on-board Nbsuit Number of suits ESP Species code

UDB Evaluation landings unit QTDB Quantity landed RJT Quantity rejected L1 to L30 Size of individuals measured in the boat

ANNEX 4 : SPECIES THAT ARE UNDER SPECIFIC MONITORING

Genus Species Family

Alestes baremoze ALESTIIDAE Alestes bouboni ALESTIIDAE Alestes dentex ALESTIIDAE Amphilius platychir AMPHILIIDAE Amphilius rheophilus AMPHILIIDAE Aplocheilichthys spilauchen POECILIIDAE Arius latiscutatus ARIIDAE Arius parkii ARIIDAE Auchenoglanis occidentalis BAGRIDAE Auchenoglanis biscutatus BAGRIDAE Awaous lateristriga GOBIIDAE Barbus macrops CYPRINIDAE Barbus ablabes CYPRINIDAE Barbus leonensis CYPRINIDAE Barbus baudoni CYPRINIDAE Barbus sublineatus CYPRINIDAE Barbus dialonensis CYPRINIDAE Barbus foutensis CYPRINIDAE Barbus salessei CYPRINIDAE Barbus cadenati CYPRINIDAE Barbus pobeguini CYPRINIDAE Barbus foutensis CYPRINIDAE Barbus niokoloensis CYPRINIDAE Bostrychus africanus ELEOTRIDAE Brienomyrus brachyistius MORMYRIDAE Brienomyrus niger MORMYRIDAE Brycinus nurse ALESTIIDAE Brycinus longipinnis ALESTIDAE Brycinus leuciscus ALESTIIDAE Carcharhinus leucas CARCHARHINIDAE Chrysichthys johnelsi CLAROTEIDAE Chrysichthys maurus CLAROTEIDAE Chrysichthys nigrodigitatus CLAROTEIDAE Citharichthys stampflii PARALICHTHYIDAE Citharinus citharus citharus CITHARINIDAE Clarias gariepinus CLARIIDAE Clarias buettikoferi CLARIIDAE

Clarias anguillaris CLARIIDAE Clarotes laticeps BAGRIDAE Ctenopoma kingsleyae ANABANTIDAE Ctenopoma petherici ANABANTIDAE Cynoglossus senegalensis CYNOGLOSSIDAE Dalophis boulengeri OPHICHTHIDAE Dalophis cephalopeltis OPHICHTHIDAE Distichodus brevipinnis CITHARINIDAE Distichodus rostratus CITHARINIDAE Dormitator lebretonis ELEOTRIDIDAE Eleotris vittata ELEOTRIDAE Eleotris senegalensis ELEOTRIDAE Elops senegalensis ELOPIDAE Enneacampus ansorgii SYNGNATHIDAE Epiplatys fasciolatus josianae APLOCHEILIDAE Epiplatys bifasciatus APLOCHEILIDAE Epiplatys spilargyreius APLOCHEILIDAE Ethmalosa fimbriata CLUPEIDAE Eucinostomus melanopterus GERREIDAE Fundulosoma thierryi APLOCHEILIDAE Gobioides sagitta GOBIIDAE Gymnarchus niloticus GYMNARCHIDAE Hemichromis fasciatus CICHLIDAE Hemichromis bimaculatus CICHLIDAE Hepsetus odoe HEPSETIDAE Heterobranchus isopterus CLARIIDAE Heterobranchus longifilis CLARIIDAE Heterobranchus bidorsalis CLARIIDAE Heterotis niloticus OSTEOGLOSSIDAE Hydrocynus brevis ALESTIIDAE Hydrocynus forskalii ALESTIIDAE Hyperopisus bebe bebe MORMYRIDAE Hyperopisus bebe occidentalis MORMYRIDAE Kribia nana ELEOTRIDAE Labeo coubie CYPRINIDAE Labeo parvus CYPRINIDAE Labeo senegalensis CYPRINIDAE Laeviscutella dekimpei CLUPEIDAE Lagocephalus laevigatus TETRAODONTIDAE Lates niloticus CENTROPOMIDAE Liza dumerili MUGILIDAE

Malapterurus occidentalis MALAPTERURIDAE Marcusenius mento MORMYRIDAE Marcusenius senegalensis MORMYRIDAE Mastacembelus liberiensis MASTACEMBELIDAE Micropanchax pfaffi POECILIIDAE Microphis brachyurus aculeatus SYNGNATHIDAE Mochokus niloticus MOCHOKIDAE Mormyrops anguilloides MORMYRIDAE Mormyrus hasselquistii MORMYRIDAE Mormyrus rume MORMYRIDAE Mugil cephalus MUGILIDAE Mugil curema MUGILIDAE Nannaethiops unitaeniatus CITHARINIDAE Nannocharax ansorgii DISTICHODONTIDAE Neolebias unifasciatus DISTICHODONTIDAE Odaxothrissa ansorgii CLUPEIDAE Oreochromis niloticus niloticus CICHLIDAE Papyrocranus afer NOTOPTERIDAE Parachanna obscura CHANNIDAE Paradistichodus dimidiatus DISTICHODONTIDAE Parailia spiniserrata SCHILBEIDAE Pellonula leonensis CLUPEIDAE Periophthalmus barbarus GOBIIDAE Petrocephalus soudanensis MORMYRIDAE Petrocephalus bovei MORMYRIDAE Pollimyrus isidori isidori MORMYRIDAE Polydactylus quadrifilis POLYNEMIDAE Polypterus senegalus senegalus POLYPTERIDAE Polypterus bichir lapradei POLYPTERIDAE Porogobius schlegelii GOBIIDAE Poropanchax normani POECILIIDAE Pristis pristis PRISTIDAE Procatopus lamberti POECILIIDAE Pronothobranchius kiyawensis APLOCHEILIDAE Protopterus annectens annectens PROTOPTERIDAE Raiamas shariensis CYPRINIDAE Raiamas senegalensis CYPRINIDAE Rhabdalestes septentrionalis ALESTIDAE Sarotherodon galilaeus galilaeus CICHLIDAE Sarotherodon melanotheron CICHLIDAE Schilbe intermedius SCHILBEIDAE Schilbe micropogon SCHILBEIDAE Schilbe mystus SCHILBEIDAE

Scriptaphyosemion guignardi APLOCHEILIDAE Scriptaphyosemion geryi APLOCHEILIDAE Sierrathrissa leonensis CLUPEIDAE Sphyraena guachancho SPHYRAENIDAE Synodontis batensoda MOCHOKIDAE Synodontis clarias MOCHOKIDAE Synodontis membranaceus MOCHOKIDAE Synodontis schall MOCHOKIDAE Synodontis annectens MOCHOKIDAE Synodontis ocellifer MOCHOKIDAE Synodontis gambiensis MOCHOKIDAE Synodontis nigrita MOCHOKIDAE Tarpon atlanticus MEGALOPIDAE Tetraodon lineatus TETRAODONTIDAE Tilapia guineensis CICHLIDAE Tilapia brevimanus CICHLIDAE Tilapia zillii CICHLIDAE Trachinotus teraia CARANGIDAE Tylochromis intermedius CICHLIDAE Tylochromis jentinki CICHLIDAE Yongeichthys thomasi GOBIIDAE