monarchs in europe absolute - world studies -...
TRANSCRIPT
Absolute Monarchs in
Europe
1500-1800
Introduction video
Throwback In what ways do you think the Protestant Reformation and Exploration strengthened the kings of Europe?
1. Reformation weakened the CHURCH
2. Colonization brought $$$$$
Format1. You will read. You don’t have to read a lot, so cut the whining! 2. I will lecture. When you see something underlined that’s a clue to sort it into
your graphic organizer. 3. Let’s read “Setting the Stage” so we can establish our historical context before I
set. You. off.
Reading Questions1. What’s an absolute monarch?2. Define divine right3. What did monarchs do when the peasants revolted?
Causes
❖ Crusades & other wars killed many feudal lords❖ Rising middle class supported monarchs❖ Reformation gave monarch powers formerly held by the Church❖ Awakening spirit of nationalism made the monarch a symbol of national unity
Rise of Absolute Monarchs
Rise of Nationalism and Nation-States
● Began when a strong ruler expanded control to a larger area
● Eventually, monarch rule free from external political or religious control
● In England and France the monarch united people of a common nationality (similar language, customs, history)
● Breakdown of feudalism and emergence of nationalism; People transferred loyalty from local lord to monarch & nation
Absolute Monarchs
•Structure
–Monarch rules as executive without the check of legislative or judiciary
•Acquisition, Use, and Justification of Power
–Monarch gains power through family and sometimes “God.”
•Citizen Participation
–Citizens listen to and respect monarch
Absolute MonarchsBy 1600, some European kings had
become absolute monarchs•Benefits
–Clear decision-maker
–Stability with clear leader
•Disadvantages
–Lack of citizen participation
–Lack of citizen choice and rights
–Infrequent/erratic changes in leaders
•Countries we will study:
–France and Spain (PRE-ENLIGHTENMENT), Russia
Spain ● Ferdinand and Isabella united Christian Spain (1469)
○ Defeated Moors (Muslims)○ Absolutism – ruled without the legislature (Cortes); strengthened royal power○ Staunch Catholics – Inquisition hurt Spain○ Financed voyages of Columbus; eventually acquired a colonial empire
● Charles V – Holy Roman Emperor – controlled Spain, Netherlands, Sicily, S. Italy, Austria; failed to halt Protestantism in Germany
● Son Philip II – “Most Catholic King”○ Failed to stop Protestant revolts
○ Failed to halt English raids on Spanish ships and lost the Spanish Armada to England in 1588
○ Lost the Netherlands
○ Decline of Spain’s prestige and power
Spain -Philip II’s Empire
What problems do can you predict here for Philip II?
Philip II’s Empire ● Inherited Spain, the Spanish Netherlands, and the American
Colonies from Charles V- Promoted “Golden age of Spain”○ He was a very hard worker but very suspicious of other
people so he worked alone
○ Wealth of the colonies: The mines in America allowed Philip to keep a standing army of 50,000 soldiers
● He was aggressive for the sake of his empire○ Took over the Portuguese Empire (Portugal, parts of Africa, India,
and the East Indies.
○ Defender of Catholicism- defeats Ottoman Empire at Lepanto
● 1588-Spanish Armada ○ defeated by England’s Elizabeth I○ 1600’s Spain power declines
Philip II’s Empire ● Despite his leadership, Spain power declined during Philip’s rule
○ The influx of gold led to massive inflation & prices soared; no tax on nobles, just the lower classes; population growing-->demand for goods increases and prices raise
○ Make their enemies rich■ Spain did not manufacture anything to sell to it bought all of its goods
from other countries (remember favorable balance of trade….? Mercantilism? )
■ Brain Drain from Reconquista
● The Netherlands broke away from Spain in 1579 : Dutch Protestants revolt
● Fun fact: In-breeding ended the Hapsburg Dynasty in 1700○ Charles II, last Hapsburg King○ Charles’s mother was a niece of Charles’s father; Maria Anna was his aunt and also his
grandmother; Margaret of Austria was his grandmother and great-grandmother.○ The inbreeding was so bad his 8 great-grandparents were all descendants of the same
couple, Joanne & Philip I of Castile!!!!
France (mon favorite)Before Louis XIV came to power, France was a nation in conflict
Between Catholics & French Protestants (called Huguenots) Louis XIV
● The most powerful ruler in French history● Louis, the Boy King
○ Cardinal Mazarin
○ Ended the 30 years war
○ He increased taxes and strengthened the central government, which led to noble rebellions and they failed for 3 reasons
■ Its leaders distrusted one another even more than they distrusted
Mazarin
■ The government used violent repression
■ Peasants and townspeople grew weary of disorder and fighting
France, Louis XIV Louis Weakens the Noble’s Authority
● Cardinal Mazarin died and 22 year old Louis took over○ Louis XIV weakened the power of the nobles by excluding them from his councils
○ He increased the power of the government agents called Intendants (expands the bureaucracy)
■ He hired loyal bureaucrats to collect taxes & enforce his laws; He made sure they communicated with him often
● Collected taxes and administered justice, builds strongest army in Europe● Louis XIV believed that he was the government, “L’etat c’est moi”
○ I am the state
Sun King - all power in France comes from him
Let’s see what that army can do!
France, Louis XIV ● NEVER calls the Estates General (representative body of government. Never. Calls.
it.)● Economic Growth-Positive Effect
○ Jean Baptiste Colbert: Believed in the idea of Mercantilism
○ Wanted France to become self-sufficient and produce all products they need.
○ To expand manufacturing in France they gave government funds and tax benefits to French Companies
○ Encourage colonization and settlement in Canada ○ Also placed high tariffs on imported goods
○ Colbert died:Louis announced a policy slowed France’s economic progress
● Canceled the Edict of Nantes (Brain Drain; let’s go to the book!)
Louis got style…..
● Louis spent a fortune to surround himself with luxury.○ �Each meal was a feast
● �Louis Controls the Nobility○ �Outside Louis canopy bed stood 100 of the most privileged nobles at court
○ �Waiting to help the great king dress
○ �Only 4 would be allowed to assist him
○ �Outside in the hallway lesser nobles waited in the palace halls and hoped Louis would notice
them
● �Having nobles at the palace increased royal authority in 2 ways:○ �It made the nobility totally dependent on Louis
○ �Took them from their homes, thereby giving more power to the intendants
● Versailles○ His successors will inherit ENORMOUS debts from his spending
Versailles Distribute “Sun King” reading
The PalaceBecame ideal of European royalty and French became language of diplomacy throughout Europe
Other Displays of Power: He used wealth & art to glorify himself, including constructing the massive palace of Versailles ● Louis promoted art not to glorify
God or human potential, but to glorify himself○ Playwrights like Molière wrote comedies○ Opera and ballet became popular○ Architecture promoted the wealth of
France
Louis’ Negatives● Did I mention the debt…?
○ Cost of palace weakened French
finances
○ He involved France in expensive
wars that failed to gain France new
lands & led to massive debts
● Let’s read…
Biography.com video→
RUSSIA (ehmergod I’m so excited)
● 1480 Russian rulers drive Mongols out
● Early Czars Ivan III & Ivan IV (Terrible) used harsh methods to unify Russia & strengthen Monarchy
● 1613 Michael Romanov begins Romanov Dynasty
RUSSIA- before Peter the Great ● Russia’s was influenced by the Byzantine
Empire but was conquered ● Ivan III successfully liberated Russia from the
Mongols & ruled as the first czar(“caesar” or “king”)
● Over time, czars expanded Russia’s borders, increased their power over the nobles, & created an absolute monarchy
Russia
● Romanov family – czars ruled Russia for 300 years
Peter the Great:by the time he became czar, Russia was a large empire
● Westernized Russia (modeled after Europe) in areas of science, education, military, industry
● Ordered males to shave long beards, discard Asian garments
● Gained seaports “windows” for the landlocked country
● Reduced power of nobility, boyars
Peter returns….ch-ch-ch-changesWhen he returned from Europe, Peter imposed new reforms to Westernize Russia:● Adopted European fashions by banning beards for men & veils for
women● Adopted a European calendar● Improved farming techniques● Used mercantilism as an economic policy
○ Created iron & lumber factories● Modernized the army & navy● Made himself head of the Orthodox Church (like Henry VIII in England)
Peter-no more landlocked country
Peter expanded Russia’s borders & built a new “European-style” Russian capital at St. Petersburg ● Forced migrations ● Window to the west● Major trading port and
new “European” style capital
Legacy of Peter the GreatAs a result of Peter the Great,● Russia became a more advanced,
Western nation ● But, modernization was a slow process &
Russia had not fully industrialized by World War I
● During World War I, revolutionaries overthrew the monarchy & created
a radical new gov’t based on socialism
In Summary
In Summary
Following slides not used
Sy 16-17
Final Thoughts...Choice #1: Summarize Spain in 1 paragraph.
■Your summary must use the following words:
- Hapsburgs - Philip II
- Catholic - Armada
- Inquisition - Religion
- Wealth - Inflation