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Virus-Vektoren LMU Molekulare Virologie

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Page 1: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

Virus-Vektoren

LMUMolekulare Virologie

Page 2: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

RNA-/DNA-Vektoren im Vergleich

http://www.nature.com/nrg/journal/v4/n5/fig_tab/nrg1066_F2.html

(Virale) Vektoren -Systeme und Einsatzfelder

Page 3: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

RNA-Vektoren

LMUMolekulare Virologie

Page 4: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient
Page 5: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

Virale RNA-Vektoren

a) RNA in Funktion einer m-RNA:Proteinexpression (Vakzine, toxisches Protein,therapeutisches Genprodukt, ...)b) RNA als unmittelbar wirkende Substanz:keine Translation (z.B.: Transfektion von Aptameren)

keine Integration (Ausnahme HIV, ...)transiente Expressionhohe Kurzzeitexpressionhohe Virustiterviele ZelltypenWirkort: meist Zytoplasma

LMU

Page 6: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

?!

Page 7: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

Virale Vakzine Vektoren basierend auf RNA-Viren

Page 8: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

famulok.chemie.uni-bonn.de/people/mayer/Vorlesung/RNA%20Biochemie%208.pdf -

( )

RNA - Inhibition

Page 9: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

famulok.chemie.uni-bonn.de/people/mayer/Vorlesung/RNA%20Biochemie%208.pdf -

Page 10: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

famulok.chemie.uni-bonn.de/people/mayer/Vorlesung/RNA%20Biochemie%208.pdf -

Aptamere

Page 11: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

famulok.chemie.uni-bonn.de/people/mayer/Vorlesung/RNA%20Biochemie%208.pdf -

Ribozyme gene therapy involves the following steps:

1. Delivery of RNA strands engineered to function as ribozymes.

2. Specific binding of the ribozyme RNA to mRNA encoded by the mutated gene

3. Cleavage of the target mRNA, preventing it from being translated into a protein

Page 12: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

Antisense RNA

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/genetherapy/gtapproaches/

Page 13: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

Antisense-RNA - Fomivirsen (Vitravene)

The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient target group for this drug is rather small, and it was taken off the market by the manufacturer in 2002 due to poor sales

Fomivirsen ist ein Antisense-Oligonukleotid und ein Arzneistoff, welcher als Virostatikum zur Behandlung von Infektionen mit dem Cytomegalievirus (CMV) bei Immundefizienz, wie AIDS eingesetzt wird.

Fomivirsen ist ein 21mer Antisense-RNA Phosphorthioat-Oligonukleotid (ISIS 2922)[1] mit einer komplementären Sequenz zur mRNA, der major immediate-early (MIE) transkriptionalen Einheit des humanen Cytomegalievirus (CMV). Durch die Bindung der aRNA an die komplementäre mRNA wird die Translation dieser viralen mRNA blockiert und damit die Genexpression der Proteine der IE2-Region (IE2), IE86 und IE55, verhindert.[2]

Fomivirsen war das erste Antisense-Oligonukleotid das von der FDA zugelassen wurde.

Page 14: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

famulok.chemie.uni-bonn.de/people/mayer/Vorlesung/RNA%20Biochemie%208.pdf -

Page 15: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

famulok.chemie.uni-bonn.de/people/mayer/Vorlesung/RNA%20Biochemie%208.pdf -

Page 16: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

famulok.chemie.uni-bonn.de/people/mayer/Vorlesung/RNA%20Biochemie%208.pdf -

Page 17: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

famulok.chemie.uni-bonn.de/people/mayer/Vorlesung/RNA%20Biochemie%208.pdf -

siRNA

Page 18: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

famulok.chemie.uni-bonn.de/people/mayer/Vorlesung/RNA%20Biochemie%208.pdf -

RNA-Transfer in Zellen

Page 19: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

famulok.chemie.uni-bonn.de/people/mayer/Vorlesung/RNA%20Biochemie%208.pdf -

Page 20: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient
Page 21: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient
Page 22: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient
Page 23: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

ss-RNA (+)-Vektoren

Page 24: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient
Page 25: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient
Page 26: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient
Page 27: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient
Page 28: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient
Page 29: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/immunology/Students/spring2006/Jameson/rabies%20structure.bmp

The neuroinvasiveness of the virus results from its ability to migrate to the central nervous system (CNS) through retrograde axonal transport and transynaptic spread. Rabies virus spreads from the postsynaptic site to the presynaptic site via receptor-mediated endocytosis. In retrograde axonal transport, the ribonucleoprotein complexes of the virus are carried by direct attachment to a dynein motor or by encapsulation in vessicles attached to a dynein motor.

Rabiesvirus

Page 30: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch061.htm

The rabies virus genome

Page 31: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

http://cms.frontiersin.org/content/10.3389/neuro.05/001.2009/html/fnana-03-001/images/article/image_n/fnana-03-001-g002.gif

The construction of the RV full-length cDNA vector (pHEP5.0-CVSG) was described previously (Inoue et al., 2004). Three recombinant RV-vectors were newly generated for dual viral tracing by inserting transgenes: the LacZ gene which encodes for β-galactocidase (β-gal) or the gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP) variants, into the multiple insertion site of the virus vector genome (Figure 2). To create a vector which expresses either β-gal or the yellow fluorescent protein named Venus (Nagai et al., 2002), a PCR fragment of LacZ cDNA (Invitrogen, USA) and Venus cDNA containing the Sbf I site, open reading frame, and Sac II were amplified and inserted into the same site of pHEP5.0-CVSG, respectively.

http://cms.frontiersin.org/content/10.3389/neuro.05/001.2009/html/fnana-03-001/fnana-03-001.html

Neuronal tracing of rabies virus

Page 32: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

To evaluate the ability of the rabies virus vectors to infect a cell in which an ongoing infection exists, two vectors expressing different reporter proteins, rHEP5.0-CVSG-β-gal and rHEP5.0-CVSG-Venus, were applied to the same culture dish at different time intervals. First, 300 μl of rHEP5.0-CVSG-Venus (1.0 × 107 focus-forming units (FFU)/ml) was applied. After a certain time delay (0 h, 2 h, 6 h, 12 h), 300 μl of rHEP5.0-CVSG-β-gal (1.0 × 107 FFU/ml) was applied.

Interference studies of double-infected neuron cells

Page 33: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

Retroviral Vectors

• Based on:-

– Murine leukaemia virus (MLV)

– Lentiviruses such as HIV, SIV, FIV

– Mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV)

– Foamy/spuma viruses

Page 34: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

Retroviral Genome

Viral RNA

ReverseTranscriptionIntegration

gag pol env

R U5 RU3

Proviral DNA

RU3 U5

gag pol envLTR LTRRU3 U5

Page 35: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

Retroviral Vector Principle

Retrovirus

RU3 U5

LTR LTRRU3 U5

Retroviral Vector

RU3 U5

geneLTR LTRRU3 U5

gag pol env

gag pol env

ψ

ψ

Packaging Construct

Page 36: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

Packaging CellsRetroviral Vector

RU3 U5RU3 U5geneLTR LTR

ψ

gag pol env

Recombinant Virus

Page 37: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

Safety features for replication incompetent vectors

•ProCon Vectors

• Deletion of U3 of the 3’ LTR

• Insertion of Inducible/Tissue Specific Promoter

• Replacement of Viral Promoter

U5RU3U5RU3

mRNA

PromoterU5RU3 U5RTG

TG

TG

U5R U5RPromoterPromoter

TG

Mrochen et al., (1997) J.Mol.Med. 75, 820

Page 38: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

Risks associated with Retroviruses

• Insertional Integration Leading to– Gene disruption

(tumour suppressor)– Gene activation

(proto-oncogene)

Page 39: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

DNA (Virus) Vektoren

Page 40: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

Kriterien für die Einteilung von Vektoren:1) Administration

Nackte DNA

Replikationsdefiziente Viren

Replikationskompetente Viren

Page 41: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

Kriterien für die Einteilung von Vektoren:1) Administration – nackte DNA

TransfektionPhysikalische Transfektionsmethoden1) Nadel Injektion in Gewebe / Inhalation 2) Hydrodynamischer Gentransfer3) Mikroinjektion in Nukleus4) „Gene Gun“ Transfer5) ElektroporationChemische Transfektionsmethoden1) Kalziumphosphat Co-Präzipitation 2) Kationische Polymere 3) Kationische Lipide („non-bilayer forming“)4) Liposomen („bilayer forming“)

KondensationPositive Ladung(Membranfusion)

Transfektionsmethoden mit „nuclear localization signals“

Geringe Effizienz des Gentransfers

Page 42: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

Einbringen von Vektoren in Zellen

Transfektion - artifizielles Einbringen von Nukleinsäuren in eukaryotische Zellen- Kunstwort aus TRANSformation + InFEKTION- DNA-Aufnahme durch die Zelle in Form von Salz-Präzipitaten oderals membrangängige Micellen

Calzium-Phosphat-Methode Liposomen-MethodeLiposomen-Methode

www.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de/~dc29/zoologie2/vorlesungsmat/EB1/070207/Protein-Dateien/Protein.ppt

Page 43: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

Kriterien für die Einteilung von Vektoren:1) Administration – Replikationsdefiziente Viren

Transduktion

Beibehaltung der Mechanismen der Ausgangsviren zur Infektion (Transduktion) von Zielzellen

Zusammenbau in z.T. komplexen Produktionssystemen

Häufig immunogen (humorale und zelluläre Immunantwort)

Nicht-integrierende Vektoren sind nur „transient“

Dadurch: sehr hohe Effizienz des Gentransfers

Page 44: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

Kriterien für die Einteilung von Vektoren:1) Administration – Replikationskompetente Viren

Infektion

Anwendung (Studien) v.a. in der Therapie von Tumoren (onkolytische Viren) und in der DNA Vakzinierung

Basieren auf attenuierten bzw. genetisch modifiziertenreplikationskompetenten Viren

Page 45: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

Kriterien für die Einteilung von Vektoren:2) Replikation

(Indirekte) Replikation nach Integration ins Wirtschromosomstabile Expression eines Transgens

Kein Mechanismus zur Replikation vorhandenVerlust des Vektors während der Zellteilungen !transiente Expression eines Transgens

Mechanismen der episomalen Replikation vorhandenstabile Expression eines Transgens

- Kopienzahl des Vektors ?- Zellzyklus (MCM2-7) abhängige Replikation- (mini chromosome maintenance) ?

Achtung: nicht mehr oder selten teilende Zellen !!!

Page 46: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

Plasmidreplicons:

Nicht-virale Plasmidreplicons und künstliche Chromosomen:1) Historisch: Vektoren für die Hefe2) Vektoren für Säugetierzellen

Virale Plasmidreplicons:1) Das Simian Virus 40 (SV40) Plasmidreplicon2) Das Papillomavirus (HPV / BPV) Plasmidreplicon3) Das Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) Plasmidreplicon4) „Substituted“ EBV Plasmidreplicons

Administration als „nackte“ (Plasmid-) DNA

Page 47: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

Virale Plasmidreplicons:Das Simian Virus 40 (SV40)

Familie: Polyomaviren40 nm großes, ikosaedrisches KapsidNicht umhülltZirkulares, doppelsträngiges DNA Genom (5300 bp)MCM 2-7 unabhängige Replikation (T-Antigen ist replikative Helikase)

5300 bp

Page 48: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

Model für die Untersuchung:- der eukaryontischen DNA Replikation- der Chromatinstruktur (Nukleosomen)- der Genregulation („cis acting“ Enhancer)- des alternativen „splicing“

ab 1976

MCM 2-7 AbhängigkeitNukleäre Retention KopienzahlDNA Replikation

NeinKopienzahl 100-1000

SV40 ORI + T-Antigen

Virale Plasmidreplicons:Das SV40 („high copy number“) Plasmidreplicon

Page 49: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

Anwendung in der Biotechnologie:- Plasmidvektoren mit SV40 ORI und Promoter in cis- Zellinien mit T-Antigen (293T, COS etc.) in trans

Immortalisierung (Transformation) von primären Zellen via T-Antigen („libraries“ !)

Das T-Antigen:- Bindung an SV40 ORI- MCM 2-7 unabhängige, replikative Helikase- Virales Onkoprotein (Inaktivierung von p53 und pRB)- Immunogene Eigenschaften

Virale Plasmidreplicons:Das SV40 („high copy number“) Plasmidreplicon

heute

Page 50: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

Virale Plasmidreplicons:Papillomaviren (HPV / BPV)

Familie: Papillomaviren55 nm großes, ikosaedrisches KapsidNicht umhülltZirkulares, doppelsträngiges DNA Genom (7900 bp)MCM 2-7 unabhängige Replikation (E1 ist replikative Helikase)

Page 51: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

Chromosom

MCM 2-7 AbhängigkeitNukleäre Retention Kopienzahl

DNA Replikation

Nein(E1 +) E2 – Chromsom

(Kopienzahl)~ 50 - 150

BPV ORI + E1 + E2

E2

piggy back

Virale Plasmidreplicons:Das BPV („intermediate copy number“) Plasmidreplicon

E1

1980

Page 52: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

Virale Plasmidreplicons:Das Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

ori P ori lyt ori lyt

172 kbp

IR: inverted repeatTR: terminal repeatU: unique regionori P: latenter (Plasmid) Ori ori lyt: lytischer ORI

Familie: Herpesviren160 nm großes, umhülltes VirusIkosaedrisches KapsidDoppelsträngiges DNA Genom (172 kbp):- Linear im Virion- Zirkular nach Rezirkularisierung im ZellkernMCM 2-7 abhängige latente Replikation (ori P) MCM 2-7 unabhängige lytische Replikation (ori lyt)

Page 53: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

MCM 2-7 AbhängigkeitNukleäre Retention KopienzahlDNA Replikation

EBNA

FR 24 x

DS 4 x

ORC / MCM 2-7

Chromosom

JaOriP (FR) + EBNA1 - Chromosom

~10OriP (DS) + EBNA1

EBNA

piggy back

Virale Plasmidreplicons:Das EBV („low copy number“) Plasmidreplicon

EBNA1

EBNA1

ORC / MCM2-7 – RekrutierungReplikation

FR

DS

Nukleäre Retention1985 Latenz-ORI: ori P

FR: family of repeats (24 x)DS:dyad symmetry element (4 x)

Page 54: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

RNA-/DNA-Vektoren im Vergleich

img.medscape.com/.../540/632/nf540632.tab1.gif

Page 55: Molekulare Virologie LMU...The first FDA-approved antisense drug. Structure of the 21-mer phosphorothioate, fomivirsen (brand name Vitravene, illustration from [223]). The patient

LMU

Fazit: RNA-/DNA-Viren:

RNA-Viren: in der Regel transient(Ausnahme: Retro-/Lentiviren),z.T: onkolytischeher geringe Verpackungskapazität

DNA-Viren: z.T. transient oder persistierend z.T. onkolytischin der Regel eher größere Verpackungskapazitätwenn persistierend, dann Langzeitexpression