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  • Buonassisi (MIT) 2011

    Modules, Systems, and Reliability

    Lecture 17 MIT Fundamentals of Photovoltaics

    2.626/2.627 11/10/2011 Prof. Tonio Buonassisi

    1

  • Buonassisi (MIT) 2011

    1. Describe how PV modules are manufactured.

    2. Describe how PV module power output is affected by cell mismatch losses

    3. Describe how microinverters and microelectronics can improve module performance output.

    4. List the necessary tests a PV module must pass to ensure reliable multi-decade service life in the field, as well as the shortcomings of these tests.

    5. Describe the differences between various types of PV systems: Grid-tied and stand-alone, tracking and non-tracking.

    6. List major balance of system components.

    7. Describe current consensus of life cycle analysis studies, and recycling of modules.

    Learning Objectives: Modules, Systems, Reliability

    2

  • Buonassisi (MIT) 2011

    Definitions

    State Energy Conservation Office, Texas. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from ourCreative Commons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.

    3

    http://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/

  • Buonassisi (MIT) 2011

    Modules require little maintenance

    Water rinse 2-3 time/year

    Typically no moving parts

    Typical 20-30 year manufacturer warranty

    SunPower Modules

    Solar Modules

    SunPower. All rights reserved. This content is excluded fromour Creative Commons license. For more information, seehttp://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.

    4

    http://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/

  • Buonassisi (MIT) 2011

    Solar PV Module DNA

    Low-iron glass ensures good transmission of light.

    Ethyl Vinyl Acetate (EVA) flows at intermediate temperatures, encapsulating the cells. Thin film modules often use polyvinyl butyral (PVB), which is less reactive and has lower permeability than EVA.

    Tedlar forms an impenetrable back layer.

    Aluminum frame provides rigidity.

    Junction box provides electrical connections.

    EVA

    Source: PVCDROM Courtesy of PVCDROM. Used with permission.

    5

    http://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom

  • Buonassisi (MIT) 2011

    Module Circuit Design

    Source: PVCDROM

    For historical reasons, typical c-Si modules have strings of 36 cells connected in series, yielding a Vmp under operating conditions of 17-18V. This enables charging of a typical battery (15V). As grid-tied systems become more common, this voltage constraint is reduced.

    Courtesy of PVCDROM. Used with permission.

    6

    http://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom

  • Buonassisi (MIT) 2011

    Packing Fraction in Modules

    Higher packing fraction lowers glass, encapsulant costs per watt peak.

    Lower packing fraction increases optical concentration.

    Circular Octahedral Rectilinear

    Light Concentration in Modules with Low Packing Fraction

    SourcCourtesy of PVCDROM. Used with permission.

    e: PVCDROM

    7

    http://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom

  • Buonassisi (MIT) 2011

    Solar Module Technology Trends: Cheaper, Better Materials

    Transparent Front Surface (Glass Replacement)

    Encapsulant (EVA replacement)

    Cells

    Encapsulant

    Backskin (Tedlar replacement)

    Frame (Al replacement) ECN. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commonslicense. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.8

    http://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/

  • Buonassisi (MIT) 2011

    Wikimedia User: Nosferatu it. License CC BY-SA. This content is excluded from our CreativeCommons license. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.

    9

    http://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/

  • Buonassisi (MIT) 2011

    Solar Module Technology Outlook: Back-Contacted Cells

    ECN. All rights reserved. This content is excluded from our Creative Commonslicense. For more information, see http://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/.

    10

    http://ocw.mit.edu/help/faq-fair-use/

  • Buonassisi (MIT) 2011

    Sample PV Module Spec Sheet

    Spec sheet samples removed due to copyright restrictions. See lecture 17 video for discussion. Sharp Electronics ND-187U1 Evergreen Solar ES-A First Solar FS Series 3

    11

  • Buonassisi (MIT) 2011

    1. Describe how PV modules are manufactured.

    2. Describe how PV module power output is affected by cell mismatch losses

    3. Describe how microinverters and microelectronics can improve module performance output.

    4. List the necessary tests a PV module must pass to ensure reliable multi-decade service life in the field, as well as the shortcomings of these tests.

    5. Describe the differences between various types of PV systems: Grid-tied and stand-alone, tracking and non-tracking.

    6. List major balance of system components.

    7. Describe current consensus of life cycle analysis studies, and recycling of modules.

    Learning Objectives: Modules, Systems, Reliability

    12

  • Buonassisi (MIT) 2011

    Ideal Equivalent Circuit for Solar Module

    Source: PVCDROM M = cells in parallel N = cells in series

    In practice, current and voltage output reduced by mismatch losses.

    Courtesy of PVCDROM. Used with permission.

    13

    http://www.pveducation.org/pvcdrom

  • Buonassisi (MIT) 2011

    Parallel Mismatch

    Images removed due to copyright restrictions. See Lecture 17 video. Figures 5.2 (schematic) and 5.3 (graph) from Wenham, S. R., et al. Applied Photovoltaics. 2nd edition. Routledge, 2007. [Preview with Google Books]

    14

    http://books.google.com/books?id=O3V-D5U3cWMC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA77

  • Buonassisi (MIT) 2011

    Series Mismatch

    Images removed due to copyright restrictions. See Lecture 17 video. Figures 5.5 (schematic) and 5.6 (graph) from Wenham, S. R., et al. Applied Photovoltaics. 2nd edition. Routledge, 2007. [Preview with Google Books]

    15

    http://books.google.com/books?id=O3V-D5U3cWMC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA77

  • Buonassisi (MIT) 2011

    Shaded Cells

    http://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/modules/hot-spot-heating

    Courtesy of PVCDROM. Used with permission.

    16

    http://www.pveducation.org/pvcdromhttp://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/modules/hot-spot-heating

  • Buonassisi (MIT) 2011

    Images removed due to copyright restrictions. See Lecture 17 video. Figures 5.8 (schematic) and 5.9 (graph) from Wenham, S. R., et al. Applied Photovoltaics. 2nd edition. Routledge, 2007.

    17

  • Buonassisi (MIT) 2011

    Example from PVCDROM

    http://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/modules/mismatch-for-cells-connected-in-series

    Courtesy of PVCDROM. Used with permission.

    18

    http://www.pveducation.org/pvcdromhttp://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/modules/mismatch-for-cells-connected-in-series

  • Buonassisi (MIT) 2011

    Mismatch Losses and Breakdown

    http://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/modules/mismatch-effects

    Courtesy of PVCDROM. Used with permission.

    19

    http://www.pveducation.org/pvcdromhttp://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/modules/mismatch-effects

  • Buonassisi (MIT) 2011

    Underperforming Cells & Hotspots

    http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/images/lock-in-thermography-enables-solar-cell-development/51184

    Image depicting Lock-In Thermography removed due to copyright restrictions. See Lecture 17 video.

    20

    http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/images/lock-in-thermography-enables-solar-cell-development/51184

  • Buonassisi (MIT) 2011

    1. Describe how PV modules are manufactured.

    2. Describe how PV module power output is affected by cell mismatch losses

    3. Describe how microinverters and microelectronics can improve module performance output.

    4. List the necessary tests a PV module must pass to ensure reliable multi-decade service life in the field, as well as the shortcomings of these tests.

    5. Describe the differences between various types of PV systems: Grid-tied and stand-alone, tracking and non-tracking.

    6. List major balance of system components.

    7. Describe current consensus of life cycle analysis studies, and recycling of modules.

    Learning Objectives: Modules, Systems, Reliability

    21

  • Buonassisi (MIT) 2011

    Bypass Diodes

    Images removed due to copyright restrictions. See Lecture 17 video. Figures 5.12 and 5.13 from Wenham, S. R., et al. Applied Photovoltaics. 2nd edition. Routledge, 2007.

    22

  • Buonassisi (MIT) 2011 http://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/modules/bypass-diodes

    Bypass Diodes

    Courtesy of PVCDROM. Used with permission.

    23

    http://www.pveducation.org/pvcdromhttp://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/modules/bypass-diodes

  • Buonassisi (MIT) 2011 http://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/modules/mismatch-effects-in-arrays

    Bypass Diodes

    Courtesy of PVCDROM. Used with permission.

    24

    http://www.pveducation.org/pvcdromhttp://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/modules/mismatch-effects-in-arrays

  • Buonassisi (MIT) 2011

    Blocking Diodes

    http://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/modules/mismatch-effects-in-arrays

    Courtesy of PVCDROM. Used with permission.

    25

    http://www.pveducation.org/pvcdromhttp://pveducation.org/pvcdrom/modules/mismatch-effects-in-arrays

  • Buonassisi (MIT) 2011

    Power Optimizers and Microinverters

    Power optimizers are DC-to-DC electronics that optimize each module at the maximum power point.


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