MODULE 4

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE

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Venue: Politeknik Ungku Omar, IpohDate: 20-23 May 2013

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Principles and Learning Objectives

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Identify and briefly describe the meaning of the hardware and software

Outline the role of the memory, storage and CPU Outline the overall evolution and importance of

software in education sector Discuss how utility software helps academicians in

teaching and learning process Identify three reasons to use middleware and

discuss the pros and cons of each Discuss how application software can support

teaching and learning objectives

Video Clip

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Computer Hardware

Hardware and Software

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Hardwarethe physical, tangible parts of a computer

keyboard, monitor, wires, chips, data, iPad, PC Tablet

Softwareprograms and data

a program is a series of instructions

A computer requires both hardware and software

Each is essentially useless without the other

CPU and Main Memory

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CentralProcessing

Unit

MainMemory

Chip that executes program commands

Intel Pentium IIISun Sparc Processor

Primary storage area for programs and data

that are in active use

Synonymous with RAM

Secondary Memory Devices

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Floppy Disk

Hard DiskMain

Memory

CentralProcessing

Unit

Secondary memorydevices providelong-term storage

Information is movedbetween main memoryand secondary memoryas needed

Hard disksFloppy disksZIP disksWritable CDsTapes

Input / Output Devices

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Monitor

Keyboard

MainMemory

CentralProcessing

Unit

Floppy Disk

Hard Disk

I/O devices allow userinteraction

Monitor screenKeyboardMouseBar code scannerLight penTouch screen

Digital Information

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Computers store all information digitally:numberstextgraphics and imagesaudiovideoprogram instructions

In some way, all information is digitized - broken down into pieces and represented as numbers

Binary Numbers

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Once information is digitized, it is represented and stored in memory using the binary number system

A single binary digit (0 or 1) is called a bit

Devices that store and move information are cheaper and more reliable if they only have to represent two states

A single bit can represent two possible states, like a light bulb that is either on (1) or off (0)

Combinations of bits are used to store values

Bit Combinations

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1 bit

01

2 bits

00011011

3 bits

000001010011100101110111

4 bits

00000001001000110100010101100111

10001001101010111100110111101111

Each additional bit doubles the number of possible combinations

Bit Combinations

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Each combination can represent a particular itemThere are 2N combinations of N bitsTherefore, N bits are needed to represent 2N unique

items

21 = 2 items

22 = 4 items

23 = 8 items

24 = 16 items

25 = 32 items

1 bit ?

2 bits ?

3 bits ?

4 bits ?

5 bits ?

How manyitems can be

represented by

A Computer Specification

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Consider the following specification for a personal computer:

600 MHz Pentium III Processor256 MB RAM16 GB Hard Disk24x speed CD ROM Drive 17” Multimedia Video Display with 1280 x

1024 resolution56 KB Modem

What does it all mean?

Memory

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Main memory is divided into many memory locations (or cells)

92789279

9280928192829283928492859286

Each memory cell has a numeric address, which uniquely identifies it

Storing Information

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92789279

9280928192829283928492859286

Large values arestored in consecutivememory locations

10011010Each memory cell stores a set number of bits (usually 8 bits, or one byte)

Storage Capacity

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Every memory device has a storage capacity, indicating the number of bytes it can hold

Capacities are expressed in various units:

KB 210 = 1024

MB 220 (over 1 million)

GB 230 (over 1 billion)

TB 240 (over 1 trillion)

Unit Symbol Number of Bytes

kilobyte

megabyte

gigabyte

terabyte

RAM vs. ROM

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RAM - Random Access Memory (direct access)

ROM - Read-Only Memory

The terms RAM and main memory are basically interchangeable

ROM could be a set of memory chips, or a separate device, such as a CD ROM

Both RAM and ROM are random (direct) access devices!

RAM should probably be called Read-Write Memory

The Central Processing Unit

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A CPU is also called a microprocessor It continuously follows the fetch-decode-

execute cycle:

fetch

Retrieve an instruction from main memory

decode

Determine what theinstruction is

execute

Carry out theinstruction

The Central Processing Unit (CPU)

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The CPU contains:

Arithmetic / Logic Unit

Registers

Control Unit

Small storage areas

Performs calculations and decisions

Coordinates processing steps

The Central Processing Unit

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The speed of a CPU is controlled by the system clock

The system clock generates an electronic pulse at regular intervals

The pulses coordinate the activities of the CPU

The speed is measured in megahertz (MHz)

Monitor

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The size of a monitor (17") is measured diagonally, like a television screen

Most monitors these days have multimedia capabilities: text, graphics, video, etc.

A monitor has a certain maximum resolution , indicating the number of picture elements, called pixels, that it can display (such as 1280 by 1024)

High resolution (more pixels) produces sharper pictures

Mobile Learning Devices

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SOFTWARE

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Software means a program which is installed on a machine for a specific purpose.

Types of Software:

1. System Software

2. Application Software

Video Clip

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Computer Software

System Software

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A system software handle the hardware of a machine which configure the hardware penetration. Example: Windows, DOS, UNIX, VIPRO.

Systems software: coordinates the activities and functions of hardware and programs

Computer system platform: combination of a hardware configuration and systems software

System Software

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Types of System Software

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Types of systems software

Operating systems

Utility programs

Middleware

Operating System

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Operating system (OS): set of programs that controls the computer hardware and acts as an interface with application programs

Kernel: ties all components of the OS together and regulates other programs

The Role of Systems Software

Operating System

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Activities performed by the operating system Perform common computer hardware functions

Provide a user interface and input/output management

Provide a degree of hardware independence

Manage system memory

Manage processing tasks

Provide networking capability

Control access to system resources

Manage files

Utility Programs

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Utility Program is the software generally provided by the vendors as readymade packages to do some specific operations.

Help to perform maintenance or correct problems with a computer sistem

Why is it important?OS are becoming more complexKeeps computer running smoothlyHelp to protect OS on the internet

Examples of Utility Program

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Defragmentation and Disk UtilitiesMaintain files on disk and arrange them in a manner that allows for fast access

Backup UtilitiesSafeguard files by creating backup copies

Security Software Search for and remove viruses and spyware from computers, and guard against attacks

Spam and Pop-up BlockersRemove junk mail and ads

Utility Software

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Middleware

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Middleware: software that allows different systems to communicate and exchange data

Middleware can also be used as an interface between the Internet and older legacy systems

Why use middleware?

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Makes it easier to write complex applications

Allows portability across hardware and operating systemsApplications will run on any platform the middleware has

been ported to

The application developer doesn’t need to consider the OS/hardware in every Set-Top-Box (STB) the application will run on

Makes it easier for third parties to write applicationsOnly need to learn about a few middleware platforms

More abstraction makes learning easier

Application Software

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An application software is meant to establish relation between utility software and system software.

Application software are programs that interact directly with the user for the performance of a certain type of work

Following are some of the examples of application software:

Media development softwareContent access softwareEntertainment softwareEducational softwareSimulation software

Application Software

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Application Software

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Application software: helps users solve particular problems

In most cases, application software resides on the computer’s hard disk

Application software can also be stored on CDs, DVDs, and flash or keychain storage devices

Mobile Learning Apps

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iPad & iPhone Apps for College Students

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 iStudiez Pro ($2.99 - iPhone/iPad universal app)

GoodReader ($5.49 each - iPhone & iPad)

Keynote ($9.99 - iPhone/iPad universal app)

iPad & iPhone Apps for College Students

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Smart Writing Tool - 7notes HD Premium ($10.49 - iPad only)

Notability ($1.99 - iPad only)

iTunes U (FREE - iPhone/iPad universal app)

iPad & iPhone Apps for College Students

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iThoughts HD mindmapping ($9.99  iPad - $7.99 iPhone)

Numbers ($9.99 -iPhone/iPad universal app)

Permanent - The New Spreadsheet ($19.99 - iPad only)

iPad & iPhone Apps for College Students

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TextGrabber + Translator ($4.99 - iPhone/iPad universal app)

 EasyBib (FREE - iPhone/iPad universal app)

Evernote (FREE & Paid - iPhone/iPad universal app)

Thank You

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