MODULE 1 INTEGRATION:MODULE 1 INTEGRATION:

HISTORY AS A DISCIPLINEHISTORY AS A DISCIPLINE

WHAT IS HISTORY?WHAT IS HISTORY?

CAME FROM THE GREEK WORD CAME FROM THE GREEK WORD HISTORIA/HISTORIE HISTORIA/HISTORIE -----> which means -----> which means learning, inquiry or investigation learning, inquiry or investigation

For the early Greeks like Aristotle…For the early Greeks like Aristotle…

““History is a systematic History is a systematic explanation of a natural explanation of a natural phenomenon regardless phenomenon regardless if it is chronological or if it is chronological or not.”not.”

HISTORYHISTORY

A COMMON DEFINITION OF HISTORY A COMMON DEFINITION OF HISTORY IS THAT IT IS THE PAST OF MANKIND IS THAT IT IS THE PAST OF MANKIND (Gottschalk, p. 43).(Gottschalk, p. 43).

Impact of the 19Impact of the 19thth century century Influence of the Positivist and Empiricist Influence of the Positivist and Empiricist

schoolschool

What is its impact?What is its impact?

- History became a science.History became a science.- NO DOCUMENT,NO HISTORY.NO DOCUMENT,NO HISTORY.

Leopold Von Ranke- Father of Leopold Von Ranke- Father of Scientific HistoryScientific History

HISTORY AS A DISCIPLINE OF HISTORY AS A DISCIPLINE OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCESTHE SOCIAL SCIENCES

A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF WRITTEN A SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF WRITTEN AND UNWRITTEN ACCOUNTS ABOUT AND UNWRITTEN ACCOUNTS ABOUT THE PAST. A DISCIPLINE OF THE THE PAST. A DISCIPLINE OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCES THAT DEALS WITH SOCIAL SCIENCES THAT DEALS WITH TOPICS ABOUT PAST EVENTS. TOPICS ABOUT PAST EVENTS.

HOW DID HISTORICAL WRITING HOW DID HISTORICAL WRITING DEVELOP IN THE DEVELOP IN THE

PHILIPPINES?PHILIPPINES? HISTORICAL WRITING IN THE HISTORICAL WRITING IN THE

PHILIPPINES STARTED IN THE FORM OF PHILIPPINES STARTED IN THE FORM OF CHRONICLES OR ACCOUNTS WRITTEN CHRONICLES OR ACCOUNTS WRITTEN BY SPANIARDS IN THE 16BY SPANIARDS IN THE 16THTH CENTURY. CENTURY.

ETHNOGRAPHY OR OBSERVATION OF ETHNOGRAPHY OR OBSERVATION OF SPANISH COLONIZERS – RECORDS OF SPANISH COLONIZERS – RECORDS OF THEIR OBSERVATIONS AND TRAVELS IN THEIR OBSERVATIONS AND TRAVELS IN THE PHILIPPINESTHE PHILIPPINES

Early documentsEarly documents

bookbook Miguel de LoarcaMiguel de Loarca Juan de PlacenciaJuan de Placencia

authorauthor Relacion de las islas Relacion de las islas

FilipinasFilipinas Relacion de las Relacion de las

costumbres de los indios costumbres de los indios se han tener en estas se han tener en estas islas and Instruccion de islas and Instruccion de las costumbres que las costumbres que antiguamente tenian los antiguamente tenian los naturales de la naturales de la Pampanga en sus PlietosPampanga en sus Plietos

Early documentEarly document

authorauthor Pedro ChirinoPedro Chirino Antonio de MorgaAntonio de Morga Traveler in VisayasTraveler in Visayas Francisco AlcinaFrancisco Alcina

bookbook Relacion de las islas Relacion de las islas

FilipinasFilipinas Sucesos de las islas Sucesos de las islas

FilipinasFilipinas Boxer code/manuscriptBoxer code/manuscript Historia de las islas e Historia de las islas e

Indios de las BisayasIndios de las Bisayas

CONTENTS:CONTENTS:WHAT TYPE OF HISTORY?WHAT TYPE OF HISTORY?

EVENTS ABOUT THE SPANIARDS IN EVENTS ABOUT THE SPANIARDS IN THE PHILIPPINESTHE PHILIPPINES

EVENTS ABOUT THEIR RELATIONS EVENTS ABOUT THEIR RELATIONS WITH THE FILIPINOS WITH THE FILIPINOS

RECORD OF THEIR OBSERVATIONS RECORD OF THEIR OBSERVATIONS ABOUT THE FILIPINOSABOUT THE FILIPINOS

1919thth century century

REFORM MOVEMENT WROTE REFORM MOVEMENT WROTE ACCOUNTS ABOUT THEIR HISTORY AS ACCOUNTS ABOUT THEIR HISTORY AS A REACTION TO THE SPANISH A REACTION TO THE SPANISH ACCOUNTS ABOUT THE FILIPINOSACCOUNTS ABOUT THE FILIPINOS

ESSAYS, NOVELS, POEMS, AND OTHER ESSAYS, NOVELS, POEMS, AND OTHER FORMS OF LITERATUREFORMS OF LITERATURE

AMERICAN PERIODAMERICAN PERIOD

HISTORICAL WRITING MUST BE BASED HISTORICAL WRITING MUST BE BASED ON SOURCES OR DOCUMENTSON SOURCES OR DOCUMENTS

AMERICAN PERIODAMERICAN PERIOD

2 IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF 2 IMPORTANT CHARACTERISTICS OF HISTORY: HISTORY:

– BASED ON FACTS FROM DOCUMENTSBASED ON FACTS FROM DOCUMENTS– CHRONOLOGICAL EVENTSCHRONOLOGICAL EVENTS

POST-WAR PERIOD POST-WAR PERIOD

Teodoro AgoncilloTeodoro Agoncillo developed a new developed a new perspective on history writing perspective on history writing – History as interpretation History as interpretation – Writing of history from the Filipino perspective Writing of history from the Filipino perspective

Post-war PeriodPost-war Period

Marxist perspectiveMarxist perspective– Renato ConstantinoRenato Constantino

Pantayong PananawPantayong Pananaw

Annales SchoolAnnales School

Multi-disciplinary historyMulti-disciplinary history Local HistoryLocal History Fernand BraudelFernand Braudel Marc BlochMarc Bloch Lucien FebvreLucien Febvre

How can an event become part of How can an event become part of history?history?

Technically, to become part of history an Technically, to become part of history an event must be recorded or written.event must be recorded or written.

How about us?How about us?

– There are societies who did not have any There are societies who did not have any written records of their past. May ilang lipunan written records of their past. May ilang lipunan o mamamayan na hindi naisulat ang kanilang o mamamayan na hindi naisulat ang kanilang kasaysayan. kasaysayan.

– Some did not know how to read and write. Some did not know how to read and write. – Some did not have the necessary tools for Some did not have the necessary tools for

writing writing – Some were not able to preserve their written Some were not able to preserve their written

accounts.accounts.

If people did not have written If people did not have written accounts, do they still have a accounts, do they still have a

history?history? For some ethno-linguistic groups, their For some ethno-linguistic groups, their

history are not written.history are not written. They are oral in formThey are oral in form Oral historyOral history

What is oral history?What is oral history?

Pass their knowledge, culture, tradition and Pass their knowledge, culture, tradition and history through words of mouth.history through words of mouth.

Usually in the form of stories, songs, Usually in the form of stories, songs, folktales, epics, myths and legends.folktales, epics, myths and legends.

Although they are not written, we can Although they are not written, we can consider these forms as history because consider these forms as history because these provide us a clear description of their these provide us a clear description of their society’s pastsociety’s past

What are the elements of history?What are the elements of history?

Man as the most important element Man as the most important element of historyof history

Man is the main element of history because Man is the main element of history because he creates his own history .he creates his own history .

Does history repeats itself?Does history repeats itself?

No, because each historical event has a No, because each historical event has a different set of elements.different set of elements.

How can an event become part of How can an event become part of history?history?

Need record. Need record. Called in history as sources Called in history as sources Archives – collection of documents and Archives – collection of documents and

other sources about the pastother sources about the past

Ano ang mga pinagkunan o Ano ang mga pinagkunan o sources?sources?

Sources prove the existence of an eventSources prove the existence of an event Sources can be Sources can be

– Official or unofficialOfficial or unofficial– Written or oralWritten or oral– Literary worksLiterary works– ArtifactsArtifacts– FossilsFossils

Examples of SourcesExamples of Sources diariesdiaries memoirsmemoirs biographybiography speechesspeeches lettersletters pamphletpamphlet Statistics Statistics Codified laws, orders, decrees Codified laws, orders, decrees Government recordsGovernment records Inscriptions on stones, metalsInscriptions on stones, metals Monuments, cemeteries, churchesMonuments, cemeteries, churches Money and coinsMoney and coins Oral traditionsOral traditions

Classification of sourcesClassification of sources Primary sources and Secondary sources Primary sources and Secondary sources

Primary sources - Primary sources - eyewitness accounts or eyewitness accounts or contemporaneous accounts. contemporaneous accounts.

Primary sources are not always original Primary sources are not always original sources.sources.

SECONDARY SOURCESSECONDARY SOURCES

Sources that are notSources that are not

– eyewitness accountseyewitness accounts

– Contemporaneous accountsContemporaneous accounts– Works written using primary sourcesWorks written using primary sources

How can an event become How can an event become part of history?part of history?

(FACTS FROM SOURCES)(FACTS FROM SOURCES)PERSONS, PLACE, EVENTS, SOURCESPERSONS, PLACE, EVENTS, SOURCES

++

(HISTORIAN)(HISTORIAN)PERFORMS HISTORICAL METHODOLOGYPERFORMS HISTORICAL METHODOLOGY

INTERPRETATIONINTERPRETATION ANALYSISANALYSIS SELECTIONSELECTION

CORROBORATIONCORROBORATION WRITING WITH ELEGANCEWRITING WITH ELEGANCE

==HISTORYHISTORY

HISTORICAL FACTHISTORICAL FACT

FUNCTIONS OF A HISTORIAN FUNCTIONS OF A HISTORIAN

Writes history by following a rigorous Writes history by following a rigorous method known as historical method known as historical methodologymethodology– For a fact to become a historical fact, it For a fact to become a historical fact, it

needed corroboration from two or more needed corroboration from two or more sources.sources.

Am I an art or science?Am I an art or science?

- History- History

HISTORY AS SCIENCEHISTORY AS SCIENCE

As a social science, history As a social science, history follows the scientific follows the scientific method.method.

HISTORY AS A SCIENCEHISTORY AS A SCIENCE

History is more of a science because it is History is more of a science because it is primarily based on factsprimarily based on facts

Historian follows a rigorous method in Historian follows a rigorous method in history writing- historical methodology.history writing- historical methodology.

Historical MethodologyHistorical Methodology

Choosing a topicChoosing a topic Gathering of sourcesGathering of sources Examination of sources or Historical Examination of sources or Historical

Criticism – Criticism – External and Internal CriticismExternal and Internal Criticism Extraction of data from authentic and Extraction of data from authentic and

credible sources credible sources Writing of history – must be well-organized, Writing of history – must be well-organized,

coherent and elegantly writtencoherent and elegantly written

What is What is historical criticismhistorical criticism??

In historical methodology, sources must be In historical methodology, sources must be authentic and credibleauthentic and credible

It examines the authenticity and credibility of It examines the authenticity and credibility of sources sources

It has two levels. It has two levels.

External criticismExternal criticism

Examines the physical appearance of the Examines the physical appearance of the document (example: color of paper used, condition document (example: color of paper used, condition and characteristics of the paper, ink used, and characteristics of the paper, ink used, handwriting style, etc. ) handwriting style, etc. )

Answers the following questions:Answers the following questions:– What, where, when and how was the document What, where, when and how was the document

acquired? acquired? – Is the document original or a copy of the originalIs the document original or a copy of the original– Is the document primary or secondary?Is the document primary or secondary?– Is the document authentic?Is the document authentic?

Internal criticismInternal criticism

Higher level of criticism Higher level of criticism Examines the content and interpretation of Examines the content and interpretation of

the document the document Examines the content of the document Examines the content of the document Examine the words used in the documentExamine the words used in the document

HISTORY AS AN ARTHISTORY AS AN ART

History is an art because the historian History is an art because the historian interprets facts from sources. interprets facts from sources.

When the historian writes history, it must When the historian writes history, it must be well-organized, coherent and elegant.be well-organized, coherent and elegant.

Components of historyComponents of history

SOURCES - contain facts SOURCES - contain facts HISTORIAN - performs the historical HISTORIAN - performs the historical

methodology; examines the authenticity and methodology; examines the authenticity and credibility of the sources; writes, interprets credibility of the sources; writes, interprets and organizes facts.and organizes facts.

Is history related to the other Is history related to the other social sciences?social sciences?

Annales School- interdisciplinary historyAnnales School- interdisciplinary history Use of theories and methods of other social Use of theories and methods of other social

sciencessciences Led to the creation of other subfields of Led to the creation of other subfields of

historyhistory– political historypolitical history– economic historyeconomic history– cultural historycultural history– social historysocial history– environmental historyenvironmental history