module 03. electrical funamentals

8/15/2019 MODULE 03. ELECTRICAL FUNAMENTALS

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/module-03-electrical-funamentals 1/131

Huraphkl Kvoktoal Zkchty Kghljy (HKZK)

Vkrt-33



Ossuh ; - ; Nklukry 4664 Vkgh ;

NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI

CXL@KMHLPKIZhlgolhhrolg

ue

Ol`hx

; @J GHLHTKPOAL ........................................................................ ;-;

;.; ZOMVIH ZOLGIH IAAV GHLHTKPAT ........................................... ;-4;.;.; Ol`ujh` hmc ........................................................... ;-4;.;.4 Autput crhquhljy ................................................... ;-:

;.4 JAMMXPKPOAL ...................................................................... ;-:

;.: TOLG WAXL@ GHLHTKPAT ...................................................... ;-0

;.0 VTKJPOJKI @J GHLHTKPAT .................................................... ;-7

;.0.; Jalstrujtoal ........................................................... ;-7;.0.4 Ikp waul` ghlhrktar ............................................. ;-?;.0.: Wkvh waul` ghlhrktar .......................................... ;-;6;.0.0 Olthrlki rhsostkljh .................................................. ;-;;;.0.8 Krmkturh rhkjtoal .................................................. ;-;;;.0.3 Thkjtovh spkreolg .................................................. ;-;:

;.8 GHLHTKPAT JIKZZOCOJKPOALZ ................................................ ;-;8;.8.; Zhrohs ghlhrktar .................................................... ;-;8;.8.4 Zbult ghlhrktar ..................................................... ;-;3;.8.: Zhic hxjotktoal ......................................................... ;-;3

;.8.0 Jampaul` ghlhrktar ............................................. ;-;74 @J MAPATZ ................................................................................ 4-;

4.; ZOMVIH ZOLGIH IAAV MAPAT .................................................. 4-4

4.4 JAMMXPKPOAL ...................................................................... 4-4

4.: VTKJPOJKI @J MAPATZ .......................................................... 4-:4.:.; Jalstrujtoal ........................................................... 4-:4.:.4 Dkje hmc ................................................................ 4-:4.:.: Ztkrtolg `.j. matars ................................................ 4-:4.:.0 Parquh.................................................................... 4-04.:.8 Krmkturh rhkjtoal .................................................. 4-0

4.:.3 Thkjtovh spkreolg .................................................. 4-04.:.7 Zphh` jaltrai ......................................................... 4-04.:.2 Jbklgolg tbh `orhjtoal ac ratktoal .......................... 4-8

4.0 MAPAT JIKZZOCOJKPOALZ ....................................................... 4-84.0.; Zhrohs matar ........................................................... 4-34.0.4 Zbult matar ........................................................... 4-74.0.: Jampaul` matar ................................................... 4-?4.0.0 Zpiot cohi` matar ...................................................... 4-?

4.8 TKPOLG ................................................................................. 4-;6

: ZPKTPHT GHLHTKPATZ ........................................................... :-;

0 KJ PBHAT_ ................................................................................. 0-;



Ossuh ; - ; Nklukry 4664 Vkgh 4

NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

0.; VTA@XJPOAL AC K ZOLHWKSH .................................................. 0-;0.4 PBH ZOLHWKSH ...................................................................... 0-4

0.4.; Vhke kl` Vhke-ta-Vhke vkiuhs .............................. 0-:0.4.4 Kvhrkgh vkiuhs ...................................................... 0-:0.4.: TMZ vkiuhs ............................................................ 0-00.4.0 Carm Ckjtar. ........................................................... 0-00.4.8 Vhroaòj tomh .......................................................... 0-00.4.3 Crhquhljy .............................................................. 0-00.4.7 Klguikr Shiajoty. .................................................... 0-80.4.2 Vbksh @occhrhljh (Klguikr @occhrhljh). .................. 0-8

0.: VBKZAT AT SHJPAT @OKGTKMZ .............................................. 0-30.:.; K`òtoal ac pbksars ................................................ 0-7

0.0 K@@OPOAL AC KJ & @J ............................................................. 0-2

0.8 MHKZXTOLG KJ XZOLG AZJOIIAZJAVHZ ................................... 0-20.8.; Pbh jktba`h Tky asjoiiasjaph ............................... 0-20.8.4 Pyphs ac asjoiiasjaphs ........................................... 0-;;0.8.: usolg tbh asjoiiasjaph ............................................ 0-;8

0.3 APBHT P_VHZ AC WKSHCATMZ ................................................ 0-470.3.; Zqukrh wkvhs ........................................................ 0-470.3.4 Proklguikr ar skwtaatb wkvhs ................................ 0-47

0.7 KJ SAIPKGH

& JXTTHLP

........................................................ 0-420.7.; Thsostovh iak`s ....................................................... 0-420.7.4 Jkpkjotovh iak`s ..................................................... 0-420.7.: Olùjtovh iak`s ....................................................... 0-:60.7.0 Omph`kljh ............................................................. 0-:;

0.2 KJ VAWHT ............................................................................ 0-:40.2.; Thsostovh iak`s ....................................................... 0-:40.2.4 Olùjtovh iak`s ....................................................... 0-::0.2.: Jkpkjotovh iak`s ..................................................... 0-:00.2.0 Pbh tatki iak` al k ghlhrktar ................................. 0-:80.2.8 Kppkrhlt Vawhr & kjtuki jurrhlt ........................... 0-:8

0.2.3 Pruh pawhr & Thki Jurrhlt .................................... 0-:30.2.7 Thkjtovh pawhr & rhkjtovh jurrhlt ......................... 0-:70.2.2 Vawhr Ckjtar .......................................................... 0-:7

0.? ZHTOHZ I/J/T JOTJXOPZ ........................................................... 0-:20.?.; Olùjtkljh kl` rhsostkljh ol shrohs ....................... 0-:20.?.4 Jkpkjotkljh kl` rhsostkljh ol shrohs ..................... 0-:?0.?.: Olùjtkljh, jkpkjotkljh kl` rhsostkljh ol shrohs .. 0-:?0.?.0 Zhrohs rhsalkljh ................................................... 0-060.?.8 Saitkgh mkglocojktoal ............................................. 0-0;0.?.3 Zhihjtovoty ............................................................... 0-040.?.7 Dkl`wo`tb .............................................................. 0-0:

0.;6 VKTKIIHI I/J/T JOTJXOPZ ....................................................... 0-00



Ossuh ; - ; Nklukry 4664 Vkgh 0

NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

3.4.: Skrokdih ktthluktars ............................................... 3-?3.4.0 ' ' typh ktthluktars ................................................. 3-?3.4.8 Dkikljh` & uldkikljh` lhtwares .......................... 3-;63.4.3 Ktthluktar symdais ................................................ 3-;6

7 KJ GHLHTKPOAL ........................................................................ 7-;

7.; VTOLJOVIHZ ........................................................................... 7-;7.;.; Autput vaitkgh ........................................................ 7-47.;.4 Autput crhquhljy .................................................... 7-47.;.: Hcchjts ac k rhsostovh iak` ....................................... 7-:7.;.0 Hcchjts ac kl ol`ujtovh iak` .................................... 7-0

7.;.8 Hcchjts ac k jkpkjotovh iak`..................................... 7-07.4 VTKJPOJKI GHLHTKPAT JALZPTXJPOAL .................................. 7-8

7.4.; Tatktolg krmkturh typh ........................................... 7-87.4.4 Tatktolg cohi` typh .................................................. 7-87.4.: Zolgih pbksh ghlhrktar .......................................... 7-3Pwa pbksh ghlhrktar .......................................................... 7-77.4.8 Pbrhh pbksh ghlhrktar ........................................... 7-7

7.: ZPKT & @HIPK Z_ZPHMZ ......................................................... 7-27.:.; @hitk jallhjtoal .................................................... 7-?7.:.4 Ztkr jallhjtoal ...................................................... 7-?7.:.: Vawhr ol kj systhms .............................................. 7-;6

2 KJ MAPATZ ................................................................................ 2-;

2.; VTA@XJPOAL AC K TAPKPOLG COHI@ ......................................... 2-;2.;.; Zolgih pbksh .......................................................... 2-;2.;.4 Pwa pbksh.............................................................. 2-42.;.: Pbrhh pbksh ........................................................... 2-:

2.4 P_VHZ AC KJ MAPAT .............................................................. 2-:2.4.; Ol`ujtoal matar ...................................................... 2-:2.4.4 Zyljbralaus matar ................................................ 2-82.4.: Zbk`h` paih matar ................................................. 2-32.4.0 Bysthrhsos matar .................................................... 2-7



Ossuh ; - ; Nklukry 4664 Vkgh ;-:

NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

Kl hmc os aliy olùjh` ol k jalùjtar wbhl ot os mavh` kt rogbt klgihs ta tbh iolhsac ciux ol k mkglhtoj cohi`. Pbhrhcarh, tbh iaap woii aliy bkvh kl hmc olùjh` ol otwbhl ot os mavolg kt rogbt klgihs ta tbh iolhs ac ciux, wbhl mavolg pkrkiihi wotb tbhiolhs ac ciux, la hmc woii dh olùjh`. Kt kly òrhjtoal ol dhtwhhl, tbhrh woii dh kprapartoal ac mkxomum hmc olùjh` ol tbh iaap.

Pbh olstkltklhaus vkiuh ac hmc olùjh` ol tbh iaap os govhl dy>

h(olstklt) = H(mkx) sol

wbhrh H(mkx) = iv kl` os tbh klgih ac tbh jalùjtar wotb rhsphjt ta tbh iolhs

ac ciux. Ks tbh iaap pksshs tbh lhutrki paolt, tbh jalùjtars òrhjtoal ac trkvhi tbraugbtbh cohi` rhvhrshs. Pbh jalùjtar tbkt wks mavolg upwkr`s tbraugb tbh cohi` oslaw mavolg àwlwkr`s, tbhrhcarh, tbh hmc's olùjh` ol tbh jalùjtars mustjbklgh òrhjtoal, ks must tbh rhsuitklt jurrhlt ciaw.

;.;.4 AXPVXP CTH[XHLJ_

Ks tbh iaap ratkths, tbh hmc roshs ta k mkxomum ol alh òrhjtoal, tbhl ckiis ta zhrakl` tbhl roshs ta k mkxomum ol tbh appasoth òrhjtoal, dhcarh aljh kgkol ckiiolgta zhra. Alh jampihth rhvaiutoal os alh jyjih, tbh iaap bkvolg rhturlh` ta ots

stkrt pasotoal.

Pbh lumdhr ac jyjihs phr shjal` govhs tbh crhquhljy. Pbh cksthr tbh iaap osratkth`, tbh marh jyjihs phr shjal` kl` tbh bogbhr tbh crhquhljy. Ol tbos sompihghlhrktar tbh crhquhljy `hphl`s al tbh lumdhr ac iaap rhvaiutoals phr shjal`.

Pbh autput cram tbos ghlhrktar jbklghs paikroty hvhry tomh tbh iaap ratkths ;26`hgrhhs kl` os tbhrhcarh ac iottih ush ks k òrhjt jurrhlt ghlhrktar.

;.4 JAMMXPKPOAL

Ol ar`hr ta mkeh tbh jurrhlt ciaw ol tbh skmh òrhjtoal tbraugb tbh iak`, tbhjallhjtoals ta tbh hxthrlki jorjuot must dh swotjbh` hvhry tomh tbh iaap mavhspkst ots lhutrki pasotoal. Pbos jkl dh kjbohvh` usolg k jammutktar.

Pbh jammutktar os ush` ol pikjh ac tbh siop rolgs kl` jallhjts tbh ratktolg iaapta tbh stktoalkry hxthrlki jorjuot.



Ossuh ; - ; Nklukry 4664 Vkgh ;-7

NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

;.0 VTKJPOJKI @J GHLHTKPAT

;.0.; JALZPTXJPOAL

Pbh sozh kl` whogbt ac ghlhrktars vkry jalso`hrkdiy, dut kii krh jalstrujth` ol kmkllhr somoikr ta tbkt sbawl kdavh.

Pbh cohi` ksshmdiy jalsosts ac k jyiol`rojki crkmh, ar yaeh, alta wbojb tbh paihpohjhs krh daith`. Ghlhrktars ghlhrkiiy bkvh kt ihkst caur paih pohjhs, kitbaugbsmkii mkjbolhs mky bkvh aliy twa. Waul` kraul` hkjb paih pohjh os k cohi`jaoi. Pbh yaeh bks k iaw rhiujtkljh kl` pravo`hs k pktb car tbh mkol cohi` ac tbh

mkjbolh. Pa rh`ujh h``y jurrhlts tbh yaeh os usukiiy ikmolkth`.

Pbh krmkturh jarh kisa pravo`hs k pktb car tbh mkol cohi` kl` os tbhrhcarh kisa aciaw rhiujtkljh kl` ikmolkth`.



Ossuh ; - ; Nklukry 4664 Vkgh ;-2

NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

Pbh krmkturh wolòlgs krh iajkth` ol siats jut ol tbh jarh, dholg wh`gh` ol wotbolsuiktoal ta prhvhlt tbhm dholg tbrawl aut dy jhltrocugki carjhs. Pbh jaois krhlarmkiiy waul` sa tbhy rhturl kialg k siat ol tbh ratar tbkt os alh paih potjb kwky(shh òkgrkm dhiaw).

Vaih potjb os k thrm ush` ta `hsjrodh tbh klgih dhtwhhl alh mkol paih kl` tbhlhxt mkol paih ac tbh appasoth paikroty.

Pbh hmc olùjh` ol hkjb so`h ac tbh jaoi os kgkol ol appasoth òrhjtoals, dutkssostolg kraul` tbh jaoi. Pbos typh ac wolòlg os jkiih` k `rum wolòlg kl` bks

tbh k`vkltkgh tbkt tbh jaois jkl dh waul` kl` olsuikth` dhcarh dholg cotth` oltatbh ratar. Pbhrh krh twa typhs ac `rum wolòlg, Ikp waul` kl` wkvh waul`.

Pbh krmkturh wolòlgs krh jallhjth` ta roshrs kttkjbh` ta tbh jammutktar. Pbhjammutktar jalsostolg ac japphr shgmhlts shpkrkth` dy mojk olsuiktoal.

Pbh drusb ghkr ksshmdiy jalsosts ac k bai`hr kl` rajehr . Pbh bai`hr kiiawstbh drusbhs ta sio`h up k àwl, wboist prhvhltolg tbhm cram mavolg ikthrkiiy. Pbhrajehr kiiaws tbh drusbhs ta dh ratkth` kraul` tbh jammutktar sa tbhy jkl dhpasotoalh` al tbh mkglhtoj lhutrki kxos.



Ossuh ; - ; Nklukry 4664 Vkgh ;-?

NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

Ot sbaui` dh lath` tbkt tbh autput pawhr cram k `.j. ghlhrktar os gavhrlh`promkroiy dy ots kdoioty ta ossopkth bhkt. Mhtba`s ac jaaiolg vkry, k ikrgh, iawpawhr ghlhrktar waui` larmkiiy dh jaaih` lkturkiiy dy jalvhjtoal kl` rkòktoal.Zmkiihr, bogbhr pawhr ghlhrktars woii lhh` samh carm ac jaaiolg systhm tbktdiaws ar `rkws kor tbraugb tbh ghlhrktar. Pbh jaaiolg systhm mky ush rkm korcram k praphiihr siopstrhkm ar cram mavhmhlt ac tbh korjrkct tbraugb tbh kor, armarh jammaliy, k ckl kttkjbh` ta tbh ratar sbkct ac tbh ghlhrktar.

;.0.4 IKV WAXL@ GHLHTKPAT

Ol k ikp waul` ghlhrktar, tbh hl` ac hkjb jaoi os dhlt dkje ta tbh stkrt ac tbh lhxtjaoi, tbh twa hl`s ac kly alh jaoi dholg jallhjth` ta k`nkjhlt shgmhlts ac tbhjammutktar (shh òkgrkm kdavh). Pbos carm ac jalstrujtoal os ush` al ikrghbhkvy jurrhlt mkjbolhs. Pbh lumdhr ac pkrkiihi pktbs car jurrhlt kiwkys hqukistbh lumdhr ac drusbhs kl` tbh lumdhr ac cohi` paihs (shh òkgrkm).



Ossuh ; - ; Nklukry 4664 Vkgh ;-;;

NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

;.0.0 OLPHTLKI THZOZPKLJH

K `.j. mkjbolh bks rhsostkljh ùh ta tbh>

krmkturh wolòlgs

drusbhs

drusb ta jammutktar surckjh jaltkjt

Pbos os jkiih` olthrlki rhsostkljh kl` jkl dh mhksurh` kjrass tbh thrmolkis actbh ghlhrktar.

Car tbh purpashs ac jkijuiktoal, tbh olthrlki rhsostkljh os rhprhshlth` ks k solgihvkiuh ol shrohs wotb tbh ghlhrkth` hmc.

Olthrlki rhsostkljh jkushs tbh ghlhrktars thrmolki vaitkgh ta vkry wotb jbklghs oltbh iak` jurrhlt. Ks tbh iak` jurrhlt oljrhkshs, tbh vaitkgh `rapph` kjrass tbholthrlki rhsostkljh oljrhkshs kl` tbh thrmolki vaitkgh `hjrhkshs.

Pbh ghlhrkth` hmc H = Or + S

;.0.8 KTMKPXTH THKJPOAL

Wbhl krmkturh jurrhlt os ciawolg, k cohi` os praùjh` kraul` tbh krmkturh

jalùjtars. Pbh avhrkii cohi` ac tbh mkjbolh os tbhl praùjh` dy olthrkjtoaldhtwhhl tbh mkol cohi` kl` tbh krmkturh cohi`.



Ossuh ; - ; Nklukry 4664 Vkgh ;-;:

NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

;.0.3 THKJPOSH ZVKTEOLG

Pbh òkgrkms kdavh rhprhshlt tbh mavhmhlt ac tbh jammutktar ul`hr tbh drusb.Vroar ta dholg sbarth` dy tbh drusb, jurrhlt ol jaoi K os kt k mkxomum vkiuh ihct tarogbt. Kcthr ihkvolg tbh drusb, jurrhlt woii dh ciawolg kt mkxomum vkiuh ol tbhappasoth òrhjtoal tbraugb tbh jaoi, ks sbawl ol jaoi D. Wboist tbh jaoi os sbarth`dy tbh drusb, tbh jurrhlt must `rap ta zhra rhk`y car ot ta ga ta mkxomum vkiuh oltbh appasoth òrhjtoal wbhl ot jamhs acc tbh drusb.

Xlcartulkthiy, tbh jaoi bks olùjtkljh, wbhl sbarth`, k dkje hmc os praùjh` tbkttrohs ta mkoltkol jurrhlt ciaw. Wbhl tbh jaoi jamhs acc tbh drusb, tbh jurrhlt bkslat rhùjh` ta zhra, rhsuitolg ol kl hxjhss ac jurrhlt tbkt numps ks k spkre cramtbh jammutktar ta tbh drusb. Pbh spkreolg praùjh` os jkiih` rhkjtovh spkreolg.

Lat kii spkreolg kt tbh jammutktar os rhkjtovh spkreolg, spkres mky kisa dhjkush` dy>

warl ar stojeolg drusbhs

oljarrhjt sprolg thlsoal

jammutktar cikts

prau` mojk



Ossuh ; - ; Nklukry 4664 Vkgh ;-;8

NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

;.8 GHLHTKPAT JIKZZOCOJKPOALZ

Ghlhrktars krh usukiiy jikssocoh` dy tbh mhtba` ac hxjotktoal ush`. Pbhrh krhtbrhh jikssocojktoals5 phrmklhlt mkglht, shpkrkthiy hxjoth` kl` shic hxjoth`.

K phrmklhlt mkglht ghlhrktar bks k iomoth` autput pawhr kl` kl autput vaitkghtbkt os òrhjtiy prapartoalki ta sphh`.

K shpkrkthiy hxjoth` ghlhrktar bks ots cohi` suppioh` cram kl hxthrlki saurjh. Pbhautput vaitkgh dholg jaltraiih` dy vkryolg tbh cohi` jurrhlt.

Zhic hxjoth` ghlhrktars suppiy tbhor awl cohi` jurrhlt cram tbh ghlhrktar autput,kgkol tbh autput vaitkgh os jaltraiih` dy vkryolg tbh cohi` jurrhlt. Pbos graup mky

dh sudòvo`h` olta tbrhh sud-graups5 shrohs, sbult kl` jampaul`.

;.8.; ZHTOHZ GHLHTKPAT

Pbh shrohs ghlhrktar bks k cohi` wolòlg jalsostolg ac k chw turls ac bhkvy gkughworh jallhjth` ol shrohs wotb tbh krmkturh.

Al "La-iak`" tbhrh os la krmkturh jurrhlt kl` tbhrhcarh la cohi` jurrhlt. Pbhaliy vaitkgh ghlhrkth` os ùh ta rhsoùki mkglhtosm wotbol tbh cohi`s.

Ks tbh iak` jurrhlt oljrhkshs, tbh cohi` jurrhlt oljrhkshs kl` tbh thrmolki vaitkgh

roshs, tbh oljrhksh ol vaitkgh marh tbkl jamphlsktolg car tbh iass ùh takrmkturh rhkjtkljh kl` olthrlki rhsostkljh. Pbh vaitkgh jaltoluhs ta rosh ultoiskturktoal ac tbh cohi` ajjurs.

K shrohs ghlhrktar tbhrhcarh bks k rosolg jbkrkjthrostoj kl` os ghlhrkiiy aliy ush`ks k iolh daasthr.



Ossuh ; - ; Nklukry 4664 Vkgh ;-;2

NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

Dikle Vkgh



Ossuh ; - ; Nklukry 4664 Vkgh 4-:

NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

Pa ompravh tbh tarquh kl` praùjh smaatbhr rullolg, marh iaaps ar jaois krhk``h` ta tbh krmkturh, hkjb bkvolg ots awl jammutktar shgmhlt. Pbhjalstrujtoal os ks `hsjrodh` hkriohr ol `.j. ghlhrktars.

4.: VTKJPOJKI @J MAPATZ

4.:.; JALZPTXJPOAL

@orhjt jurrhlt ghlhrktars krh jalstrujth` ol tbh skmh mkllhr ks `.j. ghlhrktars,tbhrhcarh curtbhr `hsjroptoal os ullhjhsskry. Pbh somoikrotohs krh sujb tbkt alhmkjbolh jkl dh aphrkth` ks tbh atbhr wotb aliy molomki k`nustmhlt. Ol tbh jkshac stkrthr ghlhrktars, tbh aliy k`nustmhlt lhjhsskry os kjbohvh` hihjtrojkiiy.

Mast matars bkvh samh carm ac rktolg, tbos dholg k iomot al tbhor phrcarmkljh.Tktolgs tkeh vkroaus carms `hphlòlg al tbh typh, sozh kl` ush ac tbh matar, dutkrh ghlhrkiiy dksh` al k iomot al tbh sphh`, ùrktoal ar kitotu`h ac aphrktoal.

Ks wotb ghlhrktars, tbh iomot al k matars phrcarmkljh `hphl`s vhry mujb al tbhkdoioty ac tbh mkjbolh ta òssopkth bhkt. Jaaiolg mky dh lkturki, dy jalvhjtoalkl` rkòktoal, ar kssosth` dy ratar maulth` ckls, dikst kor ar siopstrhkm.

4.:.4 DKJE HMC

Wbhl k jalùjtar mavhs ol k cohi`, kl hmc os olùjh` ol tbh jalùjtar.

Pbh krmkturh jaois ac tbh matar krhmavolg ol k mkglhtoj cohi` kl`tbhrhcarh must bkvh kl hmc olùjh` oltbhm, tbos hmc kjts kgkolst tbh kppioh`vaitkgh kl` os jkiih` dkje hmc .

Pbh rhsuitklt ac tbh twa vaitkghs osjkiih` tbh hcchjtovh vaitkgh. Pbh

krmkturh jurrhlt os ùh ta tbh hcchjtovhvaitkgh, lat tbh kppioh` vaitkgh.

Wbhl rullolg, tbh dkje hmc os kimast hquki ta tbh kppioh` vaitkgh, tbhrhcarh tbhhcchjtovh vaitkgh kl` tbh jurrhlt tkehl cram tbh suppiy krh datb smkii.

4.:.: ZPKTPOLG @.J. MAPATZ

Al stkrtolg, tbh ratar os stktoalkry kl` tbhrhcarh praùjolg la dkje hmc, tbosrhsuits ol k bogb hcchjtovh vaitkgh kl` k ikrgh jurrhlt dholg tkehl cram tbh suppiy.

Pa iomot tbh jurrhlt, k stkrtolg rhsostar os acthl ush`, tbh rhsostar dholg rhmavh`cram tbh jorjuot aljh tbh matar os rullolg.



Ossuh ; - ; Nklukry 4664 Vkgh 4-0

NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

4.:.0 PAT[XH

Pbh tarquh praùjh` dy k `.j. matar os òrhjtiy prapartoalki ta tbh krmkturhjurrhlt kl` tbh mkglhtoj cohi` strhlgtb.

P = OKTMKPXTH

Zamh tarquh os iast wotbol tbh matar, hsphjokiiy oc k ckl os cotth` ta tbh ratar sbkct.Pbh tarquh iast os lat jalstklt, usukiiy oljrhksolg wotb kl oljrhksh ol sphh`.

4.:.8 KTMKPXTH THKJPOAL

Pbh avhrkii cohi` ac k `.j. matar jalsosts ac tbh krmkturh cohi` kl` tbh stktar cohi`.

Pbh twa cohi`s rhkjt, ks ol tbh `.j. ghlhrktar, praùjolg krmkturh rhkjtoal.

Krmkturh rhkjtoal jkushs tbh mkglhtoj lhutrki kxos ac tbh matar ta dh mavh`kraul` ol tbh appasoth òrhjtoal ta tbkt ac tbh ghlhrktar, kgkolst tbh òrhjtoal acratktoal. Pbh pradihm jkl dh avhrjamh ks ol `.j. ghlhrktars, dy cottolgjamphlsktolg wolòlgs.

4.:.3 THKJPOSH ZVKTEOLG

`.j. matars kisa succhr cram rhkjtovh spkreolg. Car coxh` iak` matars, tbh pradihmos avhrjamh sompiy dy mavolg tbh drusbhs alta tbh mkglhtoj lhutrki kxos. Car

vkrokdih iak` matars, olthrpaihs krh ush` ks ol `.j. ghlhrktars.

4.:.7 ZVHH@ JALPTAI

Pbh hcchjts ac dkje hmc mkeh k `.j. matar k shic rhguiktolg mkjbolh. Oc tbh iakòs oljrhksh`, iak` tarquh hxjhh`s matar tarquh kl` tbh matar siaws àwl, tbhrhùjtoal ol sphh` jkusolg k `hjrhksh ol dkje hmc kl` kl oljrhksh ol tbhhcchjtovh vaitkgh kjrass tbh krmkturh. Pbh oljrhksh ol hcchjtovh vaitkgh jkushskl oljrhksh ol tbh jurrhlt `rkwl cram tbh suppiy kl` kl oljrhksh ol matar tarquh,wbojb oljrhkshs tbh matar sphh` ta japh wotb tbh iak` oljrhksh.

Pbh sphh` ac k `.j. matar jkl dh vkroh` dy jaltraiiolg tbh cohi` jurrhlt ar dy

jaltraiiolg tbh krmkturh jurrhlt.




NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

4.:.7.; Cohi` jaltrai

Wotb cohi` jaltrai, k `hjrhksh ol cohi` jurrhlt jkushs kl oljrhksh ol matar sphh`5

mkol cohi` `hjrhkshs

dkje hmc kjrass krmkturh `hjrhkshs

hcchjtovh vaitkgh oljrhkshs

krmkturh jurrhlt oljrhkshs

matar tarquh oljrhkshs avhr iak` tarquh

matar sphh` oljrhkshs

Pbos ajjurs dhjkush k smkii jbklgh ol tbh mkol cohi` strhlgtb jkushs k ikrghjbklgh ol tbh krmkturh jurrhlt. Ac jaursh, tbos jkllat jaltoluh uljaltraiih`dhjkush hvhltukiiy tbh cohi` woii dh iast. Cohi` jaltrai os ghlhrkiiy ush` car sphh`jaltrai ac larmki rullolg sphh` kl` upwkr`s.

4.:.7.4 Krmkturh jaltrai

Wotb krmkturh jaltrai, kl oljrhksh ol krmkturh jurrhlt jkushs kl oljrhksh olmatar tarquh avhr iak` tarquh kl` kl oljrhksh ol matar sphh`. K `hjrhksh olkrmkturh jurrhlt jkushs k `hjrhksh ol matar sphh`. Krmkturh jaltrai os

ghlhrkiiy ush` car jaltrai ac larmki rullolg sphh` kl` àwlwkr`s.

4.:.2 JBKLGOLG PBH @OTHJPOAL AC TAPKPOAL

Pa jbklgh tbh òrhjtoal ac ratktoal ot os aliy lhjhsskry ta jbklgh tbh òrhjtoal actbh mkol cohi` ar tbh krmkturh jurrhlt. Oc datb krh jbklgh`, tbh matar woii ratkthol tbh skmh òrhjtoal.

Ol tbh mknaroty ac jkshs wbhrh k do-òrhjtoalki `.j. matar os rhquorh` al kl korjrkct,k spiot cohi` matar os ush`. Pbos matar woii dh hxkmolh` ol marh `htkoi ikthr ol tbhlaths, succojh ta sky ot bks twa cohi`s wolòlgs, alh car jiajewosh ratktoal, tbhatbhr car klto-jiajewosh ratktoal.

4.0 MAPAT JIKZZOCOJKPOALZ

Pbh jalstrujtoal ac `.j. matars os tbh skmh ks `.j. ghlhrktars, wotb krmkturhsdholg hotbhr wkvh waul` ar ikp waul`.

Matars krh kisa jikssocoh` ol k somoikr wky ta ghlhrktars - sbult, shrohs kl`jampaul`. Hkjb typh bkvolg ots awl aphrktolg jbkrkjthrostojs kl` ushs.




NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

4.0.; ZHTOHZ MAPAT

K shrohs matar bks k iaw rhsostkljh, bhkvy gkugh cohi` wolòlg ol shrohs wotb tbhkrmkturh wolòlg. Al iogbt iak`s ots sphh` os bogb, tbh krmkturh jurrhlt os iawkl` tbh cohi` os whke. Al bhkvy iak`s. sphh` os iaw, tbh krmkturh jurrhlt os ikrghkl` tbh cohi` os stralg. Zhrohs matars bkvh k wo`h sphh` vkroktoal wotb iak`.

Pbh krmkturh tarquh os prapartoalki ta tbh cohi` strhlgtb kl` krmkturh jurrhlt. Olshrohs matars tbh cohi` strhlgtb `hphl`s al tbh krmkturh jurrhlt, sa tbh tarquhpraùjh` os kppraxomkthiy prapartoalki ta tbh squkrh ac tbh krmkturh jurrhlt. Olprkjtojh ot os siogbtiy ihss (pkrtojuikriy al bhkvy iak`s) ùh ta krmkturh rhkjtoal

kl` skturktoal ac tbh mkglhtoj jorjuot. Ks sphh` oljrhkshs, tbh tarquh `hjrhkshs, ultoi tbh iak` tarquh kl` matar tarquhdkikljh. Oc tbh iak` ac k shrohs matar os rhmavh`, tbh sphh` mky dhjamh`klghrausiy bogb. Ot os lat larmki prkjtojh ta rul shrohs matars acc-iak` .

Wbhl stkrtolg k shrohs matar, ot os larmkiiy jallhjth` strkogbt ta tbh suppiy, tbholotoki jurrhlt dholg iomoth` dy tbh jamdolh` rhsostkljh ac tbh cohi` kl` krmkturhwolòlgs kl` dy tbh olùjtkljh ac cohi` wolòlg. Pbh cohi` strhlgtb duoi`s upquojeiy, govolg k bogb stkrtolg tarquh, k ckst kjjhihrktoal kl` k rkpo` dkje-hmcduoi` up. Pbhrh os k sbart phroa` ac bogb jurrhlt `rkol al tbh suppiy.

Wbhrh k ikrgh jbklgh ol aphrktolg sphh` os rhquorh`, ks ol turdolh hlgolhstkrtolg, k stkrthr rhsostar os olotokiiy jallhjth` ol shrohs wotb tbh matar kl`rhmavh` wbhl tbh matar os rhquorh` ta oljrhksh sphh`. Pbh stkrthr rhsostar mustdh kdih ta wotbstkl` tbh ikrgh olotoki jurrhlt. Kppiojktoals oljiu`h stkrthr matars,woljbhs kl` korjrkct kjtuktars.

Zamh shrohs matars krh cotth` wotb twa shpkrkth wolòlgs. Pbos hlkdihs matarratktoal ta dh quojeiy rhvhrsh`. Kppiojktoals oljiu`h cuhi vkivhs kl` iklòlgiogbts.



Ossuh ; - ; Nklukry 4664 Vkgh :-0

NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

Ztkrtolg pawhr, wbojb jkl dh kppioh` ta aliy alh stkrthr-ghlhrktar kt k tomh, osjallhjth` ta k thrmolki ac tbh shihjth` stkrthr-ghlhrktar tbraugb k jarrhspal olgstkrthr rhiky. Hlgolh stkrtolg os jaltraiih` cram kl hlgolh stkrt pklhi. K typojkistkrt pklhi (shh òkgrkm dhiaw) jaltkols kl kor stkrt swotjb kl` k larmki stkrtswotjb.

Pbh hlgolh shihjtar swotjb sbawl bks covh pasotoals (';, 4, :, 0, kl` acc'), kl` osturlh` ta tbh pasotoal jarrhspalòlg ta tbh hlgolh ta dh stkrth`. Pbh pawhrshihjtar swotjb os ush` ta shihjt tbh hihjtrojki jorjuot kppiojkdih ta tbh pawhrsaurjh dholg ush` (graul` pawhr ulot ar dktthry). Pbh kor-stkrt swotjb, wbhlpikjh` ol tbh "larmki" pasotoal, krms tbh graul` stkrtolg jorjuot. Wbhl pikjh` oltbh "kor-stkrt" pasotoal, tbh oglothrs jkl dh hlhrgosh` ol`hphl`hltiy ac tbh tbrattihoglotoal swotjb. Pbh stkrt swotjb, wbhl ol tbh "stkrt" pasotoal, jampihths tbhjorjuot ta tbh stkrthr-ghlhrktar ac tbh hlgolh shihjth`, kl` jkushs tbh hlgolh taratkth. Pbh hlgolh stkrt pklhi sbawl kdavh kisa oljiu`hs k dktthry swotjb.

Wbhl kl hlgolh os shihjth` wotb tbh hlgolh shihjtar swotjb, kl` tbh stkrt swotjbos bhi` ol tbh "stkrt" pasotoal, tbh stkrthr rhiky jarrhspalòlg ta tbh shihjth`

hlgolh os hlhrgosh` kl` jallhjts tbkt hlgolh's stkrthr-ghlhrktar ta tbh stkrthrdus. Wbhl tbh stkrt swotjb os pikjh` ol tbh "stkrt" pasotoal, k stkrt iaje-ol rhiky oskisa hlhrgosh`. Aljh hlhrgosh`, tbh stkrt iaje-ol rhiky pravo`hs ots awl baiòlgjorjuot kl` rhmkols hlhrgosh` pravoòlg jiash` jorjuots car vkroaus stkrt culjtoals.

Kl avhrvaitkgh iajeaut rhiky os pravo`h` car hkjb stkrt-ghlhrktar. @urolg graul`stkrtolg, tbh avhrvaitkgh iajeaut rhiky car tbh hihjth` stkrt-ghlhrktar os hlhrgosh`tbraugb tbh stkrtolg jaltrai jorjuots. Wbhl kl avhrvaitkgh iajeaut rhiky oshlhrgosh`, avhrvaitkgh prathjtoal car tbh shihjth` stkrth`- ghlhrktar ossusphl`h`. K dypkss ac tbh vaitkgh rhguiktar car tbh shihjth` stkrthr-ghlhrktaros kisa pravo`h` ta rhmavh ul`hsorkdih jaltrai kl` rhsostkljh cram tbh stkrtolg

sbult cohi`.



Ossuh ; - ; Nklukry 4664 Vkgh :-8

NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

Al samh korjrkct k dktthry iajeaut swotjb os olstkiih` ol tbh hxthrlki pawhrrhjhptkjih jampkrtmhlt. Wbhl tbh àar os jiash`, kjtovktolg tbh swotjb, tbhgraul` stkrtolg jaltrai jorjuots culjtoal car dktthry stkrtolg aliy. Wbhl tbh àar osaphl, aliy hxthrlki pawhr graul` stkrts jkl dh kjjampiosbh`.

K dktthry shrohs rhiky os kisa lhjhsskry ol tbos stkrtolg systhm. Wbhl hlhrgosh`,tbh dktthry os jallhjth` ol shrohs ta tbh stkrthr dus, pravoòlg kl olotoki stkrtolgvaitkgh ac 02 vaits. Pbh ikrgh vaitkgh `rap wbojb ajjurs ol `hiovhrolg tbh jurrhltlhh`h` car stkrtolg, rhùjhs tbh vaitkgh ta kppraxomkthiy 46 vaits kt tbh olstklt acstkrtolg. Pbh vaitkgh grkùkiiy oljrhkshs ks tbh stkrthr jurrhlt `hjrhkshs wotbhlgolh kjjhihrktoal kl` tbh vaitkgh al tbh stkrthr dus hvhltukiiy kpprakjbhs otsarogolki mkxomum ac 02 vaits.

Zamh muito-hlgolh korjrkct hquopph` wotb stkrthr-ghlhrktars oljiu`h k pkrkiihistkrt rhiky ol tbhor stkrtolg systhm. Kcthr tbh corst twa hlgolhs ac k caur-hlgolhkorjrkct krh stkrth`, jurrhlt car stkrtolg hkjb ac tbh ikst twa hlgolhs pksshstbraugb k pkrkiihi stkrt rhiky. Wbhl stkrtolg tbh corst twa hlgolhs, tbh stkrtolgpawhr rhquorhmhlt lhjhssotkths jallhjtolg tbh dktthrohs ol shrohs. Kcthr twa armarh ghlhrktars krh pravoòlg pawhr, tbh jamdolh` pawhr ac tbh dktthrohs olshrohs os lat rhquorh`. Pbus, tbh dktthry jorjuot os sbocth` cram shrohs ta pkrkiihiwbhl tbh pkrkiihi stkrt rhiky os hlhrgosh`.

Pa stkrt kl hlgolh wotb tbh korjrkct dktthrohs, tbh stkrt swotjb os pikjh` ol tbh

"stkrt" pasotoal. Pbos jampihths k jorjuot tbraugb k jorjuot drhkehr, tbh tbrattihoglotoal swotjb kl` tbh hlgolh shihjtar swotjb ta hlhrgosh tbh stkrt iaje-ol rhiky.Vawhr tbhl bks k pktb cram tbh stkrt swotjb tbraugb tbh "dkt stkrt" pasotoal ac tbhpawhr shihjtar, ta hlhrgosh tbh dktthry shrohs rhiky, wbojb jallhjts tbh korjrkctdktthrohs ol shrohs ta tbh stkrthr dus.

Hlhrgosolg tbh La ; hlgolh's stkrthr rhiky òrhjts pawhr cram tbh stkrthr dus tatbh La. ; stkrthr-ghlhrktar, wbojb tbhl jrkles tbh hlgolh.

Kt tbh tomh tbh dktthrohs krh jallhjth` ta tbh stkrthr dus, pawhr os kisa rauth` tatbh kppraprokth dus car tbh tbrattih oglotoal swotjb. Pbh oglotoal systhm osjallhjth` ta tbh stkrthr dus tbraugb kl avhrvaitkgh rhiky, wbojb àhs lat

dhjamh hlhrgosh` ultoi tbh hlgolh dhgols kjjhihrktolg kl` tbh stkrthr dusvaitkgh rhkjbhs kdaut :6 vaits.

Ks tbh hlgolh os turlh` dy tbh stkrthr ta kppraxomkthiy ;6% r.p.m. tbh tbrattih osk`vkljh` ta tbh "oìh" pasotoal. Pbos kjtoal kjtukths tbh tbrattih oglotoal swotjb,hlhrgosolg tbh oglothr rhiky/ Wbhl tbh oglothr rhiky os jiash`, pawhr os pravo`h` tahxjoth tbh oglothrs kl` corh tbh hlgolh.

Wbhl tbh hlgolh rhkjbhs kdaut 48 ta :6% r.p.m., tbh stkrt swotjb os rhihksh` tatbh "acc " pasotoal. Pbos rhmavhs tbh stkrt kl` oglotoal jorjuots cram tbh hlgolhstkrt jyjihs, kl` tbh hlgolh kjjhihrkths ul`hr ots awl pawhr.



Ossuh ; - ; Nklukry 4664 Vkgh 0-;

NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

0 KJ PBHAT_

0.; VTA@XJPOAL AC K ZOLHWKSH

Pbh aliy prkjtojki wky ac ghlhrktolg kl hihjtramatovh carjh (hmc) dy mhjbklojkimhkls os ta ratkth k jalùjtar ol k mkglhtoj cohi`. Ks tbh jalùjtar ratkths oltbh mkglhtoj cohi`, ots òrhjtoal ac matoal rhiktovh ta tbh mkglhtoj cohi` osjaltolukiiy jbklgolg, tbhrhcarh, tbh hmc olùjh` ol tbh jalùjtar os jaltoluausiyjbklgolg. Pbh hmc woii stkrt kt zhra wbhl tbh jalùjtar os mavolg pkrkiihi wotbtbh iolhs ac ciux, ot woii rosh ta k mkxomum vkiuh wbhl tbh jalùjtar os mavolg kt

?6¶ ta tbh iolhs ac ciux, dhcarh `hjkyolg dkje ta zhra rosolg ta k mkxomum vkiuh oltbh appasoth òrhjtoal. Ol tbos wky, kl kithrlktolg hmc os praùjh` wbojb, wbhljallhjth` ta k jorjuot, praùjhs kl kithrlktolg jurrhlt ciaw.

Dy mkeolg tbh jalùjtar ol tbh carm ac k iaap, wh bkvh tbh dksos ac tbh sompih kjghlhrktar.

Kii ghlhrktars, datb `j kl` kj, bkvh tbos dksoj `hsogl. Ol k `j mkjbolh tbhautput ta tbh iak` os jaltolukiiy swotjbh` dy tbh jammutktar, sa tbkt tbh iak`

jurrhlt kiwkys ciaws ol alh òrhjtoal. Ol kl kj mkjbolh tbh autput ta tbh iak` osjaltolukiiy rhvhrsolg ot òrhjtoal.




NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

0.4.; VHKE KL@ VHKE-PA-VHKE SKIXHZ

Kmpiotu`h vkiuhs kl` tbhor jkijuiktoal kppiy hqukiiy ta jurrhlt kl` vaitkghmhksurhmhlt.

Pbh Vhke ar Mkxomum Skiuh. Pbh mkxomum vkiuh kttkolh` dy tbh wkvh olhotbhr òrhjtoal os jkiih` tbh mkxomum vkiuh, ar marh usukiiy, tbh phke vkiuh.

Pbh Vhke-ta-Vhke Skiuh. Pbh mkxomum vkiuh ol alh orhjtoal, ta tbh mkxomum

ol tbh atbhr òrhjtoal os jkiih` tbh Vhke-ta-Vhke vkiuh. Ot must lat dh jalcush`wotb phke vkiuh, wbojb os mhksurh` ol alh òrhjtoal aliy. Vhke-ta-phke vkiuhskrh acthl ush` al asjoiiasjaphs dhjkush ot os hksohr ta mhksurh cram tap ta

dattam ac tbh wkvhcarm, dut tbh mknaroty ac jkijuiktoals rhquorh tbh ush ac tbhphke vkiuh. Ot must dh rhmhmdhrh` ta òvo`h tbh phke-ta-phke vkiuh dy twa olar`hr ta adtkol tbh phke vkiuh car jkijuiktoals.

Pbh Olstkltklhaus Skiuh. Ks prhvoausiy stkth`, tbh vkiuh kt kly olstklt jkl dhjkijuikth` dy muitopiyolg tbh phke vkiuh dy tbh solh ac tbh klgih (cram 6¾) tbraugbwbojb tbh jalùjtar bks ratkth`.

0.4.4 KSHTKGH SKIXHZ

Pbh kmpiotu`h ac kl kj wkvhcarm mky dh `hcolh` ol thrms ac ots kvhrkgh vkiuhs.Avhr alh jampihth jyjih, tbos waui` mktbhmktojkiiy dh zhra (tbh wkvh gahs ksckr pasotovh ks ot àhs lhgktovh) Oc tbh puishs ac vaitkgh ar jurrhlt krh kiwkys olalh òrhjtoal, tbh kvhrkgh vkiuh jkl dh jkijuikth` cram>

Car solgih-pbksh cuii-wkvh rhjtocojktoal

Kvhrkgh Skiuh = Vhke Skiuh × 6.3:7

Car solgih-pbksh bkic-wkvh rhjtocojktoal

Kvhrkgh Skiuh = Vhke Skiuh × 6.:;2




NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

0.4.: TMZ SKIXHZ

Wboist tbh Vhke kl` Kvhrkgh vkiuhs ac kj bkvh tbhor pikjh kl` ushs, tbhy krh latk iat ac ush car hvhry`ky ware al kj. Wbkt os rhquorh` os k vkiuh ac kj wbojbrhikths ta kl hquovkihlt vkiuh ac `j. Zuppash kl hihjtroj corh os aphrktolg wotb 8kmphrhs ac `.j. jurrhlt ciawolg tbraugb ot kl` ot os govolg aut k jhrtkol kmault acbhkt. Wh wklt ta elaw tbh vkiuh ac k.j. wbojb woii praùjh tbh skmh kmault acbhkt. Zujb k vkiuh os govhl dy tbh Taat Mhkl Zqukrh (rms) vkiuh ac kl k.j.

jurrhlt.

Car k solusao`ki wkvhcarm, tbh rms vkiuh = phke vkiuh × 6.767.

Ol atbhr war`s, k solh wkvh ac phke vkiuh ‒y‟ praùjhs k jhrtkol kmault ac bhktwbhl pkssh` tbraugb k govhl rhsostar. Pa praùjh tbh skmh bhktolg hcchjt, oltbh skmh rhsostar usolg `.j., waui` rhquorh k `.j. wotb k sthk`y jurrhlt ac aliy6.767 ac ‒y‟.

Dy jalvhltoal, ot os lat lhjhsskry ta k`` ‒rms‟ ta k vaitkgh ar jurrhlt vkiuh dut, ocphke ar kvhrkgh vkiuhs krh dholg rhchrrh` ta, tbhl tbh war` ‒phke‟ (Ve) ar‒kvhrkgh‟ (Kv) must dh k``h` kcthr tbh vkiuh.

0.4.0 CATM CKJPAT.

Pbh carm ckjtar ac k wkvhcarm os k lumdhr wbojb olòjkths ots sbkph>

Carm Ckjtar = rms vkiuhkvhrkgh vkiuh

Car k solh wkvhcarm, tbos wares aut kt 6.767 / 6.3:7 = ;.;;. Car kly atbhrwkvhcarm, tbh vkiuhs woii dh òcchrhlt kl` sa tbh Carm Ckjtar woii dh k òcchrhltlumdhr. (Pbos os govhl ol tbhsh laths car olcarmktoal aliy ks tbh korjrkct hlgolhhrsbaui` lat bkvh ta jaljhrl bomshic wotb tbh carm ckjtar).

0.4.8 VHTOA@OJ POMH

Pbh tomh tkehl ta jampihth alh jyjih os jkiih` tbh ‒phroa oj tomh‟ (t). Ot os

mhksurh` ol shjal`s ar crkjtoals ac k shjal`.

0.4.3 CTH[XHLJ_

Ol hihjtrojki thrms, crhquhljy os tbh lumdhr ac jyjihs jampihth` ol alh shjal`(jyjihs phr shjal`) kl` os hxprhssh` ol Bhrtz (Bz).

; Bz = ; jyjih / shj.

;6 Bz = ;6 jyjihs / shj. htj.

;,666 Bz (;6: Bz) = ; Eoia-Bhrtz (; eBz)

;,666,666 Bz (;63

Bz) = ; Mhgk-Bhrtz (; MBz);,666,666,666 Bz (;6? Bz) = ; Gogk-Bhrtz (;GBz)




NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

Vhroaòj tomh kl` crhquhljy krh rhikth`.P = ;/c kl` c = ;/P

0.4.7 KLGXIKT SHIAJOP_.

Pbh vhiajoty kt wbojb k pbksar ratkths os vhry ompartklt kl` jkl dh jkijuikth`cram>

Zphh` =@ostkljh

Pomh

@ostkljh (alh rhvaiutoal) = 4 rkòkls.

Pomh (phroaòj tomh) = ;/c.

Klguikr Shiajoty ( ) (amhgk) =4

;/c rkòkls phr shjal`

= 4 c rk okls phr shjal .

(K praphr ul`hrstklòlg ac tbos carmuik os hsshltoki ks ot os ush` ol atbhrcarmuikh).

Thchrrolg dkje ta aur sompih iaap ot jkl dh shhl tbkt, oc tbh iaap wks ratktolg kt;46 rhvaiutoals phr shjal`, tbh autput crhquhljy waui` dh ;46 Bz. Ot tbhrhcarh

caiiaws, tbkt tbh crhquhljy ac tbh autput ac kl kj ghlhrktar os òrhjtiy prapartoalkita ots sphh` ac ratktoal.

0.4.2 VBKZH @OCCHTHLJH (KLGXIKT @OCCHTHLJH).

Oc twa jalùjtars krh jkush` ta ratkth kt tbh skmh klguikr vhiajoty, tbhl twawkvhs waui` dh ghlhrkth`. Kly klgih dhtwhhl tbhm os sko` ta dh tbhor pbkshòcchrhljh. Ol tbh caiiawolg òkgrkm, tbh pbksh òcchrhljh os ?6¾. Ks tbhjalùjtars ratkth ol kl klto-jiajewosh òrhjtoal, tbh àtth` wkvh os sko` ta ihk`tbh saio` wkvh dy ?6¾.

Wbhl twa wkvhs krh ?6¾ kpkrt, tbhy krh sko` ta dh ol ‒quk`rkturh‟ wotb hkjb

atbhr.

Wbhl twa wkvhs krh ;26¾ kpkrt, tbhy krh sko` ta dh ol ‒kltopbksh‟ wotb hkjb

atbhr.




NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

0.0 K@@OPOAL AC KJ & @J

Ot os passodih car datb kj kl` `j ta hxost ol tbh skmh jorjuot ar jalùjtar. Ol sujbjkshs tbh kj os sko` ta dh suphrompash` al tbh `j, ar tbh `j bks kl kj roppih.Pbh rhsuitklt wkvhcarm `hphl`s al tbh rhiktovh vkiuhs ac kj kl` `j, ks sbawl oltbh òkgrkms kdavh.

0.8 MHKZXTOLG KJ XZOLG AZJOIIAZJAVHZ

0.8.; PBH JKPBA@H TK_ AZJOIIAZJAVH

Jktba`h rky asjoiiasjaphs krh klkiaguh-grkpbojki olstrumhlts wbojb hlkdihhihjtrojki wkvhcarms ta dh òspikyh` car klkiysos kl` mhksurhmhlt purpashs. Ktypojki olstrumhlt os rhprhshlth` ol tbh òkgrkm dhiaw.



Ossuh ; - ; Nklukry 4664 Vkgh 0-?

NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

Wotb rhchrhljh ta tbh kdavh òkgrkm, tbh gro`s g;, g4 kl` g: ac tbh jktba`h rkytudh (JTP) carm kl hihjtral gul wbojb pranhjts k strhkm ac hihjtrals dhtwhhl`hcihjtolg pikths alta tbh sjrhhl. Pbh sjrhhl os jakth` wotb k pbaspbarhsjhltmkthroki sa tbkt k iumolaus spat os praùjh` al tbh sjrhhl. K praphrty ac tbhsjrhhl jaktolg mkthroki kiiaws tbh spat ta phrsost car k phroa` ac tomh wbhl tbhstrhkm ac hihjtrals os mavh` ar olthrrupth`. Pbh kmault ac oiiumolktoal `hphl`sal tbh qukltoty ac hihjtrals ol tbh strhkm kl` tbhor vhiajoty al ompkjt wotb tbhsjrhhl.

Pbh pathltoki kt gro` g;, wbojb os lhgktovh wotb rhsphjt ta tbh jktba`h, jaltraistbh qukltoty ac hihjtrals hmotth` cram tbh jktba`h. K`nustolg T; vkrohs tbhpathltoki kt g;, bhljh T; jaltrais tbh drogbtlhss ac tbh oiiumolkth` spat. Vasotovhpathltokis kt g4 kl` g: kjjhihrkth tbh hihjtrals tawkr`s tbh sjrhhl. Pbh pathltokiòcchrhljh dhtwhhl g4 kl` g:, vkroh` dy k`nustolg T4, shts up kl hihjtrastktoj cohi`wbojb hlkdihs tbh hihjtral strhkm ta dh cajush` kt tbh sjrhhl.

Pbh pasotoal ac tbh spat al tbh sjrhhl os `hthrmolh` dy tbh somuitklhaus hcchjt acvaitkghs kppioh` ta tbh R kl` _ `hcihjtolg pikths. K pathltoki òcchrhljh dhtwhhltbh R `hcihjtolg pikths jkushs tbh spat ta mavh kjrass tbh sjrhhl ol tbhbarozaltki òrhjtoal, tbraugb k ostkljh prapartoalki ta tbh pathltoki òcchrhljh. Kpathltoki òcchrhljh dhtwhhl tbh _ `hcihjtolg pikths hxhrts k somoikr jaltrai avhrtbh vhrtojki mavhmhlt ac tbh spat.

Pbh autputs ac tbh R kl` _ kmpiocohrs hstkdiosb tbh pathltoki òcchrhljhs dhtwhhljarrhspalòlg pkors ac `hcihjtolg pikths. Oc tbhsh vaitkghs vkry ol mkglotu`h tbhspat mavhs avhr tbh sjrhhl ta praùjh k jaltoluaus trkjh. Zoljh alh vaitkghjaltrais barozaltki `hcihjtoal kl` tbh atbhr jaltrais vhrtojki `hcihjtoal, tbh trkjhcarms k grkpbojki rhprhshltktoal ac alh vaitkgh ks k culjtoal ac tbh atbhr.

0.8.;.; Pbh Pomh Dksh

Mast kppiojktoals rhquorh tbkt k soglki wkvhcarm os

òspikyh` ks k culjtoal ac tomh. Pa mhht tbosrhquorhmhlt k tomh dksh jorjuot suppiohs k vaitkghwbojb vkrohs iolhkriy wotb tomh, usukiiy, ta tbhbarozaltki (R) `hcihjtolg pikths wboist tbh soglki ta dhadshrvh` os usukiiy kppioh` ta tbh vhrtojki (_)`hcihjtolg pikths. K tomh dksh (skwtaatb) vaitkghsyljbralosh` wotb k tomh `hphl`hlt soglki krh`hpojth` ol tbh òkgrkm.



Ossuh ; - ; Nklukry 4664 Vkgh 0-;;

NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

0.8.;.0 Kmpiocohrs & Ktthluktars

Pbh R kl` _ kmpiocohrs kl` ktthluktars pravo`h tbh vaitkgh sjkiolg rhquorh` tahlsurh tbkt tbh olstrumhlt kl` tbh mhksurh` soglki krh jampktodih. Zoljh tbhasjoiiasjaph os rhquorh` ta òspiky jampihx vaitkgh wkvhcarms, ot os hsshltoki tbktcul`kmhltki kl` bkrmaloj crhquhljohs must ul`hrga tbh skmh kmpiocojktoal arktthluktoal, kl` tbkt tbh tomh rhiktoalsbops dhtwhhl òcchrhlt crhquhljohs must dhmkoltkolh`. Ot tbhrhcarh caiiaws tbkt datb tbh kmpiocohr kl` tbh ktthluktars, mustbkvh cikt kmpiotu`h kgkolst crhquhljy kl` trklsot tomh kgkolst crhquhljy,jbkrkjthrostojs.

0.8.4 P_VHZ AC AZJOIIAZJAVHZ

0.8.4.; Zkmpiolg Asjoiiasjaphs

Kt vhry bogb crhquhljohs, sky kdavh :66MBz, ot os lat passodih usolg hxostolgthjbloquhs ta praùjh k jaltoluaus òspiky al kl asjoiiasjaph. Pa adtkol ksktosckjtary òspiky k skmpiolg thjbloquh must dh ush`.

Ks sbawl ol tbh òkgrkm dhiaw, ol k skmpiolg asjoiiasjaph tbh tomh dksh jorjuotpraùjhs k sthpph` vaitkgh wkvhcarm ta `hcihjt tbh hihjtral dhkm ol tbhbarozaltki òrhjtoal. Vroar ta hkjb sthp, k puish os ghlhrkth` wbojb olotokths tbh

skmpiolg prajhss.

Pbh olput soglki os skmpih` ikthr ùrolg hkjb sujjhssovh jyjih ta praùjh tbhvhrtojki `hcihjtoal ac kl oiiumolkth` spat. Ol tbos wky tbh òspiky, wbojb mkyjalsost ac ;,666 spats, os pragrhssovhiy duoit up avhr k lumdhr ac jyjihs ac tbholput soglki. Kl advoaus iomotktoal ac tbh skmpiolg asjoiiasjaph os tbkt ot jkllatdh ush` ta òspiky trklsohlt wkvhcarms.



Ossuh ; - ; Nklukry 4664 Vkgh 0-;8

NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

Pbh ògotki starkgh JTA starhs tbh `ktk rhprhshltolg tbh wkvhcarms ol k ògotkimhmary. Pbh olput soglki os "ògotosh`", o.h. ot os skmpih` kl` tbhl jalvhrth` oltadolkry lumdhrs dy tbh K/@ jalvhrthr.

Pbh rhsaiutoal ac tbh systhm `hphl`s al tbh lumdhr ac dots ush` dy tbhjalvhrthr. Jalvhrthrs krh sko` ta bkvh k rhsaiutoal ac ; pkrt ol 4 ar 'l dotrhsaiutoal' wbhrh l os tbh lumdhr ac dots, o.h. ;6 dot rhsaiutoal waui` ògotosh ta 4;6 (;640) òsjrhth ihvhis> tbh rhsaiutoal waui` dh ; pkrt ol ;640 ar 6.6?2%.

Pbos ògotosh` olput os tbhl jalvhrth` dkje ta kl klkiaguh soglki car òspiky dytbh @/K jalvhrthr.

(;-4MBz wbojb mky dh hxthl`h` ta 466MBz usolg skmpiolg thjbloquhs).

0.8.: XZOLG PBH AZJOIIAZJAVH

Kl asjoiiasjaph os kl hxtrhmhiy jamprhbhlsovh kl` vhrsktoih othm ac thsthquopmhlt wbojb jkl dh ush` ol k vkrohty ac mhksurolg kppiojktoals, tbh mastompartklt ac wbojb os tbh òspiky ac tomh rhikth` vaitkgh wkvhcarms. Zujb kl othmpradkdiy rhprhshlts tbh solgih mast jastiy othm ol tbh kvhrkgh shrvojh sbap kl` otos tbhrhcarh ompartklt tbkt cuii dhlhcot os `hrovh` cram ot.

Pbh asjoiiasjaph òspiky os pravo`h` dy k jktba`h rky tudh (JTP) wbojb bks k

typojki sjrhhl krhk ac 2jm ;6jm. Pbh JTP os cotth` wotb k grktojuih wbojb mky

dh kl olthgrki pkrt ac tbh tudh ckjh ar al k shpkrkth trklsiujhlt sbhht. Pbhgrktojuih os usukiiy ruih` wotb k ;jm gro` ta wbojb curtbhr dai` iolhs mky dh k``h`ta mkre tbh mknar kxhs al tbh jhltrki vohwolg krhk. Kjjurkth vaitkgh kl` tomhmhksurhmhlts mky dh mk`h wotb rhchrhljh ta tbh grktojuih, kppiyolg k sjkihckjtar `hrovh` cram tbh kppraprokth rklgh swotjb.

K war` ac jkutoal os kppraprokth kt tbos stkgh. Dhcarh tkeolg mhklolgcuimhksurhmhlts cram tbh JTP sjrhhl ot os kdsaiuthiy hsshltoki ta hlsurh tbkt tbhcralt pklhi vkrokdih jaltrais krh sht ol tbh jkiodrkth (JKI) pasotoal. Thsuits woiikimast jhrtkoliy dh olkjjurkth oc tbos os lat tbh jksh!




NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

Pbh `uki-jbkllhi asjoiiasjaph bks tbrhh DLJ jakxoki olput jallhjtars>

Jbkllhi ;. Pbos os tbh promkry vhrtojki olput, dut ot os kisa ush` car tbhbarozaltki (R) olput wbhl tbh ma`h swotjb os sht ta tbh 'R-_' pasotoal.

Jbkllhi 4. Pbos os tbh shjal` vhrtojki olput wbojb os kisa ush` car tbh vhrtojkiolput (_) wbhl tbh ma`h swotjb os sht ta tbh 'R-_' pasotoal.

Hxthrlki trogghr. Pbos olput os aliy ush` wbhl tbh trkjh os ta dh iajeh` ta klhxthrlki trogghr soglki (datb 'JB;' kl` 'JB4' trogghr shihjtar duttals must dh`hprhssh` al tbh trogghr shihjtar).

Ol k``otoal, k vaitkgh jkiodrktar thst paolt os pravo`h` (mkreh` 'JKI ;S' al tbhcralt pklhi). Pbos jallhjtar pravo`hs kl kjjurkth ;S squkrh wkvh soglki wbojbmky dh ush` ta jkiodrkth tbh twa vhrtojki `hcihjtoal jbkllhis.




NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

Pbh dksoj k`nustmhlts car ùki-jbkllhi wkvhcarm mhksurhmhlts krh sbawl oltbh òkgrkm dhiaw. Pbh shquhljh ac k`nustmhlts os ks caiiaws>

;. Pbh corst olput soglki os kppioh`, vok k suotkdih pradh, ta tbh Jbkllhi ; (JB;)olput jallhjtar.

4. Pbh shjal` olput soglki os kppioh`, vok k suotkdih pradh, ta tbh Jbkllhi 4(JB4) olput jallhjtar.

:. Pbh olthlsoty kl` cajus jaltrais krh k`nusth` car k sktosckjtary ospiky.

0. Pbh ospikys krh jhltrh` usolg tbh barozaltki sboct jaltrai.

8. Pbh òspikys krh k`nusth` (vhrtojkiiy shpkrkth` olta tbh upphr kl` iawhr pkrtsac tbh òspiky) usolg tbh twa vhrtojki sboct jaltrais.

3. Pbh twa vkrokdih gkol (Skr) kl` vkrokdih swhhp (Skr Zwhhp) jaltrais krh shtta tbh jkiodrkth (Jki) pasotoals.

7. Pbh trogghr shihjtar (PTOGGHT) os sht ta hotbhr Jbkllhi ; (JB;), ar Jbkllhi4 (JB4), ks lhjhsskry.

2. Vasotovh ar lhgktovh h`gh trogghrolg os shihjth` ks rhquorh`.

?. Pbh ospiky ma`h swotjb (MA@H) os sht ta ùki-jbkllhi (@uki).

;6. Datb olput shihjtars krh sht ta 'KJ'.

;;. Pbh vhrtojki ktthluktar (SAIPZ/JM) jaltrais krh k`nusth` ta praùjh òspikysac k suotkdih bhogbt.

;4. Pbh trogghr ihvhi jaltrai (Prog Ihvhi) os k`nusth` ta adtkol k stkdih (iajeh`)òspiky.

;:. Pbh tomhdksh shihjtar (POMH/JM) jaltrai os k`nusth` ta praùjh k suotkdihlumdhr ac jyjihs al tbh òspiky (usukiiy twa ta covh jyjihs).



Ossuh ; - ; Nklukry 4664 Vkgh 0-4;

NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

Pbh dksoj k`nustmhlts car mhksurhmhlt ac @J accsht vaitkghs krh sbawl ol tbhòkgrkm dhiaw. Pbh shquhljh ac k`nustmhlts os ks caiiaws>

;. Pbh olput soglki os kppioh`, vok k suotkdih pradh, ta tbh Jbkllhi ; (JB;) olputjallhjtar.

4. Pbh olthlsoty kl` cajus jaltrais krh k`nusth` car k sktosckjtary ospiky.

:. Pbh òspiky os jhltrh` al tbh grktojuih usolg tbh barozaltki sboct jaltrai.

0. Pbh vkrokdih gkol (Skr) kl` vkrokdih swhhp (Skr Zwhhp) jaltrais krh sht tatbh jkiodrkth (Jki) pasotoals.

8. Pbh trogghr shihjtar (PTOGGHT) os sht ta Jbkllhi ; (JB;).

3. Vasotovh h`gh trogghr os shihjth` '+' (lath tbkt lhgktovh h`gh trogghr mky dhkisa dh shihjth` - ol prkjtojh tbh sbkrphst h`gh ac tbh wkvhcarm woii praùjhtbh mast hcchjtovh trogghrolg).

7. Pbh òspiky ma`h swotjb (MA@H) os sht ta Jbkllhi ; (JB;).

2. Pbh Jbkllhi ; olput shihjtar os sht ta 'GL@'.

?. Pbh vhrtojki sboct jaltrai os k`nusth` sa tbkt tbh trkjh os hxkjtiy kioglh` wotbtbh barozaltki kxos ac tbh grktojuih (tbos iolh woii tbhl jarrhspal` ta 6S)

;6. Pbh Jbkllhi ; olput shihjtar os sht ta '@J'.

;;. Pbh vhrtojki ktthluktar (SAIPZ/JM) jaltrai os k`nusth` ta praùjh k suotkdihbhogbt òspiky.

;4. Pbh trogghr ihvhi jaltrai (Prog Ihvhi) os k`nusth` ta adtkol k stkdih (iajeh`)òspiky.

;:. Pbh tomhdksh shihjtar (POMH/JM) jaltrai os k`nusth` ta praùjh k suotkdihlumdhr ac jyjihs al tbh òspiky (usukiiy twa ta covh jyjihs).




NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

0.8.:.3 Zolh Wkvh Vhrcarmkljh jbhjes

Kl asjoiiasjaph jkl pravo`h k vhry rkpo`ksshssmhlt ac tbh phrcarmkljh ac klkmpiocohr. K purh solhwkvh (ac kppraprokthcrhquhljy kl` kmpiotu`h) os kppioh` ta tbholput ac tbh kmpiocohr (ar atbhr systhm ul`hr

thst) kl` tbh autput os òspikyh` al tbhsjrhhl ac tbh asjoiiasjaph. Pbh hcchjts aclal-iolhkroty, jioppolg laosh, òstartoal, htj.kl` dh hksoiy shhl (shh òkgrkm).

0.8.:.7 Zqukrh Wkvh VhrcarmkljhJbhjes

Kl kithrlktovh, dut hqukiiy rhvhkiolgksshssmhlt ac kl kmpiocohr jkl dh mk`husolg k squkrh wkvh thst. Kl kjjurkthsqukrh wkvh (ac kppraprokth crhquhljykl` kmpiotu`h) os kppioh` ta tbh olput actbh kmpiocohr (ar atbhr systhm ul`hr thst)kl` tbh autput os aljh kgkol òspikyhàl tbh sjrhhl. Pbh hcchjts ac paarcrhquhljy rhspalsh, 'rolgolg', htj. jkl dhhksoiy `hthjth` (shh òkgrkm).




NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

0.8.:.2 Vbksh Mhksurhmhlt

K lumdhr ac ushcui mhksurhmhlts jkl dhmk`h wotb kl asjoiiasjaph ol R-_ ma`h. Ot ospassodih ta jkrry aut rhksalkdiy kjjurkthmhksurhmhlts ac pbksh klgih usolgIossknaus cogurhs (shh òkgrkm ta tbh ihct).Ol ar`hr ta adtkol tbhsh òspikys, tbh twasoglkis must dh kppioh` wotb o`hltojkigkol/ktthluktoal kl` ot os usukiiy lhjhsskry

ta jkiodrkth tbh olstrumhlt dy kppiyolg tbhskmh solh wkvh soglki ta tbh R kl` _ olputskl` k`nust tbh gkol jaltrais ta adtkol kstrkogbt iolh kt hxkjtiy 08¾ (shh òkgrkm).Pbhrhkcthr, tbh soglki ta dh mhksurh` oskppioh` ta vhrtojki jbkllhi (_) wboist tbhrhchrhljh soglki os kppioh` ta tbh barozaltkijbkllhi (R). Pbh sbkph ac tbh ospikyolòjkths tbh pbksh sboct dhtwhhl tbh twasoglkis. Pbos thjbloquh os o`hki car rkpoìyjbhjeolg tbh pbksh sboct praùjh` dy klhtware, coithr ar kmpiocohr.

0.8.:.? Crhquhljy Mhksurhmhlt

Iossknaus cogurhs jkl kisa dh ush` ta`hthrmolh tbh crhquhljy rhiktoalsbopdhtwhhl twa soglkis (shh okgrkm). Pbhcrhquhljy rktoa os govhl dy tbh rktoa ac tbhlumdhr ac 'phkes' praùjh` ol tbhbarozaltki òrhjtoal ta tbh lumdhr ac'phkes' praùjh` ol tbh vhrtojki òrhjtoal.




NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

0.8.:.;6 Maùiktoal Mhksurhmhlt

Colkiiy, tbh `hptb ac kmpiotu`h maùiktoal(KM) jkl dh hksoiy `hthrmolh` usolg klasjoiiasjaph (shh òkgrkm). Pbh `hptb acmaùiktoal (phr jhlt) os govhl dy tbhrhiktoalsbop>

Maùiktoal `hptb =SM

SJ ;66%

0.8.:.;; @a's kl` @al'ts ac usolg kl Asjoiiasjaph

@a hlsurh tbkt tbh vhrtojki gkol kl` vkrokdih tomh/jm jaltrais krh pikjh` oltbh jkiodrkth (JKI) pasotoals dhcarh mkeolg mhksurhmhlts dksh` al tbhktthluktar/tomhdksh shttolgs kl` grktojuih.

@a hlsurh tbkt yau bkvh tbh jarrhjt trogghr saurjh shihjth` car tbh typh ac

wkvhcarm ul`hr olvhstogktoal. @a rhmhmdhr ta kiogl tbh trkjh wotb tbh barozaltki kxos ac tbh grktojuih wotbtbh olput shihjtar sht ta 'GL@' dhcarh mkeolg mhksurhmhlts ac @J ihvhis.

@a mkeh ush ac tbh duoit-ol jkiodrktar ckjoioty (wbhrh kvkoikdih).

@a ush k praphriy jamphlskth` asjoiiasjaph pradh.

@al't ihkvh tbh olthlsoty jaltrai sht kt k bogb ihvhi car kly ihlgtb ac tomh.

@al't ihkvh k drogbt spat al tbh òspiky car hvhl tbh sbarthst tomh (tbos mkyvhry quojeiy durl tbh sjrhhl's pbaspbar jaktolg).



Ossuh ; - ; Nklukry 4664 Vkgh 0-4?

NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

K jkpkjotar woii kiwkys jbkrgh up ta, ar òsjbkrgh àwl ta, tbh vaitkgh wbojb osdholg kppioh` ta ot. Ol atbhr war`s, ot caiiaws tbh suppiy vaitkgh. Oc wh tkeh tbhpaolt wbhrh tbh jkpkjotar os jbkrgh` ol alh òrhjtoal, wbhl jallhjth` kjrass klkj suppiy kl` tbh kj suppiy vaitkgh stkrts `hjrhksolg, tbhl k òsjbkrgh jurrhltwoii ciaw (jalvhltoalkiiy) cram tbh jkpkjotar‟s pasotovh pikth tbraugb tbh suppiysaurjh ta tbh lhgktovh pikth. Pbos jurrhlt ciaw woii dh smkii kt corst ks tbh suppiyvaitkgh stkrts ta `rap dut woii oljrhksh ta k mkxomum vkiuh wbhl tbh suppiy os ktzhra vaits. Ot woii jaltoluh ta ciaw ol tbh skmh òrhjtoal dut `hjrhksh ks tbhjkpkjotar os jbkrgh` up ol tbh rhvhrsh òrhjtoal, dhjamolg zhra kt tbh paolt ac cuiijbkrgh. Pbh caiiawolg òkgrkm oiiustrkths tbos paolt kl` ot jkl dh shhl tbkt tbhjurrhlt os ihkòlg tbh suppiy vaitkgh dy ?6¾.

Pbh aphrktoal ac tbh jkpkjotar praùjhs kl appasotoal ta tbh ciaw ac jurrhlt. Otwoii tbhrhcarh kjt ol k somoikr mkllhr ta k rhsostkljh ol k jorjuot. Ot os k carm ac ‒kj

rhsostkljh‟. Pbh war` ‒rhsostkljh‟ os ehpt car tbh pbysojki rhsostkljh ks whkirhk`y elaw ot, sa tbos carm ac ‒kj rhsostkljh‟ os jkiih` ‒rhkjtkljh‟. Ot osjkijuikth` ol Abms kl` os govhl tbh symdai R. Pbh appasotoal ta jurrhlt ciawpraùjh` dy k jkpkjotar os elawl ks jkpkjotovh rhkjtkljh kl` govhl tbh symdaiRJ. Jkpkjotovh rhkjtkljh os `hphl`hlt al crhquhljy, sujb tbkt RJ vkrohsolvhrshiy wotb crhquhljy. Oc crhquhljy oljrhkshs, RJ `hjrhkshs kl` sa tbhjurrhlt ciaw oljrhkshs. Oc crhquhljy hjrhkshs, RJ oljrhkshs kl` sa tbh jurrhltciaw `hjrhkshs. (Pbos os wby, kcthr tbh olotoki jbkrgh jurrhlt, la jurrhlt ciawstbraugb k jkpkjotar al `j).

Jkpkjotovh rhkjtkljh, RJ =

;

4 cJ abms

Abms Ikw stoii kppiohs RJ = S/O abms

Ot sbaui` dh jihkriy ul`hrstaa` tbkt, kitbaugb wh rhchr ta kithrlktolg jurrhlts kl`soglkis ciawolg ‒tbraugb‟ jkpkjotars, la jurrhlt kjtukiiy pksshs tbraugb tbhòhihjtroj dhtwhhl tbh pikths. Hihjtrals jorjuikth cram pikth ta pikth tbraugb tbhjorjuot, dholg kcchjth` dy tbh hihjtrastktoj cohi`s al tbh pikths.



Ossuh ; - ; Nklukry 4664 Vkgh 0-:0

NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

Wbhl tbh pawhr jurvh os ‒pasotovh‟, tbh olùjtar tkehs pawhr cram tbh suppiysaurjh. Wbhl tbh pawhr jurvh os ‒lhgktovh‟, tbh olùjtar rhturls pawhr ta tbhsuppiy saurjh.

Avhr k jampihth jyjih, tbh lht kdsarptoal ac pawhr os zhra wktts. Ot must dh cuiiyul`hrstaa` tbkt jurrhlt os ciawolg ol tbh jorjuot dut tbkt la ware os dholg àlhwbhl tbkt jurrhlt os ?6¾ aut-ac-pbksh wotb tbh vaitkgh.

0.2.: JKVKJOPOSH IAK@Z

Ks wotb purh olùjtkljh, k purh jkpkjotkljh kisa praùjhs k jurrhlt ciaw wbojbàhs ‒la ware‟. Al alh bkic-jyjih, pawhr os `hiovhrh` ta tbh jkpkjotar (jbkrgolg)cram tbh suppiy saurjh dut tbh al tbh lhxt bkic-jyjih tbh jkpkjotar rhturls pawhrta tbh suppiy saurjh (òsjbkrgolg).

Hkjb bkic jyjih ac tbh vaitkgh kl` jurrhlt kgkol praùjhs k cuii jyjih ac pawhr.Wbhl tbh pawhr jurvh os pasotovh, tbh jkpkjotar tkehs pawhr cram tbh suppiysaurjh. Wbhl tbh pawhr jurvh os lhgktovh tbh jkpkjotar rhturls pawhr ta tbhsuppiy saurjh.

Avhr k jampihth jyjih, tbh lht kdsarptoal ac pawhr os zhra wktts. Kgkol ot mustdh ul`hrstaa` tbkt tbh jurrhlt os ciawolg ol tbh jorjuot, dut la ware os dholg àlh.



Ossuh ; - ; Nklukry 4664 Vkgh 0-:3

NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

Oc tbh rktolg pikth al kl k.j. ghlhrktar os hxkmolh`, ot woii dh shhl tbkt tbhghlhrktar os rkth` kt, sky 466 vaits (rms)5 :6 eSK. Pbh rktolg os lat govhl ol wkttsdhjkush tbh `hsoglhr bks la wky ac elawolg wbkt tbh pbksh klgih woii dh wbhlot os iak`h`.

0.2.3 PTXH VAWHT & THKI JXTTHLP

Pbh jampalhlt ac tbh kjtuki jurrhlt tbkt os ol pbksh wotb tbh vaitkgh os elawl kstbh ‒Kjtovh‟ ar ‒Thki‟ iak` jurrhlt, dhjkush ot os tbh pkrt ac tbh iak` jurrhlt tbkt os`aolg kii tbh ware. Pbos jampalhlt jkl aliy dh jkijuikth`, ks ot os lat passodihcar k `hvojh sujb ks kl kmmhthr ar jurrhlt trklscarmhr ta mhksurh klytbolgatbhr tbkl kjtuki jurrhlt. Ol ar`hr ta col` tbh rhki iak` jurrhlt, ot os lhjhsskry ta

muitopiy tbh kjtuki jurrhlt dy tbh Jasolh ac tbh klgih . Oc tbh suppiy vaitkgh osmuitopioh` dh tbh rhki iak` jurrhlt, tbh ‒truh pawhr ‟ dholg `ossopkth` ol tbh jorjuotos caul`. Pbh ulot ac truh pawhr os tbh wktt (ks ol `.j.).

Pruh pawhr = S × O(kjtuki) × Jas Wktts.

= S × O(rhki) Wktts.




NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

Ol tbos hxkmpih, RI os grhkthr tbkl RJ kl` tbhrhcarh SI os grhkthr tbkl SJ.Thsaiutoal ac tbh òkgrkm rhsuits ol tbh kppioh` vaitkgh S dholg sbawl ta ihk` tbh

jurrhlt O dy pbksh klgih . Pbh jorjuot os tbhrhcarh kjtolg ks tbaugb ot whrholùjtovh. Pbh appasoth hcchjt waui` dh adtkolh` oc RJ wks grhkthr tbkl RI kl`tbh jorjuot waui` tbhl kjt ks tbaugb ot whrh jkpkjotovh. Ol tbos olstkljh, tbhomph`kljh (^) os govhl dy>

^(abms) = T4 + ( )RI - RJ 4 = S/O = Patki appasotoal ta jurrhlt ciaw

0.?.0 ZHTOHZ THZALKLJH

Ot bks kirhk`y dhhl sbawl tbkt RI vkrohs òrhjtiy wotb crhquhljy kl` tbkt RJ vkrohs olvhrshiy wotb crhquhljy. Oc tbhrhcarh, tbh crhquhljy kppioh` ta tbh kdavhjorjuot wks kithrh` ta `hjrhksh RI kl` kt tbh skmh tomh oljrhksh RJ, tbhl kt alhpkrtojuikr crhquhljy RI waui` dh hquki ta RJ. Pbos crhquhljy os jkiih` tbhrhsalklt crhquhljy kl` os `hlath` dy tbh symdai c a. Kt tbh rhsalklt

crhquhljy, tbh kppioh` vaitkgh kl` tbh jorjuot jurrhlt krh ol pbksh, ks sbawl oltbos pbksar òkgrkm dhiaw kl` tbh omph`kljh ac tbh jorjuot hqukis tbh rhsostkljh.

Ol k Zhrohs Jorjuot kt Thsalklt Crhquhljy (c A)>

RI = RJ

SI = SJ

SI kl` SJ krh ol kltopbksh kl` tbhrhcarh jkljhi hkjb atbhr aut.

ST = Kppioh` Saitkgh S.

^ = T. Pbh aliy appasotoal ta tbh ciaw ac jurrhlt jamhs cram tbh rhsostovhhihmhlt ac tbh jorjuot, tbhrhcarh jurrhlt roshs ta k mkxomum vkiuh.

Dhjkush O os k mkxomum, tbos shrohs rhsalklt jorjuot os elawl ks kl‒kjjhptar jorjuot‟.



Ossuh ; - ; Nklukry 4664 Vkgh 8-;

NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

8 PTKLZCATMHTZ

Prklscarmhrs bkvh la mavolg pkrts kl` krh vhry hccojohlt pohjhs ac hihjtrojkihquopmhlt. Prklscarmhrs aphrkth dy mutuki olùjtkljh, tbh ciux cram alh jaoi acworh ioleolg wotb klatbhr jaoi. Dhjkush tbh ciux must dh jbklgolg stkth, stktojtrklscarmhrs jkl aliy dh ush` al kithrlktolg jurrhlt. Ol ar`hr car k trklscarmhrta dh ush` al òrhjt jurrhlt, pkrt ac tbh trklscarmhr must dh ratkth`.

8.; VAWHT PTKLZCATMHTZ

Pbh mkol hihmhlts ac k pawhr trklscarmhr krh>Pbh promkry kl` shjal`kry wolòlgs

K ikmolkth` jarh kl` jaoi carmhr

K maultolg kl` thrmolki strop

Pbh wolòlgs jalsost ac olsuikth` worh waul` alta k carmhr. Pbh shjal`krywolòlg os ghlhrkiiy waul` al tap ac tbh promkry wolòlg, tbh twa dholgshpkrkth` dy k ikyhr ac olsuiktolg mkthroki. Pbh worh gkugh ush` `hphl`s al tbhjurrhlt rktolg ac tbh trklscarmhr. Pbh hl`s ac datb promkry kl` shjal`krywolòlgs krh jallhjth` ta tbh thrmolki strop car jallhjtoal olta tbh jorjuot.

Pbh jarh os mk`h up ac tbol strops ac oral kppraxomkthiy 6·7mm ta :mm tboje, tbhtbojelhss dholg `hthrmolh` dy tbh olthl`h` crhquhljy ac aphrktoal. Hkjb sbhhtos olsuikth` cram tbh lhxt. Pbos ikmolkth` carm ac jalstrujtoal os ush` ta prhvhlth``y jurrhlts naololg taghtbhr kl` praùjolg ikrgh jorjuiktolg jurrhlt wotbol tbhjarh.




NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

Pbh jarh os olvkrokdiy alh ac twa typhs, jarh ar sbhii. K jarh typh jarh bks ‒X‟sbkph` kl` hotbhr ‒O‟ ar ‒I‟ sbkph` ikmolktoals , stkgghrh` wbhl ksshmdih` tapravo`h k solgih jorjuikr mkglhtoj jorjuot. Pbh wolòlgs mky dh waul` al alhiomd ar spiot dhtwhhl tbh twa. Pbh ikmolktoals ac k sbhii typh jarh krh usukiiy‒P‟ kl` ‒X‟ sbkph`, stkgghrh` wbhl ksshmdih` ta praùjh k tbrhh-iomdh` jarh.Wbhl mk`h car solgih pbksh aphrktoal, datb wolòlgs krh waul` al tbh jhltrhiomd, wbhl mk`h car tbrhh pbksh aphrktoal, hkjb pbksh os waul` al k shpkrkthiomd. Wboist marh hxphlsovh, tbh pravosoal ac twa mkglhtoj pktbs mkeh tbh sbhiityph carmhr marh suotkdih car ikrgh jurrhlt ush.

Kii ac tbh hlhrgy trklschrrh` cram tbh promkry wolòlg ta tbh shjal`kry must dhstarh` ol tbh mkglhtoj cohi` jrhkth` ol tbh jarh, tbhrhcarh, succojohlt oral must dhpravo`h` ta starh tbh hlhrgy ac hkjb bkic jyjih ac tbh k.j. wkvhcarm.

Oc tbh tatki pawhr os ehpt tbh skmh, tbhrh woii dh ihss hlhrgy ol bkic k bogbcrhquhljy jyjih tbkl ol bkic k iaw crhquhljy jyjih, tbhrhcarh, tbh bogbhr tbhsuppiy crhquhljy, tbh smkiihr kl` iogbthr tbh trklscarmhr.

8.4 JOTJXOP Z_MDAIZ & @AP JA@HZ

Pbh dksoj symdai ush` car k trklscarmhr wotb alh promkry wolòlg kl` alhshjal`kry wol olg os ks sbawl dhiaw. Pbh twa àts krh ush` ta olòjkth tbhpbksh rhiktoalsbop dhtwhhl tbh twa wolòlgs, tbh thrmolkis mkreh` wotb k àt krh

kiwkys ol pbksh wotb hkjb atbhr. Ol tbh òkgrkm sbawl, wbhl tbh tap ac tbh ihctwolòlg os pasotovh, tbh dattam ac tbh rogbt wolòlg os pasotovh kl` vojh vhrsk.

Wboist ot sbaui` dh ul`hrstaa` tbkt tbhrh os k pbksh sboct ac ;26¾ dhtwhhl tbhpromkry kl` shjal`kry vaitkghs, tbh paikroty ac tbh shjal`kry wolòlg (kt klyolstklt ol tomh) wotb rhsphjt ta tbh promkry, `hphl`s purhiy al tbh wky tbhtrklscarmhr os waul`.




NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

Oc tbh lumdhr ac turls al tbh shjal`kry os ihss tbkl tbh lumdhr ac turls al tbhpromkry, tbh autput vaitkgh woii dh ihss tbkl tbh olput vaitkgh, kl` tbh trklscarmhros jkiih` k sthp-àwl trklscarmhr.

Oc tbh lumdhr ac turls al tbh shjal`kry os grhkthr tbkl tbh lumdhr ac turls al tbhpromkry, tbh trklscarmhr os k sthp-up typh kl` tbh autput vaitkgh woii dh grhkthrtbkl tbh olput vaitkgh.

Dy jalvhltoal, wbhl wrotolg tbh trklscarmktoal rktoa, tbh shjal`kry vaitkghos put dhcarh tbh promkry, tbhrhcarh k 0>; trklscarmhr os k sthp-up trklscarmhr,tbh shjal`kry vaitkgh dholg 0 tomhs tbh promkry vaitkgh.

8.8 VAWHT PTKLZCHTHLJH

Oc iasshs krh oglarh`, tbh pawhr ol tbh shjal`kry wolòlg hqukis tbh pawhr ol tbhpromkry wolòlg.

OVromkry = OZhjal`kry P dut P =SZhjal`kry

SVromkry

tbhrhcarh> OVromkry SVromkry = OZhjal`kry SZhjal`kry

Ol prkjtojh tbhrh krh samh iasshs ol k trklscarmhr kl` tbh autput pawhr jkl

lhvhr hquki tbh olput pawhr.

8.3 PTKLZCATMHT HCCOJOHLJ_

K trklscarmhrs hccojohljy, , os govhl dy tbh rktoa ac autput pawhr ta olput pawhr.

(htk) =autput pawhr

olput pawhr ;66%

Pbh vkiuh ac htk rklghs cram kdaut ?6% car smkii pawhr trklscarmhrs olrhjhovhrs, ta ?2-??% car ikrgh pawhr trklscarmhrs.

8.7 PTKLZCATMHT THGXIKPOAL

Ks tbh iak` al tbh shjal`kry os oljrhksh`, tbh autput vaitkgh ckiis. Pbh kmaultdy wbojb tbh vaitkgh ckiis os hxprhssh` ks k phrjhltkgh ac tbh la-iak` vaitkgh,kl` os thrmh` tbh % rhguiktoal.

% rhguiktoal =la iak` vaitkgh - cuii iak` vaitkgh

la iak` vaitkgh ;66%

Thguiktoal ac pawhr trklscarmhrs os ghlhrkiiy ihss tbkl 0%.




NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

tbhrhcarh OVromkryOZhjal`kry

LVromkryLZhjal`kry

= P (tbh trklscarmktoal ar turls rktoa)

Pbh tatki promkry jurrhlt os tbh vhjtar sum ac tbh la-iak` jurrhlt kl` tbh iak`jurrhlt. Pbh ikrghr tbh shjal`kry jurrhlt, tbh ikrghr tbh promkry jurrhlt. Xl`hrlarmki jalòtoals, tbh iak` jurrhlt os sa mujb ikrghr tbkl tbh la-iak` jurrhlt tbkttbh iktthr jkl dh oglarh`.

8.2.4 THZOZPOSH IAK@Z

Oc tbh iak` al tbh shjal`kry os purhiy rhsostovh, tbhshjal`kry vaitkgh kl` shjal`kry jurrhlt krh ol

pbksh. Pbh shjal`kry jurrhlt `hjrhkshs tbholùjtkljh ac tbh promkry jorjuot kl` tbh promkryjurrhlt oljrhkshs, tbh oljrhksh dholg tbh iak`hihmhlt ac promkry jurrhlt.

Pbh iak` hihmhlt ac promkry jurrhlt os klto-pbkshwotb rhsphjt ta tbh shjal`kry jurrhlt kl` hquki ta

tbh shjal`kry jurrhlt tbh turls rktoa. Pbh promkryjurrhlt jalsosts ac tbh vhjtar sum ac tbh la-iak`kl` iak` jurrhlt.

Cram tbh òkgrkm ot jkl dh shhl tbkt tbh promkry

vaitkgh kl` jurrhlt dhjamh marh ol pbksh ks tbhrhsostovh iak` kppioh` ta tbh shjal`kry os oljrhksh`.Ot kpphkrs ks tbaugb tbh shjal`kry iak` bks dhhlrhcihjth` dkje olta tbh promkry wolòlg.

8.2.: OL@XJPOSH IAK@

Oc k purhiy olùjtovh iak` os kppioh` ta tbhshjal`kry wolòlg, tbh shjal`kry jurrhlt woii

ikg tbh shjal`kry vaitkgh dy ?6 . Pbh iak`hihmhlt ac promkry jurrhlt, hquki ta tbh

shjal`kry jurrhlt P, woii stoii dh klto-pbkshwotb rhsphjt ta tbh shjal`kry jurrhlt kl` woiitbhrhcarh dh ol pbksh wotb tbh mkglhtosolgjurrhlt.

Pbh promkry jurrhlt os kgkol tbh vhjtar sum actbh la-iak` kl` iak` jurrhlts. Cram tbhòkgrkm ot jkl dh shhl tbkt tbh promkry jurrhlt

law ikgs tbh kppioh` vaitkgh dy kimast ?6 . Kgkol ot kpphkrs ks tbaugb tbh iak` al tbhshjal`kry bks dhhl rhcihjth` dkje olta tbh

trklscarmhr promkry wolòlg.




NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

Kuta trklscarmhrs krh ush` car>

iolh daasthrs ta jamphlskth car tbh vaitkgh `raps ol ialg jkdih ruls

matar stkrtolg. Zhvhrki tkppolgs dholg ush` ol shquhljh ta kppiy kloljrhksolg vaitkgh ta tbh matar

omph`kljh mktjbolg

ta sthp tbh ;;8S k.j. korjrkct suppiy àwl ta 43S car iogbtolg jorjuots

Pbh mknar òsk`vkltkgh ac kuta trklscarmhrs, hsphjokiiy sthp àwl typhs, os tbktsbaui` tbh jammal partoal ac tbh wolòlg ga aphl jorjuot, tbh promkry vaitkgh os

kppioh` òrhjtiy ta tbh iak` al tbh shjal`kry. Ot wks car tbos rhksal tbktkutatrklscarmhrs whrh rkrhiy ush` al korjrkct, bawhvhr, ompravh` rhiokdoiotytbraugb ma`hrl mkluckjturolg mhtba`s bks mk`h tbhm oljrhksolgiy marhjammal.

8.;4 MXPXKI THKJPATZ

Mutuki rhkjtars ar [uk`rkturh trklscarmhrs krh `hvojhs tbkt bkvh dhhl elawlkdaut car mkly yhkrs, bawhvhr, ultoi tbh oltraùjtoal ac jalstklt crhquhljy k.j.systhms, iottih ush wks mk`h ac tbhm.

Ol ar`hr ta `hthjt tbh òcchrhljh dhtwhhl tbh rhki kl` rhkjtovh iak`s al kl k.j.ghlhrktar, tbhrh wks k rhquorhmhlt car k `hvojh tbkt praùjh` k vaitkgh soglki,

tbkt wks kt ?6 ta tbh jurrhlt dholg shlsh` ol k jorjuot.

Car kii prkjtojki purpashs tbos os kjbohvh` ol k mutuki rhkjtar ar quk`rkturhtrklscarmhr. Wbhl k jurrhlt os pkssh` tbraugb tbh promkry wolòlg, tbh vaitkgh

kjrass tbh shjal`kry ikgs tbh promkry jurrhlt dy kimast ?6 .




NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

K marh prkjtojki ' typh' dkl` stap coithr os sbawl kdavh, kgkol tbos woii govh marhjihkriy `hcolh` jut-acc rhgoals.

3.;.8 ZMAAPBOLG & @HJAXVIOLG JOTJXOPZ

Zmaatbolg kl` @hjaupiolg jorjuots krh sphjoki kppiojktoals ac coithrs.

K smaatbolg jorjuot jbklghs k puisktolg `.j. ta k smaatb `.j. ol pawhr suppiyjorjuots. Ol ar`hr ta kjbohvh tbos, tbh coithr jorjuot acchrs k bogb rhkjtkljh ta k.j.kl` k iaw rhkjtkljh ta `.j.

K @hjaupiolg jorjuot rhmavhs kly ulwklth` k.j. cram k `.j. vaitkgh. Zujb k

jorjuot acchrs k bogb rhkjtkljh ta `.j. kl` k iaw rhkjtkljh ta k.j.




NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

Kjtoal. Kjrass tbh olput thrmolkis KJ, tbh omph`kljh os 36 > 36S;K

, kl` 36

Wktts os kppioh` ks olput pawhr ta tbh ktthluktar. Bawhvhr, kt tbh iak`, tbhpawhr bks rhùjh` ta ;8 W (:6S × 6.8K) o.h. alh qukrthr ac tbh olput pawhr. (Olulots ac `hjodhis, wbojb woii dh òsjussh` ikthr ol tbh jaursh, tbos os k rhùjtoal ac3 `Ds). Pbh saurjh kl` iak` krh mktjbh`5 aliy k jaltraiih` rhùjtoal ac pawhr,vaitkgh kl` jurrhlt bks ajjurrh` kt tbh iak`. Dholg mktjbh`, tbh phrcarmkljh actbh saurjh kl` tbh iak` bks lat dhhl kcchjth` ol kly atbhr wky.

3.4.4 PWA ZHJPOAL KPPHLXKPAT

Pwa o`hltojki ktthluktars mky dh ush` ta rhùjh tbh olput pawhr dy ;/;3 kt tbhiak`. o.h. ktthluktoal ac ;4 `Ds. Zujb kl krrklghmhlt os dhiaw.

Ot woii dh shhl tbkt tbh olput pawhr os pragrhssovhiy rhùjh` kl` tbkt tbhomph`kljh kt hkjb ac tbh nuljtoals R, _ kl` ^ os tbh skmh. Jkijuikth` vkiuhskrh sbawl ol tbh tkdih dhiaw.

Saitkgh Jurrhlt Omph`kljh Vawhr

Kt R 36S ;K 36 36W

Kt _ :6S 6.8K 36 ;8W

Kt ^ ;8S 6.48K 36 :.78W

Kly lumdhr ac sujb shjtoals mky dh k``h` ta govh tbh rhquorh` ktthluktoal. Pbhhxtrk shjtoals mky dh swotjbh` ol, ta govh mkluki jaltrai ac tbh kmault acktthluktoal.




NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


ue

7.;.; AXPVXP SAIPKGH

Pbh olstkltklhaus vkiuh ac hmc olùjh` ol tbh iaap os govhl dy>

h(olstklt) = H(mkx) sol

wbhrh H(mkx) = iv kl` os tbh klgih ac tbh jalùjtar wotb rhsphjt ta tbhcohi`.

7.;.4 AXPVXP CTH[XHLJ_

Thchrrolg dkje ta aur sompih solgih iaap ghlhrktar, ot jkl dh shhl tbkt, oc tbh iaapwhrh ta ratkth kt ;46 rhvaiutoals phr shjal`, tbh autput crhquhljy waui` dh ;46Bz. Ot tbhrhcarh caiiaws tbkt tbh crhquhljy ac tbh autput ac kl kj ghlhrktar osòrhjtiy prapartoalki ta ots sphh` ac ratktoal.

Klatbhr ckjtar wbojb `hthrmolhs tbh autput crhquhljy ac kl k.j. ghlhrktar os otspbysojki jalstrujtoal. K ghlhrktar wotb 0 cohi` paihs woii praùjh twa jampihthjyjihs ac autput car hkjb rhvaiutoal ac tbh sbkct.




NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


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Zomoikriy, k ghlhrktar wotb sox cohi` paihs woii praùjh tbrhh jampihth jyjihs carhkjb rhvaiutoal kl` sa al. K jyjih os jampihth wbhlhvhr k jalùjtar bkspkssh` ul`hr tbh olciuhljh ac twa òssomoikr mkglhtoj paihs.

Za tbh autput crhquhljy ac kl kj ghlhrktar os govhl dy>

Crhquhljy = Thvaiutoals phr shjal` × La. ac pkors ac paihs

Pbh sphh` ac ratktoal os larmkiiy govhl ol rhvaiutoals phr moluth (rpm), tbhrhcarhtbh autput crhquhljy os kjtukiiy jkijuikth` cram usolg>

Crhquhljy =LV

36

Wbhrh> L os tbh sphh` ac ratar ratktoal ol TVM

V os tbh lumdhr ac pkors ac paihs

Cram tbh carhgaolg, ot woii dh shhl tbkt alh jyjih os jampihth` ol>

:36 mhjbklojki `hgrhhs car k twa-paih mkjbolh,

;26 mhjbklojki `hgrhhs car k caur-paih mkjbolh,

;46 mhjbklojki `hgrhhs car k sox-paih mkjbolh,

?6 mhjbklojki `hgrhhs car kl hogbt-paih mkjbolh, kl` sa al.

Ot os tbhrhcarh lhjhsskry ta ush hihjtrojki `hgrhhs wbhl rhchrrolg ta klguikrmatoal ol tbh jyjih. Alh jyjih = :36 (hihjtrojki) `hgrhhs. Ot os lat usuki ta ushtbh war` ‒hihjtrojki‟ ol tbos rhsphjt, dut tbh jaljhpt sbaui` dh jihkriy ul`hrstaa`.

7.;.: HCCHJPZ AC K THZOZPOSH IAK@

Wbhl k rhsostovh iak` os pikjh` al kl k.j. ghlhrktar, krmkturh rhkjtoal ajjurs. Octbh ghlhrktar os k ratktolg cohi` typh, tbh cohi` os òstarth` kgkolst tbh òrhjtoal acratktoal ks sbawl dhiaw. Oc tbh iak` os oljrhksh`, krmkturh rhkjtoal os oljrhksh`kl` tbh cohi` os òstarth` curtbhr.

K rhsostovh iak` kisa pikjhs k pbysojki iak` al tbh ghlhrktar jkusolg ot ta siawàwl, tbos rhsuits ol datb tbh autput crhquhljy kl` vaitkgh `hjrhksolg. Pbh aliywky ta rhstarh tbh autput os ta pravo`h marh `rovh tarquh ta avhrjamh tbh hxtrk

iak`.




NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


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Pbos typh ac ghlhrktar os jkiih` k ‒ratktolg cohi` ghlhrktar‟. Ot bks shvhrkik`vkltkghs avhr tbh ratktolg krmkturh typh>

Dhjkush tbh autput wolòlgs krh law stktoalkry tbhy krh la ialghr sudnhjt tabogb jhltrocugki carjhs kl` jkl tbhrhcarh dh ikrghr.

Dy bkvolg tbh autput wolòlgs al tbh autso`h ac tbh mkjbolh tbhrh os marhraam car gaa` olsuiktoal kl` bogbhr vaitkghs jkl dh ush`.

Wotb tbh autput wolòlgs al tbh autso`h ac tbh mkjbolh tbhy krh marh hksoiyjaaih` kl` jkl tbhrhcarh jkrry ikrghr jurrhlts.

Xsolg k ratktolg cohi` aliy rhquorhs tbh ush ac twa siop rolgs kl` twa drusbhs,

kisa tbh jurrhlt rhquorh` os rhiktovhiy smkii.

Pbhsh k`vkltkghs mhkl k ikrghr autput jkl dh adtkolh` cram k smkiihr mkjbolh.

7.4.: ZOLGIH VBKZH GHLHTKPAT

K solgih pbksh k.j. ghlhrktar jalsosts ac k solgih autput wolòlg waul` al k pkorac stktoalkry paihs kl` k ratar cotth` hotbhr wotb k phrmklhlt mkglht ar klhihjtramkglht. Pbh hihjtramkglht os hlhrgosh` cram k `.j. suppiy vok twadrusbhs kl` siop rolgs.

Wbhl tbh ratar os rovhl, hmc's krh olùjh` ol tbh stktar wolòlgs. Wbhl tbh

autput wolòlgs krh jallhjth` ta k iak`, iak` jurrhlt ciaws. Pbh autputcrhquhljy os `hphl`hlt al tbh sphh` ac ratar ratktoal kl` tbh lumdhr ac paihs altbh ratar.

Oc tbh ghlhrktar sbawl wks ratkth` kt tbh skmh sphh`, dut bk` twa pkors ac cohi`paihs, tbh crhquhljy waui` àudih.



Ossuh ; - 46 Mkrjb 466; Vkgh 2-0

NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

HIHJPTOJKI


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Wbhl tbh ratar os pikjh` ol k ratktolg mkglhtoj cohi`, tbh dkrs krh jut dy tbhratktolg ciux, jkusolg hmc's ta dh olùjh` ol tbhm, dhjkush tbh dkrs krh sbarth`dy tbh hl` rolgs, jurrhlts tbhl ciaw ol tbh dkrs. Jurrhlt ciaw ol tbh dkrs praùjhsk mkglhtoj cohi` kraul` tbhm, wbojb rhkjts wotb tbh mkol cohi` ac tbh mkjbolh,jkusolg tbh ratar ta turl.

Kt swotjb-al, tbh hmc's olùjh` ol tbh ratar dkrs krh kt tbh skmh crhquhljy ks tbhsuppiy vaitkgh kl` dhjkush tbh jorjuot os bogbiy olùjtovh tbh jurrhlt ikgs tbhvaitkgh dy kimast ?6 `hgrhhs. Pbos mhkls, tbkt dy tbh tomh tbh ratar cohi` bksdhhl praùjh`, tbh mkol cohi` bks mavh` al dy kimast ?6 `hgrhhs kl` tbh ratarcohi` jkl aliy rhkjt wotb tbh trkoiolg h`gh ac tbh mkol cohi`, rhsuitolg ol k smkiistkrtolg tarquh.

Ks tbh ratar sphh` oljrhkshs, tbh crhquhljy ac tbh hmc's ol tbh ratar `hjrhksh,rhùjolg tbh olùjtovh rhkjtkljh. Pbh drolgs tbh jurrhlt marh ol-pbksh wotb tbholùjh` hmc's, praùjolg k gaa` rullolg tarquh.

Ot os lat passodih car tbh ratar ta ratkth kt syljbralaus sphh` (tbh sphh` ac tbhcohi`), dhjkush tbhrh waui` dh la hmc‟s olùjh` ol tbh ratar dkrs, la jurrhlt ciawkl` la mkglhtoj cohi` praùjh . Pbh òcchrhljh dhtwhhl syljbralaus sphh` kl`ratar sphh` os jkiih` ‒siop sphh`‟ kl` os usukiiy hxprhssh` ks k phrjhltkgh actbh syljbralaus sphh`.



NKT 33 JKPHGAT_ D;

MA@XIH : (pkrt D)

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Dikle Vkgh

module 03. electrical funamentals

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