ENGLISH VOCABULARY for INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC EDUCATION COUNCIL

ENGLISH VOCABULARY for INTERNATIONAL ISLAMIC EDUCATION COUNCIL / BOARDING/ FULL DAY

CLASS X/1

Contents

Introduction

Using this Modul

Learning

1. Learning and revising with this bookhave a routine, revision, say the word aloud

2. Keeping a vocabulary notebook

record, the most important thing is..

3. Using a dictionary

look up a word, guess the meaning

4. English language words

adjective, phrasal verbs, question mark

5. Classroom language

board pen, share a book, swap places

Word formation6. Prefixes

un-, in-, im-, dis-

7. Noun suffixes

-ment, -ity, -ness, -tion

8. Adjective suffixes

-able, -ive, -al, -y

9. Nouns and verbs with the same formguess/to guess, kiss/to kiss, rest/to rest

10. Compound nouns

traffic light, tin opener, credit card, film star11. Compound adjective

easy-going, well-known, part-time

Phrase building12. Collocation ( word partners )

miss the bus, a soft drink, fast asleep

13. Idioms and fixed expressions

never mind, go ahead, take it in turns

14. Verb or adjective + preposition

depend on, belong to, interested in15. Pronunciation

book /bk/, cinema /snm/ , and so on.16. Likes, preferences and interests

I quite like, and that short thing, Id rather17. Exercises

Using this modul

This modul is written to help learners at this level to improve their English. It has been designed for students who are studying on their own.

This is the page that introduces the new vocabulary for each topic or area of language. First of all, the vocabulary is divided into a number of sections ( A,B,C,etc.) with simple clear titles. Then, within each section, new words/phrases are explained using a number of different techniques:

1. A short definition

e.g. unemployed (= without a job ); hang on (= wait ); feel like (= want or desire infml )

2. A short explanation

e.g. He admitted stealing her money, but denied taking the computer (= he said yes he took the money, but nohe didnt take the computer ).

3. A synonyms or opposite.

e.g. dreadful (=terrible ); dirty (opp clean )

4. In a situation. With some words and phrases it is easier to see their meaning when they are in context, e.g. ( This is from a text about a motoring accident ) ..The driver of the Mercedes was OK, but the other driver was badly injured, and both cars were badly damaged.

5.a picture or diagram. This seem the obvious way to explain a large number of concrete nouns and verbs.

e.g. carrot Go along here and turn left

For many of the new words/phrases there are also sentence examples which show the words in context in order to consolidate the meaning and illustrate any special features.

e.g. My boyfriend gets very jealous when I talk to other boys.

The plane appeared in the sky, then suddenly disappeared behind a cloud.

Some people cant stand (=hate) working at the weekend. (cant stand + -ing form)

Finally, a big effort has been made to introduce new words alongside other words that often appear with them (this is called collocation).

e.g. miss the bus; a strong accent; the car broke down; its vitally important; fasten your seatbelt; go on holiday; give someone a hand; to a certain extent; a terrible pain, etc.

This page contains the exercises to practice the new vocabulary presented. In general, the first exercise practice the form of some of the new words, and then there are further exercises which focus on the meaning. In most units there is at least one exercise which gives learners a chance to think about and practice new vocabulary in relation to their own lives, and/or a task which invites learners to do something with the vocabulary outside of the book. In every unit there is a range of exercise types to help maintain your interest.

I Learning and revising with this book Look at Exercise 1.1 on the next page before you read this page.

A Have a routine A routine means doing certain things often and in the same way. If you are using this modul for self-study (= to study alone ), it helps to have a routine. So, how much time can you spend on the book each day or each week? Here are some ideas:

- if you are studying a new unit, spend at least (=minimum of ) half an hour or 45 minutes.

- if you are revising (- studying a unit for a second or third time ), five or ten minute is very useful.

So, plan longer periods for new units and shorter periods for revision.

B Using the book

Do different things to maintain your interest. (= keep your interest high ) for example:

1. Dont study the units in the same order as the book. Choose (=select) units that interest you ( = are interesting for you )

2. Be active when you are learning. For example:

When you are reading, use a highlighter pen to mark new or interesting vocabulary

Practise saying the words aloud (=speaking them), so you can pronounce them (=say the pronunciation), and also silently (=without a noise) in your head to help you to remember them;

Put new words in your own notebook using some of the ideas from unit 2.

C RevisionIts easy to forget words that you learn, but if you revise for short periods, it helps you to remember words and make them part of your active vocabulary. Here are some ideas.

1. Do exercises in pencil. Check your answer when you finish, then rub them out (=remove them using a rubber). Later, come back and do the exercises again.

2. Revise for short periods but do it often. Five minutes a day (Not five minutes per day) is probably better than two hours a month.

3. Be active when you revise, e.g. test yourself, practice the pronunciation, write down important words and phrases in your notebook with example sentences.ExercisesI.IRead these questions. What do you think? (Answers are on the opposite page)

1. Is it better to plan regular self-study, or just study when youve got some free time?

2. Is it a good idea to study the units in the same order as they appear in the book?

3. Is it a good idea to write down new words in a notebook when you are studying a unit?

4. Is it necessary to revise vocabulary (= study it again for a second or third time)?

5. Is it better to revise vocabulary occasionally for long periods of time, or is it better to revise regularly for short periods of time?

I.2Complete the table.

I.4There is a mistake with the underlined words. Can you correct each one?

1. Did you make of the exercises?

2. I studied for one half hour.

3. Do you always read the left page first?

4. I passed twenty minutes on the first exercise.

5. I read the all page.

I.5True or False? If the sentence is false, rewrite it to make it true. Write in pencil.

1. In this book, most of the important new vocabulary is shown in bold print.

2. Definitions/explanations of new words are often brackets after the word.

3. A routine means doing certain things in a different way each time.

4. If you maintain something at a level, it means you keep it at the same level.

5. At least 50 people means a maximum of 50 people.

6. If you write something then rub it out, you remove it from the page.

7. If you do something silenty, you do it without a noise.

8. Revision means studying something for the first time.

9. If you read a whole book, you read all of it.

10. A blank piece of paper is full of writing.

Check your answer. Look at any wrong answers carefully, then rub them out. Do the exercise again tomorrow.

noun is word that refers to a person, a place or a thing, a quality or an activity

e.g. born, sibling, young, age, presenter, etc.

Adjective ( Adj ) is a word describes a noun.

e.g. green in green grass

Adverb ( Adv ) is word that adds information to a verb, Adj, phrase / another adverb

e.g. quickly in run quickly

Verb ( V ) is word or phrase that expresses an action

e.g. eat, an event : happen / a state exist

Phrase is group of words without a finite verb esp one that form past of sentence

e.g. course outline, junior college, etc.

You dont need to record all of these things for every word or phrase. The most important thing is to show the words in typical examples. Leave space in your

2Keeping a vocabulary notebookAOrganising your notebook

Write the new words and phrases when you are learning.

BWhat do I need to report?What howexample

Meaninga translation remember = lembrar [ in Portuguese ]

b definition

A pond is an area of water smaller than a

lake.

c synonym or oppositeawful (= terrible ); ugly ( opp beautiful )

d picture

saucepan

e example sentence My hands were cold, so I put on my gloves.

Pronunciation phonemic symbols ache /ek/

or your own system ache [ like make ]

Part of speech noun (n), verb (v) gloves (n); remember (v); careful (adj)

Grammar make a note + enjoy + -ing; I enjoy going to parties.

example sentence weather ( uncountable ); we had lovely

weather in Italy.

Common partners phrase or sentence make a mistake; on the phone; (a) black

coffee ( = coffee without milk )

Special style make a note purchase ( = buy: formal) kids ( = children:

informal).

notebook as well, then you can come back and add more information later if you learn something new.

C Organising words on the page Dont just write lists of individual words. Put words together that appear together, e.g. blonde hair ( opp black hair ), get off the bus ( = go out of the bus). Make the pages interesting with pictures, diagrams and example sentence.

Exercises2.1 Organise this list of words into three groups and give each one title.

unfriendly put on platform gloves unhappy

train get on unable size jumper

wear late unkind tie passenger

Find the units in this modul which may include these words. Add more each group.2.2 Fill the gaps with suitable words to form common partners with the nouns in

bold.

1. Shes the phone at the moment

2. A : Do you want milk and sugar? B: No, just a coffee, please

3. If youre cold, why dont you your coat?

4. I dont usually that mistake.

5. She me a big smile this morning.

2.3 Underline the correct answer1. A pond is:

a bigger than a lake b smaller than a lakec the same size

2.I really enjoy:

a play tennis

b to play tennis c playing tennis

3.When we were on holiday we had:

a lovely weather b lovely weather c a lovely weather

4.The underlined letters in ache are pronounced the same as in:

a machine

b catch

c chemist

5.The past tense of fall is:

a fell

b felt

c falled

6.You can get off:

a a bus

b a kitchen

c a noise

7.Rise sharply means:

8. Purchase is:

a an informal word for buy b a formal word for buy c a formal word for child

2.4 Look at the words below. What is the best way to record their meaning? What other information would be useful? Use the dictionary to help you.Example You could record dream with a translation, a picture, or an explanation

e.g. things you imagine in your sleep. Dream can be verb or noun and is

often followed by about, e.g. I dreamt about you.

dream concentrate beard nearly empty rescue knife

2.5. Write down three more nouns that often follow take. Do the same for make and do

Take make do

Write the definition of the underlined words below!Reading text 1

Enrolling for the fall semester at college was an interesting experience. According to the instruction in the college bulletin, I was eligible for mail-in registration. I mailed in my form, feeling proud of myself for beating the long registration lines. But problems developed during my first day of classes. In my second class of the day, my math instruction told me to take a more advanced math course. In order to do that, I had to go to the registers office to get a new class card. During my hour-long wait in the line, I wondered about the value of mailing in my form. When I finally reached the registers desk, all of the math courses were closed. The clerk gave me a special form to get me into one of the closed courses. For the rest of the day, I wandered around the campus trying to get the dean the vice-president to sign my form.

Guessing Meaning from ContextYou dont need to look up the meanings of all new words in a dictionary. You can often guess the meanings of many words from the context.

Sometimes a sentence gives the meaning of a new vocabulary item. The meaning sometimes comes before or after the verb be.Example: The context is the words around a new vocabulary item.

(What does context means? It means the words a round a new vocabulary

Item.)

Recognizing Reading Structure

Paragraphs divide reading material into topics. One paragraph is usually about one topic. In the reading selection, there is a capital letter next to each of the five paragraphs.

3. Using a dictionary

A. What dictionaries do I need?Buy a good bilingual dictionary and a good English-English dictionary. The bilingual dictionary is easier for you to understand; but its also good for you to work in English as much as possible.

Large dictionariesMedium-sized dictionaries

Cambridge Advanced Learners Dictionary

Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English

Oxford Advanced Learners DictionaryCambridge Learners Dictionary

Longman Active Study Dictionary

Oxford Wordpower Dictionary

B. What information does a dictionary give me?

Look up a word (= find a word in a dictionary) and you will get this information.

the meaning, e.g. homesick = unhappy because you are away from home for a long period

the pronunciation (using phonemic symbols), e.g. island /alnd/, lose /lu:z/, tiny /tani/ the part of speech, e.g. dirty adj (= adjective), choose (= verb), law n (= noun)

word grammar, e.g. advice (U) (= uncountable noun), begin ( began, begun) (= the past tense and past participle)

common collocations, e.g. do homework (Not make); It depends on you (Not of)

example phrases or sentences, e.g. The train leaves from platform seven.

sometimes synonyms or opposites, e.g. polite (syn = courteous; opp = impolite)

First, think of the word to look up. Then open the dictionary to as close to the first letter or two of the word as possible. Then either turn back or forward to find the word. To help the search, dictionaries have guide words to help. Guide words are at the top of each page. The first guide word is the first word on a page, and the second guide word at the top of the page is the last word on the page. Using the guidewords, you should find the word you a looking for easily. It will be between the words.

C. How can I use my dictionary?When you look up a word, put a tick next to it. Each time you return to a page with a tick, look at it quickly to check you remember the word.

When you see a new word or phrase in a text, first try to guess the meaning (= try to think of the meaning from the context), then carry on (= continue) reading to see (= find out) if your guess it correct. Use your dictionary to check the meaning. (= find out if the meaning is correct)

Dont just read definitions. The example phrases and sentences show you how a word or phrase is used, and they often help you to understand the meaning more clearly.

If you look up a word in a bilingual dictionary and get several different translations, check in monolingual dictionary to see which translation is the best one in the context.

Remember that many words have more than one meaning. The first meaning in the dictionary is not always the one you want. Read through the different meaning.

In a dictionary, words and phrases (ent.ies) appear in alphabetical order. For example, entries that begin with a come before words that begin with all others letters. Entries that begin with ca come before words that begin with ce or ci or cr. Entries that begin with sce come before words that begin with sco or scr.

Examples:1. area

5. fortunately

9. low

13. weather

2. beautiful6. heart attack

10. lower14. wet

3. crater7. ice field

11. measure15. window

4. degree8. July

12. moisture16. windyExercises

Complete these sentences about dictionary use.

1. Its important to have a good English-English dictionary and also a dictionary, which is easier to understand.

2. Dictionaries show the ..using phonemic symbols.

3. Dictionaries will tell you if a noun is countable or ..

4. Dictionaries show synonyms and ..where they exist.

5. If you meet a word you dont know, you can try to ..the meaning from the context, or you can ..it ..in a dictionary.

Right or wrong? If the answer is wrong, correct it.1. Advice is a countable noun. Wrong (advice is an uncountable noun)2. Homesick means you are unhappy living at home and you want to leave.

3. You dont make homework, you do homework.

4. Carry on means the same as continue.

5. The opposite of polite is unpolite.6. The past tense of begin is begun.

7. Dirty is an adjective.

8. If you look up a word, you find the meaning in a dictionary.

9. Trains arrive at and leave from platforms.10. Depend is followed by the preposition of.3.3 In the word island/alnd/, the letter s is silent (= not pronounced). Use your dictionary to find the silent letters in these words. (Do not include the letter e at the end of a word.)

3.4 Use a dictionary to find the answer to these questions about words.1. What does tiny mean?

2. How do you pronounce lose? (Is it the same as choose or chose?)

3. What is the opposite of lose a game?

4. What are the past tense and past participle of the verb choose?

5. What noun is formed from the verb choose?

6. What part of speech is homesick?

7. What two verbs often go before homesick?

8. Can you complete this common phrase? Law and ..

3.5 Match the sentences on the left with the different meanings of bar on the below.1. Theyve put bars in front of the window for extra security.

2. We went to a bar in the centre of town.

3. Could you get me a bar of chocolate?

4. You have to order drinks at the bar.

MEMORIZING PART OF BODYA. Parts of the body

The outer part of the body is covered in skin, e.g. Too much sun is bad for your skin.

B. Physical actionsPeople breathe through the nose or mouth, and breathe in and out 12-15 times a minute.

People smile when theyre happy, and sometimes smile at people to be polite.

Funny things make people laugh for example, when someone tells a joke.

People sometimes cry if theyre unhappy or receive bad news.

They yawn when theyre tired or bored.

People in some countries nod their head to mean yes, and shake their head for no.

47.4 What do these actions often mean? (There may be several possible answers.)

1. People often smile when theyre happy..

2. They often breathe quickly after

3. They laugh when

4. They may bite their nails

5. They blow their nose ..

6. They shake their head .

7. And nod their head

8. They cry

9. They yawn when ..

4. Synonym and Opposites You already know the importance of learning synonyms (or near synonyms) and antonyms (or near antonyms) when you study vocabulary. Not all the words and expressions have antonyms, or opposites, of course; adjectives have opposites more than other parts of speech.

Synonym is a word with the same meaning of another word. For example, famous and well known are the synonyms; theyre similar in meaning to each other.

Antonym is a word with the opposite meaning of another word. For example, seldom and often are antonyms; theyre opposite in meaning to each other.

Vocabulary test often ask you to match the words with their synonyms or antonyms. Read the directions carefully before you begin.

Exercise Match the following words with their similar and opposite meanings.

Write the correct letters on the lines. The first one is done for you.

SYNONYMS1. e famousa. hurricane

2. powerfulb. lost

3. causec. strong

4. murdererd. unfortunate

5. storme. well-known

6. poorf. killer

7. confusedg. reason

ANTONYMS1. alivea. terrible

2. happyb. sad

3. loudc. calm

4. upsetd. poor

5. wonderfule. stand

6. richf. dead

7. lie downg. quiet

Find the correct opposites of the given words. Choose the correct answer.

1) What's the opposite of more?fewlessa lotmany2) What's the opposite of alive?asleepdeaddeathsick3) What's the opposite of loud?softquitequietnoisy4) What's the opposite of happy?gladuglydifficultsad5) What's the opposite of last?firstbeginningstartend6) What's the opposite of now?alwaysneverthensoon7) What's the opposite of to buy?to taketo sellto bringto lend8) What's the opposite of better?badworsegoodworst9) What's the opposite of dangerous?easybeautifulsafepleasant10) What's the opposite of cool?warmhotcoldcooler

4.1 Likes, preferences and interests

And things like thatWe can describe a list of things, e.g. likes and dislikes, with one or two examples, then finish with general phrases like these. We can also use them to ask about likes or dislikes.

Shes very keen on poetry and drama and that sort of thing.

I try to eat healthy food simple pasta and salads, and stuff like that.

My husband likes boxing and wrestling, but I hate things like that.What kind of things/sort of stuff do you like?Look forward toIm looking forward to going home. (= pleased and excited about going home soon)

I always look forward to my birthday. (= pleased and excited when it is going to happen)

Im not looking forward to the exams because I havent done much work.

I look forward to hearing from you. [This is a common way to end a formal letter]

Which do you prefer?In general

A: Which do you prefer, tea or coffee?

B: I prefer coffee to tea in the morning. But in the afternoon I usually drink tea.

Specific occasionA: We can go to the cinema or the theatre it doesnt matter. Which would you prefer?

B: Id prefer to go the cinema. Or Id rather go to the cinema.

Id rather is the same as Id prefer to, but is more common in spoken English.

What are you interested in?A: Are you interested in Latin American music?

B: Yes, very (much). or No, not really. or No, it doesnt interest me (at all).Exercises19.1 Correct the mistake in these dialogues (one mistake in each).1. A: I love modern art.

5. A: Do you like tea?

B: Yes, I do.

B: Yes, but I prefer coffee than tea

2. A: Do you like this?

6. A: Does he like football?

B: Yes, I like very much.

B: No, hes not interesting in sport

3. A: Would you like to go out?

7. A: I dont like his new CD.

B: No, Id prefer stay here.

B: No, so do I.

4. Im looking forward to see you next week. 8. I dont mind to help them.

19.2 Complete the phrases in bold in these sentences.1. My sister loves Robbie Williams, but I cant him.

2. He likes windsurfing and waterskiing that sort of

3. Theyre not very keen sightseeing.

4. Do you really enjoy things .. that?

5. Are you looking . to your holiday?

6. I love the cinema, but this particular film doesnt . me at all.

7. Carole is really modern art the moment. Personally, I hate it

8. (formal letter) We look forward to ..from you.

19.3 Rewrite the sentences using the word on the right. The meaning must stay the same.1. I hate these new shoes.

STAND

I cant stand these new shoes 2. I think theyd prefer to go home.

RATHER

3. I dont find his book interesting

INTEREST

4. I dont really like that sort of thing.

THINGS

..

5. I find archaeology very interesting.

INTERESTED

6. I think the new building is OK.

MIND

19.4 Agree with each of these sentences using so or neither and the correct verb.

1. I love this ice cream. So do I.

4. I cant work with music on.2. I like strawberries.

5. Im single.3. I dont like cold tea.

6. Im not married. Now write me too or me neither next to each of your answers.19.5 Complete these sentences about yourself. Compare with someone else if possible.

I really like ..and ..and things like that.

I dont mind.

I cant stand.

I prefer.to

Im looking forward to...

Im not looking forward to.

Im interested in.doesnt interest me.

5. English language wordsA. Parts of speech

B. Special terms Uncountable noun: (U) a noun which has no plural form and isnt used with the indefinite article, e.g. can you send me some information? (NOT an information or informations)

Plural noun: (pl) a noun which only has a plural form and isnt used with the indefinite article, e.g. He was wearing blue trousers and a white shirt. ( NOT a blue trouser).

Infinitive: the base form of a verb, e.g. We decided to stop lunch.

Phrasal verb: a verb which needs a direct object, e.g. The police caught the man [the man is the direct object of the verb caught]. A verb which doesnt need a direct object is intransitive, e.g. Tim and his brother are. always arguing.

Informal: a word or phrase which is informal used mostly in spoken English. Formal English is more common in writing or with people you dont know very well.

Many words also have synonyms, which are words with the same meaning, e.g. big and large are synonyms in many contexts. The opposite is small.

C. Word buildingWord building is the process of constructing an imaginary world, usually associated with a fictional universe. The result may sometimes be called a constructed world, conworld or sub-creation. The term

In the word uncomfortable, un- is a prefix, comfort is a root, and able is a suffix. Other common prefixes include: re-, in-, and dis-. Suffixes include: -ity, -ment and ive.

Prefix is a word element placed at the beginning of a root.

Suffix is the ending on a word.

nouns

adjectives

adverbs

SuffixesExamplesSuffixesExamplesSuffixesExamples

-ance

-encedistance

difference-ant

-entdistant

different-ly

Clearly

simply

-ty

-ityability

availability-able

-ibleavailable

responsible

-ally

scientifically

D. Pronunciation Dictionaries show the pronunciation of a word using phonemic symbols, e.g. book /buk/, before /bf/, cinema /snm/, and so on.Every word has one or more syllables, e.g. book has one syllable, before has two syllables, cinema has three syllables, and so on.

For pronunciation, it is important to know which syllable has the main stress, e.g. on before it is the second syllable (before), and on cinema it is the first syllable (cinema), and so on.

E. PunctuationPunctuation often provides clues to the meaning of sentences and paragraphs. A colon (:) can introduce a list that explains the sentence before the colon. Sometimes each item of the list has a number before it.

Commas separate the items. (if one or more items contain commas themselves, semicolons often separate the items)

Example: the elderly people of the area live well: (1) they are rarely sick; and (2) when

they die, they have their own teeth, a full head, and good eyesight. (What do

the two numbered items show? Examples of how the elderly people live

well).

Full stop .comma ,brackets ( )hyphen -question mark ?Hyphens are used to connect certain words or parts of a word together, e.g. a ten-year-old child.

Exercise4.1 There is one word missing in each line of the text. Where does the missing word go? What could it be? What part of speech it is?

End Punctuation

The punctuation marks that signal the end of a sentence are the period, the question mark and the exclamation mark.

You use the period, by far the most common of the end punctuation marks, to terminate a sentence that makes a statement. You may also use periods with imperative sentences that have no sense of urgency or excitement attached:

Without a doubt, Lady Emily was much happier after her divorce.

Turn right at the stop sign.

Bring me a cup of coffee and a cheese danish.

When you want to express a sense of urgency or very strong emotion, you may end your imperative sentences and statements with an exclamation markLook out below!

Leave this house at once!

I hate him!

Exclamation marks are, however, rare in formal writing. Use them sparingly, if at all.

You should use the question mark at the end of a direct question:

Who's on first?

Where is my flowered cape?

Be careful not to use a question mark at the end of an indirect question. Indirect questions are simply statements, and therefore end with a period:

I wonder who was chosen as Harvest King in the county fair.

She asked if she could play pinball.

The teacher asked who was chewing gum. Written by Frances Peck

4.2In the dialogue below, find at least one example of the following an uncountable noun, a phrasal verb, and an idiom.

A: Its 8 oclock. Wed better get a move on if were going t meet sue at the airport.

B: Thats OK. Her flight doesnt get in until 8.50.

A: Yes, but itll take us an hour to get to the airport you know what the traffics is like.

B: OK. Ill just go and get a changed.

A: Whats wrong with your shorts?

B: I dont like driving in shorts. Im going to put some jeans on.

4.3Look at the underlined verbs in these sentences. Which are transitive? Which are intransitive?1. She broke her leg.

2. Take off your jacket.

3. I got up at 7.30.4. She doesnt like Chinese food.

5. We arrived late.

6. He told me to sit down.

4.4How many syllables are there in each of these words?

Now mark the main stress on each of the words.

4.5 Look at these words and answer the questions below.

1. What part of speech are these words?

2. Change each one into an adverb.

3. Write down a synonym for the first two words.

4. Which prefix do you need to form the opposite of the first two words?

5. Write down the opposite of the last two words.

F. Phrasal VerbA phrasal verb consists of a verb and a preposition or adverb that modifies or changes the meaning; 'give up' is a phrasal verb that means 'stop doing' something, which is very different from 'give'. The word or words that modify a verb in this manner can also go under the name particle.

Phrasal verbs are idiomatic expressions, combining verbs and prepositions to make new verbs whose meaning is often not obvious from the dictionary definitions of the individual words. They are widely used in both written and spoken English, and new ones are formed all the time as they are a flexible way of creating new terms.Phrasal verbs can be divided into groups:

Intransitive verbsThese don't take an objectThey had an argument, but they've made up now.

Inseparable verbsThe object must come after the particle.They are looking after their grandchildren.

Separable verbsWith some separable verbs, the object must come between the verb and the particle:The quality of their work sets them apart from their rivals

With some separable verbs, the object can before or after the particle, though when a pronoun is used it comes before the particle:Turn the TV off.Turn off the TV.Turn it off.

6. Prefixes and Noun suffixesA. With the meaning not

Prefixes can be added to some words to give them a negative meaning.

Happy unhappy like (v) dislike (v)

Possible impossible legal illegal (= against the law/wrong)

Correct incorrect regular irregular, e.g. irregular verbs

un- is the most common, e.g. unfriendly, unable, unusual, unnecessary, unemployed (= without a job), untidy (= not in order; also, in a mess), unkind, unpleasant (= horrible).

in- is often used before words with a Latin origin, e.g. invisible (= cant be seen), informal, inadequate (= not good enough, e.g. The car park is inadequate for a big supermarket like that).

im- is used before some words beginning with m or p, e.g. impolite, impossible, impatient (= someone who is impatient wants things to happen now; they cant wait for things), immoral.

il- can be used before l, e.g. illegible (= impossible to read because the writing is bad).

ir- is only used before a few words beginning with r, e.g. irresponsible.

dis- is used before some adjectives, e.g. dishonest (a dishonest person is someone you cant trust, and often doesnt tell the truth), and a few verbs, e.g. dislike, disagree.

Prefixes are groups of letters that can be placed before a word to modify its meaning.

EG: impossible (the prefix im- modifies the meaning to produce a negative senseB. Verb prefixes: un- and dis-

With some verbs, these prefixes can also mean the opposite of an action.

The plane appeared in the sky, then suddenly disappeared behind a cloud.

I locked the door when I left, but then I lost the key and I couldnt unlock it when I got back.

I got dressed (= put on my clothes) and had my breakfast.

I got undressed (= took off my clothes) and got into bed

I had to pack my suitcase/ do my packing (= put everything in it)

Very quickly, so when I unpacked (= took things out)

At the hotel, most of my clothes looked terrible.

C. Other verb prefixes with specific meaningsre- (= again) The shop closed down but itll reopen next month.

I failed my exam but I can retake /redo it next year.

over- (= too much) My boss is overdoing it at the moment. (= working too hard)

I went to bed very late and I overslept (= slept too long) this

morning

The shop assistant overcharged me.

(= asked me for too much money)

mis- (= badly or Im afraid I misunderstood what he said.

incorrectly) Two of the students misread the first question.

Exercise6.1Whats the opposite of these words? (The words in the last column are verbs,

The rest are adjectives).

1. unhappy

5. .patient

9. .polite

19. lock

2. .correct

6. .regular

10. visible

18. pack

3. .legible

7. .friendly

11. employed17. agree

4. .possible8. .formal

12. honest

16. like

6.2 Whats the reverse of these actions?

1. do ones packing unpack

3. appear

2. lock the door

4. get dressed

6.3Agree with these sentences, using a synonyms from the left hand page for the

underlined words.1. Its against the law, isnt it?

Oh yes, its illegal2. His room is always in a mess, isnt it?

Yes, its very .

3. He took off his clothes!

Yes, he got

4. This handwriting is impossible to read.Yes I know, its completely .

5. She can never wait for five minutes, can she?

No, shes very ..

6. The conference centre wasnt good enough for 500 people, was it?

No, it was completely ..for that number.

7. Shes horrible sometimes.

Yes, she can be very

8. Im afraid they sometimes steal things and tell lies.

I know. Theyre both ..

6.4Complete the verbs in these sentences.

1. I completely disagree with him on this subject.

2. Im sorry, I mis ..her message.

3. We un .a soon as we got to the hotel, then went our for a walk.

4. She was here a minute ago, then she dis.I dont know where she is now.

5. My homework was so bad that Ill have to re.it.

6. Her alarm clock didnt go off and she over .

7. She finally managed to un..the door and we were able to go inside

8. I dis.the film, but the others enjoyed it.

9. I dont think Ill pass the exam, but I can always re.it in September

10. Shes over..things at the moment. She needs a complete break from her job.

11. The post office shuts for lunch but it should re..at 2.00pm

12. I was very angry because they over.me by about 5 in that shop.

6.5Keep several pages in your notebook for verbs and adjectives which combine

with these prefixes. You can add new words to your lists and test yourself at the same time.Noun suffixesverbsuffixnoun

improve (= get better)

govern (= control affairs of a city or country)

manage (= direct or control a business)

elect (= choose somebody by voting)

discuss (= talk about something seriously)

inform (= tell someone something)

jog (= running to keep fit or for pleasure)

spell (e.g. S-P-E-L-L)-ment

-ion

-ation

-ingimprovement

government

management

election

discussion

information

jogging

spelling

There has been a big improvement in the economy.

The problems are due to bad management.Who do you think will win the election?

Im not very good at spelling.

Suffixes are groups of letters placed after a word to modify its meaning or change it into a different word group, from an adjective to an adverb, etc.

EG: gladly (the suffix -ly changes the word from an adjective to an adverb)

approached (the suffix -ed changes the verb from the present to the past)B.Adjective + noun suffixadjectivesuffixnoun

weak (opp strong)

happy

ill (= sick/ not well)

stupid (opp intelligent, clever)

active

similar (= almost the same; opp different)-ness

-ityweakness

happiness

illness

stupidity

activity

similarity

We have a weak governmentWhats her main weakness as a manager?She was ill for a long time

Hepatitis s a very serious illness.

The two boys are quite similarThere is a similarity between all three sons.

C.Pronunciation

Adding a suffix to a verb or adjective may change the pronunciation.

adjectivenaoun

similar

stupidsimilarity

stupidity

verbnoun

educate

advertiseeducation

advertisement

D.-er/-or and -ist

These suffixes can be added to nouns or verbs. They often describe people and jobs.

-er-er-or-ist

baller dancer

pop singermurderer (= person who kills someone)bus driver

shop manager

professional footballer

employertelevision actor

film director

translator

computer operatorartist, e.g. Picasso

economist

psychologist

journalist

Exercises

7.1Complete the tables and mark the stress on each word. The last two in each column are not on the opposite page, but d you know or can you guess the noun formed from them?verbnoun

educate

improve

jog

govern

spell

hesitate

arrange..

..

..

..

..

..

..

adjectivenoun

stupid

happy

weak

similar

active

sad

popular.

.

.

.

.

.

.

7.2Combine words on the left with the correct suffix on the right to complete the text.

7.3 Complete the definitions below.

1. An employer is a person or company that employs people2. A murderer is a person who .

3. A bank manager is a person who

4. A television actor is a person who .

5. A translator is a person who ..

6. A lorry driver is a person who

7. A journalist is a person who

8. An artist such as Picasso is a person who ..

E. Countries, nationality and languageCountryNationalitylanguage

Argentina

Brazil

Britain

China

Egypt

France

Germany

Greece

Israel

Italy

Japan

Korea

Mexico

Poland

Russia

Saudi Arabia

Spain

Switzerland

The United States (USA)

TurkeyArgentinian

Brazilian

British

Chinese

Egyptian

French

German

Greek

Israeli

Italian

Japanese

Korean

Mexican

Polish

Russian

Saudi Arabian

Spanish

Swiss

American

TurkishSpanish

Portuguese

English

Mandarin (also Cantonese)

Arabic

French

German

Greek

Hebrew

Italian

Japanese

Korean

Spanish

Polish

Russian

Arabic

Spanish

Swiss-German, French, Italian

English

Turkish

I come from Argentina, so I am Argentinian and my first language is Spanish. The capital is Buenos Aires, which has a population of more than 10 million people.

A. Regions

There are some names for regions of the world that we often use.

Europe (e.g. Britain, Spain, etc)

the Mediterranean (e.g. Italian, Spain, etc)

the Far East (e.g. China, Japan, etc)

the Middle East (e.g. Egypt, Iran, etc)

The Caribbean (e.g. Jamaica, Trinidad, etc)South/Latin America (Brazil, Chile,etc)

7. Using a Dictionary Quickly

When you read, you can often guess the meanings of new words from the context. Sometimes, however, you may need to use a dictionary. With a dictionary, you can find out the pronunciation of words and check the spelling. You can find out parts of speech and check your guesses about meaning. You can find examples of the words in sentences.

In a dictionary, words and phrases (ent.ies) appear in alphabetical order. For example, entries that begin with a come before words that begin with all others letters. Entries that begin with ca come before words that begin with ce or ci or cr. Entries that begin with sce come before words that begin with sco or scr.Can you find words and phrases in your dictionary quickly? Practice in the use of alphabetical order (forward and backward) will help you. Also, you can use the guide word (or words) at the top of each dictionary page. The guide word on the left is the same as the first entry on the left-hand page. The guide word on the right is the same as the last entry on the right-hand page.

Exercise 1Work quickly. To put a group of words below in alphabetical order, number the words in each group from 1 to 8. The first with the correct answers is the winner.

powerful

health

influence

storm

camping

relax

affect

strong8. Adjective SuffixesA. Noun or verb + suffixnounsuffixadjectives

danger, fame

music, politics, emotion

economics, industry

cloud, sun, fog, dirt

attract, create-ous

-al

-y

-ivedangerous, famous (= known by lots people)

musical, political, emotional (= have or show strong feelings), economical (= saves you money)

industrial (= connected with industry and factories)

cloudy, sunny, foggy, dirty (opp clean)

attractive (= pretty, good-looking); creative (= ability to produce new ideas; with imagination)

The roads were dangerous this morning; it was foggy and I couldnt see far.

He was very emotional when he said goodbye.

Did you buy a diesel car because its more economical than petrol?

Im afraid youll have to clean the floor its very dirty.B. able This common suffix create adjectives from nouns and verbs:

an enjoyable eveninga comfortable chair

Jeans are still fashionable suitable (= right/correct for a situation), e.g. a grey suit is very suitable for a wedding

Sometimes able means can be done:

washable (= can be washed), e.g. Is this jacket washable?

reliable (= can be trusted), e.g. Ive never had a problem with the car-its very

reliable. Words ending able quite often express the opposite meaning with the prefix un-

unsuitable (= not right/correct for a situation), e.g. Jeans are unsuitable for wedding.

unbreakable (= cant be broken), e.g. The glass in the shop window is unbreakable.words ending ible sometimes add the prefix in- to form an opposite;

incomprehensible (= cant be understood), e.g. This street map I incomprehensible.nvisible (= cant be seen), e.g. Trees surrounds the house, so its invisible from the road.C. ful and -less

-ful often means full of or having the quality of the noun;

Careful (= doing sth with care and attention), e.g. careful driver

Helpful (= able to help), e.g. Her advice was very helpful.

painful (= giving pain), e.g. It was painful when I hit my hand.

useful (= has a lot of use), e.g. I found it a useful book.

thoughtful (= kind and think of others.)

-less often means without:

careless (= without care, and causing mistakes), e.g. His work is full of careless

mistakes.

useless (= without use and often terrible), e.g. This knife is useless it wont cut

anything.

homeless (= with nowhere to live), e.g. many families are homeless because of

the war.

Exercise

8.1Write an adjectives (or adjective) form these nouns or verbs. Cover the opposite page first.

1. danger

7. care

13. sun

2. attract

8. thought

14. music

3. create

9. politics

15. comfort

4. cloud

10. enjoy

16. fame

5. suit

11. pain

17. rely

6. use

12. dirt

18. emotion

8.2Fill the gaps with suitable adjectives from the opposite page.

1. You must be very careful when you drive in wet weather.

2. Everyone in my country has heard of her; she very 3. The tourist information office was very .., and told us everything we needed to know.4. This is a very .. road, you know. There were three serious accidents on it last year.5. It was very ..when I hit my leg against the corner of that table.6. This bag is very : I take it to work and when I go on holiday.7. Weve never had problems with our TV in ten years; its been very..8. The factory is in the part of the city, and its not very attractive.9. A 100 gram bag is 80 pence, but the 200 gram bag is only 1.20, so its more.. to buy the larger bag.10. Its terrible that there are so many .people in a country that is so rich.11. Teenagers want to be ., and wear all the latest style.12. I cant understand a word of these instructions theyre..8.3How many of these words can form opposites with the suffix less?

1. wonderful2. useful3. awful4. careful5. beautiful

What are the opposites of the other words (the ones without less)?8.4Match adjectives from the left with the most suitable nouns from the right.

8.5From the adjectives on the opposite page, choose two or three which could describe each of these people or things. (you can use the same adjective more than once)

1. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart famous, creative, musical2. the weather3. someones driving4. an area of a city5. a car6. yourselfNouns and Verbs With the Same FormMany words in English function as noun and verb, or verb and adjective, or noun and adjective, with the same form.

Whats the answer? (n) I must clean my room. (v)I dont like the cold. (n)

Answer the question. (v) Its clean room. (adj) I dont like cold weather.(adj)

The same word form can have different meanings, but this unit looks at examples where the meaning is the same or similar, and concentrates on nouns and verbs with the same form.

A. Noun and Verb

Brake (= stop a car using the brake on the floor)ring (= telephone)

Diet (= eat less to lose weight)

queue (= wait in line of people)

Guess (= give an answer without knowing the facts)murder (= kill someone)

Many common words can function as noun and verb with the same form and meaning:

Drink, rest, look, cost, swim, wash, push, pull, reply, kiss, chat (= a casual conversation infml) [also practice (v) and practice (n)].

B. Which Verb?It is often more natural in English to use the verb + noun structure (e.g. had a guess) and not the verb (e.g. guessed). You need to know which verbs to use with the nouns.

verbverb + noun

I didnt know the answer, so I guessed.We rested for a while.

He braked suddenly.

He needs to diet.Im going to ring him.

I looked in the paper.

I dreamt about you last night.

We had to queue for half an hour.I didnt know the answer, so I had a guess.We had a short rest.She put on the brakes suddenly.

He needs to go on a diet.Im going to give him a ring.

I had a look in the paper.

I had a dream about you last night.

We had to wait in queue for half an hour.

ExerciseI.What word is being defined? (the first letter has been given to you).

1. Give an answer without knowing the facts

g.

2. Eat less in order to lose weight

d.

3. Wait in line of people

q.

4. Kill someone

m

5. Telephone

r.

6. Press your lips against another persons lipsk.

7. Have a casual conversation

c.

8. Images in your mind when youre sleepingd.

II.Rewrite these sentences using the underlined nouns and verbs. Change or add words if necessary.

ExampleThere are a lot of rain yesterday.

It rained a lot yesterday.

1. We had a long wait.

We..

2. This apple has got a strange taste

This.

3. We waited in the queue for half an hourWe..

4.The cost of the holiday was about 500.The..

5. I wrote a reply to his letter yesterday.I..

6. She gave me a smile this morning.

She.

III.Rewrite these sentences using the underlined verbs and nouns. The meaning must stay the same.

ExampleThey want to rest for a bit

They want to have a rest for a bit.

1. Ill ring him this evening.

Ill.

2. Ill diet if necessary

Ill.

3. If you dont know, just guess.

If you dont know, just...

4. I braked but I still couldnt stop in timeI.

5. I dreamt about my mother.

I.

6. Did you look in the paper?

Did you.

IV.Sometimes the same word can be a verb and noun but the meaning changes. Read these pairs of sentences. Do the verb and noun have a similar meaning, or are they different in meaning?1aWe had a long wait for the bus.

bif we wait any longer, we may miss the train.

2aI gave him the book.

bDid you book the table in the restaurant?

3aThey take a break after an hours work.

bdid he break his arm skiing?

4aI go for a run most mornings.

bI was late so I had to run to get to school on time.

9. Compound nounsA.Formation

A compound noun is formed from two words, and occasionally three, to create a

single new idea.

Dining room (= room where you eat meals) film star (e.g. Tom Cruise, Meg Ryan)

Science fiction (= stories about future) income tax (= tax you pay on your salary)

Writing paper (= paper for writing letters) dishwasher (= machine for washing dishes)

Mother tongue (= your first language) brother-in-law (= your sisters husband or

Bus driver (= person who drives buses) wifes brother).

Bus stop (= where buses stop for people to get on)

Haircut (e.g. My hairs long: I need a haircut)

Traffic jam (= long line of cars moving very slowly)

Babysitter (= person who looks after children when parents are out)

Box office (= place where you buy cinema or theatre ticket)

Travel agent (= job of a person who makes travel arrangements for us)

B.One word or two?

Some short common compound nouns are written as one word, e.g. bedroom, postman; a few are written with hyphen, e.g. T-shirt, make-up (= stuff you put on the face, often on lips and around eyes, to be more attractive); but most are written as two words, e.g. credit card, bus stop. Use a dictionary to check if necessary.

C. Pronunciation

The main stress is usually on the first part, e.g. post office, income tax, but sometime it is on both parts, e.g. science fiction, mother tongue. Use a dictionary to check if necessary.

D. Forming new compounds

One part of a compound often forms the basis for a number of compound nouns.

Postman

Postbox

Post officeFilm star

Pop star

Rock starToothbrush

Toothpaste

toothacheLiving room

Waiting room

Chat room (= an area for communication on the internet)

Exercises9.1Find compound nouns on the opposite page connected with each of these topic.

9.2Complete each sentence with a suitable compound noun from the opposite page.1. We booked our holiday through a travel agent2. Im sorry Im late. There was a terrible.on the motorway.

3. Humphrey Bogart was a famous.in the 1940s and 50s.

4. The.. ..were red but he still didnt stop.

5. When I got to the dentist, I had to sit in the for 40 minutes.

6. Mary wanted to go out, but she couldnt find a.for the children.

7. When Im driving I always wear..if its very bright and sunny.

8. Most people have to pay ..on their salary; the more you earn, the more you pay.

9. I washed my hair; then I discovered that the wasnt working.

10. We waited at the. .for 20 minutes, then three arrived at the same time.

11. My brother loves .., but I never read stuff like that about the future.

12. Your jeans were dirty so I put them in the ..with mine.

9.3Take one word (the first part of the second part) from each compound and create a new compound. Use a dictionary to help you if necessary.

Examplesbrother-in-law

mother-in-law

postbox

post office1. dining room

5. traffic lights..

2. film star..

6. sunglasses.

3. credit card..

7. hair dryer..

4. toothpaste..

8. boyfriend..

Compound adjectives1. A compound adjective is formed when two or more adjectives work together to modify the same noun. These terms should be hyphenated to avoid confusion or ambiguity.

Incorrect: The black and blue mark suggested that he had been involved in an altercation.

Correct: The black-and-blue mark suggested that he had been involved in an altercation.

Incorrect: Her fifteen minute presentation proved decisive to the outcome of the case.

Correct: Her fifteen-minute presentation proved decisive to the outcome of the case.2. However, combining an adverb (usually a word ending in "ly") and an adjective does not create a compound adjective. No hyphen is required because it is already clear that the adverb modifies the adjective rather than the subsequent noun.

Incorrect: The remarkably-hot day turned into a remarkably-long week.

Correct: The remarkably hot day turned into a remarkably long week.3. Furthermore, you should not place a hyphen in a compound adjective if the adjectives are capitalized, such as when they are part of a title.

Correct: His book was entitled, "Gender Neutral Language in English Usage," and it revolutionized the way people think about sex roles.

However: His book on gender-neutral language revolutionized the way people think about sex roles.

Correct: The students were participants in Chicago-Kent's vaunted Legal Research and Writing Program.

Also Correct:

The student decided to attend a school with a good legal-research-and-writing program. Note that in this example, the reference is to a type of program, rather than a specific program, and so the use of hyphens is proper.A.Formation and pronunciation

A compound adjective is formed from two words, and occasionally three. The second part is often a present participle (e.g. good-looking) or a past participle (e.g. well-known). They usually have a hyphen before a noun, (e.g. a well-known actress, a good-looking man) and we usually pronounce both parts with equal stress.

B.Describing people

Many compound adjectives describe a persons appearance, character and situation.

C.Well and badly

These adverbs combine with many past participles to form compound adjectives.

We can use both of them with most of the participles, e.g. well-paid or badly-paid (NOT badly known).

a well-organised team. a well-paid (= good salary)

a well-equipped computer room a badly-behaved child(= acting in a bad way)

a well-written story a badly-dressed young man (= wearing old or

a well-known writer (= famous) dirty clothes)

D.A five-minute walk

We often combine a number and a singular noun to form a compound adjective.

The nouns in bold in these sentences, e.g. walk, hotel are often used with the

particular adjectives.

Its a ten-minute walk to the shop. (= a walk of ten minutes)

He works in a four-star hotel. (= a hotel with a rating of four tars)

I gave her a twenty-pound note. (= a note with a value of twenty pounds)

Our flight finally left after a two-hour delay. (= the plane was two hours late)

The winner was a ten-year-old girl. (= a girl who is ten years old)

If you park your car there, you could get a fifty-euro fine. (= a penalty of 50

to pay for parking in the wrong place)

E.Common compound

She used to have a part-time job- just mornings but now she works full time.

Most people are right handed, but about 10% are left handed.

I went first class to Paris, but it was more expensive.

Mary bought a second-hand BMW. (= the car wasnt brand new for her)

Exercises10.1 Match words from the left-hand box with words from the right to form ten

compounds.Examples first class

10.2 Complete the compound adjective in these sentences.1. They were both wearing short-.shirt.

2. Goran Ivanisevic is probably the most famous left-tennis player.

3. Hes just bought a brand-car.

4. One girl was very badly: she kept shouting and then threw food all over the floor.

5. Shes just got a-time job now. She works three hours a day, Monday, to Thursday.

6. It was very badly-article: terrible punctuation and lots of spelling mistakes.

7. Theyre very well.., so they can go to expensive restaurant.

8. Shes got a little shop near the market, where she sells second-things.

9. When I saw her, she was with a very good-man in a white suite.

10. Have you ever met a well-..actor or politician?

11. I had a nice time with my cousin he good company and very easy

12. She has a seven-..-old son.

10.3 Choose the most suitable noun to follow the adjectives in these sentences.1. I stayed in a five-starin London.

2. We didnt get to Malaga until midnight because we had a two-hour.at Heathrow.

3. She bought a paper and paid for it with a twenty-pound.

4. It just over a kilometre, so its only about a fifteen-minute

5. I had to pay a forty-pound.for not having a parking ticket.

11. COLLOCATION (Word Partners)A. What is collocation?

If you want to use a word naturally, you need to learn the other words that often go with it. This can be different from language. For example, in English we say:

I missed the bus. (= I didnt catch the bus) (NOT I lost the bus)

He had to go to hospital; its serious injury. (= a bad injury) (NOT a grave injury)

She was bitterly disappointed (= very disappointed /unhappy) with her exam result.

B. Verb + nounThe meaning of many of these examples may be clear, but did you know these verbs and nouns go together? Are they the same or different in your language?

Start {drink (=noun-alcoholic drink

a family (= think about having a first child

Tell {a story a joke (= a funny story)

the truth (= opp tell a lie)

miss { a person (= be unhappy because a particular person is not there)

a lesson (= not go to a lesson)

get on the bus (opp get off a bus) waste time/money (=use it badly)

C. Adjective + noun

a soft {drink (= non-alcoholic drink) dry {wine (opp sweet wine)

voice (opp a loud voice) wether (opp wet weather)

a strong accent (opp a slight accent) traffic (=a lot of cars on the road)

(a) strong coffee (opp (a) weak coffee) heavy rain (= raining a lot) smoker (= a person who smokers a lot)hard work (= difficult physically or mentally) success (= very successful)

a hard question (= difficult to answer) a great time (= an enjoyable time)

I cant understand his English because he has such a strong accent.

The conference was hard work but everyone said it was a great success.

There was a heavy traffic in the city centre because of the wet weather.

We had a great time in Brazil the beaches are fantastic.

D. Adverb + adjective

The underlined adverbs in 1-3 mean very, the adverbs in 4-5 mean fully/completely. In each case, we often use these adverbs with the adjectives that follow them. Notice also the phrases in bold.

1. Im terribly sorry to bother you (= to disturb you), but is Steven there?

2. She is well aware of the problem. (= She knows all about the problem)

3. It is vitally important to make a note of common collocations in your notebook.

4. hes fast asleep. (= in a deep sleep)

5. She was wide awake (= fully awake) a minute ago.

Exercises

11.1 You can keep a record of common collocations using diagrams. They are very

Clear on the page and you can add o them. Complete these.

11.2 Write the opposite1. get on the bus get off the bus 5. an alcoholic drink

2. a strong accent 6. tell the truth

3. strong coffee 7. catch the bus

4. a soft voice 8. sweet wine

11.3 Complete these sentences with a suitable words.

1. Im terribly sorry Im late, but I.the bus and had to wait ages for another one.

2. He..everyone the same joke, and nobody laughed.

3. We had snow in the night and I couldntthe car this morning.

4. Everyone said the party was asuccess.

5. I think they want to get married anda family.

6. We carried the suitcases up to the fourth floor, and it was verywork.

7. Itsimportant that we finish this work by the end of the week.

8. if this..rain continues, I dont think hell come.

9. I dont drink.coffee at night because it keeps me awake.

10. I really..my family when I stayed in Australia on my own last year.

11. Im sure she isaware of the problem.

12. I..my time on that course; it was terrible.

13.When I went into the childrens room, the boys were both..asleep, but Angela was.awake, reading Harry Potter story.

11.3 The adjectives on the left can all mean very big, but we often use them with the nouns on the right. Use a dictionary to find the correct collocations, and then complete the sentences below. You will need to look at the example sentences in the dictionary, perhaps at the adjectives and the nouns.

1. A: What.do you take? B: Medium or

2. Fortunately the shop I go to has a.. of shirts and jumpers to choose from.

3. Ive got very, but my waist is quite small.

4. A few men cant find clothes to fit them, but the..

5. .are small, medium or large.

Exercise:

1I'm an ______ admirer of your work.

ardent

triumphant

stale

considerable

cast-iron

2This new process is a ______ advance in technology.

ardent

significant

stale

considerable

cast-iron

3He knows the interviewer already and that will give him an ______ advantage over me.

ardent

significant

unfair

considerable

cast-iron

4I wouldn't upset him. He can be a ______ adversary.

ardent

significant

unfair

dangerous

cast-iron

5He gave me some ______ advice and I took it.

ardent

significant

unfair

dangerous

blunt

6We know very little about this. We need to bring in an ______ adviser to help us.

outside

significant

unfair

dangerous

blunt

7I don't like this at all. It's a really ______ affair.

outside

ugly

unfair

dangerous

blunt

8It's not a very challenging job. I only have to deal with ______ affairs.

outside

ugly

everyday

dangerous

blunt

9They don't always agree but I think there is a bond of ______ affection between them.

outside

ugly

everyday

deep

blunt

10It seems no time at all since I started work and here I am at ______ age.

outside

ugly

everyday

deep

retirement

11That type of behaviour was possible in a ______ age but we are more tightly regulated these days.

bygone

ugly

everyday

deep

retirement

12I don't trust him. I think he has a ______ agenda.

bygone

hidden

everyday

deep

retirement

13We cannot tolerate this sort of ______ aggression from a competitor in one of our key markets.

bygone

hidden

naked

deep

retirement

14We have a ______ agreement with them and we must respect it.

bygone

hidden

naked

binding

retirement

15I think they must be providing them with some kind of ______ aid. But I don't know what.

bygone

hidden

naked

binding

covert

16I agree with the ______ aims of what you are trying to do but not with some of the details.

broad

hidden

naked

binding

covert

17I'm sure he's got the job. He's walking around with a ______ air.

broad

triumphant

naked

binding

covert

18You need to open the windows and get rid of the ______ air in here.

broad

triumphant

stale

binding

covert

19The problems in Tokyo have caused ______ alarm on Wall Street.

broad

triumphant

stale

considerable

covert

20He definitely wasn't there. He has a ______ alibi.

broad

triumphant

stale

considerable

cast-iron

The Parts of Speech

Traditional grammar classifies words based on eight parts of speech: the verb, the noun, the pronoun, the adjective, the adverb, the preposition, the conjunction, and the interjection.

Each part of speech explains not what the word is, but how the word is used. In fact, the same word can be a noun in one sentence and a verb or adjective in the next. The next few examples show how a word's part of speech can change from one sentence to the next, and following them is a series of sections on the individual parts of speech, followed by an exercise.

Books are made of ink, paper, and glue.

In this sentence, "books" is a noun, the subject of the sentence.

Deborah waits patiently while Bridget books the tickets.

Here "books" is a verb, and its subject is "Bridget."

We walk down the street.

In this sentence, "walk" is a verb, and its subject is the pronoun "we".

The mail carrier stood on the walk.

In this example, "walk" is a noun, which is part of a prepositional phrase describing where the mail carrier stood.

The town decided to build a new jail.

Here "jail" is a noun, which is the object of the infinitive phrase "to build."

The sheriff told us that if we did not leave town immediately he would jail us.

Here "jail" is part of the compound verb "would jail."

They heard high pitched cries in the middle of the night.

In this sentence, "cries" is a noun acting as the direct object of the verb "heard."

The baby cries all night long and all day long.

But here "cries" is a verb that describes the actions of the subject of the sentence, the baby.

The next few sections explain each of the parts of speech in detail. When you have finished, you might want to test yourself by trying the exercise.

Written by Heather MacFadyen

RootsMeaningWord

alterotheralternate, alter ego

ami, amic-loveamiable, amicable

amphiboth ends or all sidesamphibian

ann, enniyearanniversary, annual, biennial, perennial

anthrophuman, mananthropology, anthropomorphic, misanthrope

aqua, aquewateraquatic, aquarium, aqueduct

archchief, leader, rulerarchangel, monarch, archaic, archenemy

arthrojointarthritis

audsoundauditorium, audible, audiologist, audiotape

bellwarbelligerent, bellicose

bibliobookbibliography, bibliophile

bio-lifebiography, autobiography, biology, antibiotic

brevshortbrief, abbreviate

captake, seizecapture, captivate, capacity

carnmeatcarnivorous, chili con carne

cedyield, gorecede, secede, proceed, intercede, concession

chrom-colorchromatic, monochrome, polychrome

chron-timechronicle, chronology, chronometer, synchronize

cognknowrecognize, cognitive, incognito

cord/chordcordharpsichord

corpbodycorpus, corpse, corporal

crac, cratrule, rulerautocrat, democracy, bureaucrat, democracy

credbelievecredible, credulous, credibility, credit, credo

cruccrosscrucifix, crucial

crustashellcrustacean

crypthiddencryptogram, cryptology, cryptic

culpguiltculpable, culprit

deigoddeity, deify

demo-peopledemography, democracy, epidemic

denttoothdentist, dentifrice, dentin

derm-skindermatology, epidermis, hypodermic

dicspeak, saydictate, predict, diction, indict

doxbelief, opinionorthodoxy, paradox, heterodoxy

duc, ductleadinduce, deduce, seduction, conduct, abduct

duotwoduo

dynam-powerdynamo, hydrodynamics

egoselfegotist, egomania

equequalequal, equity, equanimity, equate, equidistant

facmake, domanufacture, factory, benefactor

filthreadlikefilament

fraterbrotherfraternal, fraternize

gam-marriagemonogamy, polygamy, bigamy

geo-earthgeopolitical, geology, geography, geothermal

glyphvertical grooveHieroglyphicsEgyptian sky writing

grad, gressstepgradual, progression, transgression

graph-writing, printinggraphology, biography, telegraph, geography

gymnakedgymnasium

gyn-womangynecologist, androgynous

hemo, hema, hembloodhemophilia, hematology, hemoglobin

holowhole, entireholograph

hydro, hydrwaterdehydrate, hydraulics, hydroelectric, hydroplane

isoequal, identicalisolate

ject throwinject, reject, subject, projection

judjudgejudicial, judge, adjudicate

leg, lectread, chooselegible, lectern, lecturer, election

literletterliterature, illiterate, literal

locplacelocal, location

logwordmonologue, epilogue

luclightlucid, elucidate

magnlargemagnify, magnate, magnificent

manhandmanufacture, manual, manuscript

marseamarine, mariner

matermothermaternal, maternity, matriarchy, matricide

merepart, segmentmere

meta, metbehind, betweenmetacognitionbehind the thinking

metri, meter-measuregeometric, thermometer, odometer

minsmallminority, minuscule, minute

mit, misssendpermit, submission, mission, emit,

mob, mot, movmovemobile, automobile, motion, promote, movie

monwarnpremonition, admonition

mor, mortdeathmortal, mortician, immortality

morphform, structuremetamorphosis, amorphous, morphology

mutchangemutant, mutability, mutate

neuronerveneurology, neurosis, neurobiology

nomen /nominnamenominal, nominate, nomenclature

novnewnovel, renovate, innovation, novella

nym, onymword, namesynonym, acronym, anonymous, pseudonym

odontotoothorthodontistone who straightens teeth

ortho-straight, correctorthodox, orthodontist, orthopedic

pacpeacepacify, Pacific Ocean, pacifist

paterfatherpaternal, paternity, patricide, patrilineal, patriotic

pathfeeling, sufferingsympathy, apathy, empathy, telepathy, pathology

ped, podfootpedal, pedometer, centipede, gastropod

pel, pulspushpulsate, repulsive, impulse, compel, propel

pendhang, weighpendulum, pendant, suspend, pending

phon-, phono-sound, voicetelephone, euphony, cacophony, phonograph

planflatplanar, plantation, plane

pneumlungpneumatic

podfeetpodiatrist

portcarryportable, transport, portage, report,

potpowerpotent, omnipotent, potentate

psych-soul, spirit, mindpsychology, psychic, psychobiography

pugnafightpugnacious, pugilist

quer, quisaskquery, inquisition,

scent, scendclimbascend, ascent

schizo, schizdivision, splitschizophrenic

sciknowscientific

scisscutscissors

scrib, scriptwritemanuscript, scribe, proscribe, scripture

sec, sectcutdissect, section

sed, sesssitsedentary, session

sens, sentfeel, be awaresensible, sentient

sequ, secufollowsequence, sequel, consecutive

servserve, protectservice

similsamesimilar, assimilate, simile, facsimile (fax)

siphontubesiphon

solsunsolar

sonsoundsonar, resonate, unison

sophwisdom, knowledgephilosophy, sophisticated, sophomore (wise fool)

spec, spiclook, seespectacles, spectator, inauspicious, prospect

spircoilspiral

spirbreatheinspire, respiration, conspire, perspiration

spond, sponspromise, answer forrespond, responsible

spontby one's own forcespontaneous

statstay, positionstation

tang, tacttouchtactile, tangible

temptimetemporary, temporize

ten, tentholdtentative, tenable, tenuous

terrearthsubterranean, terrain, terrestrial, disinter

theogod, deitytheology, polytheism, atheist, monotheism

therm-heatthermal, thermos, thermometer

trophynutrition, foodatrophywithout nutrition

urourineurologist

vacemptyvacation, vacuum, vacuous, vacant

ven, ventcome, gointervene, convene, contravene

vertruthveracity, verify, verity

vertturnintrovert, irreversible, vertigo

vitlifevital, revitalize, vitamin

voccallrevoke, invocation, vocal, evocative, convocation

zooanimalzoo, zoology, zoolatry

PREFIXESPrefixMeaningExamples

a-, an-not, withoutamoral, anesthetic, apolitical, asocial

ab-away fromabduction, abstain, abnormal

ad-to, towardadjoin, adjacent (lying near to)

ambi-bothambidextrous, ambivalent

ana-up, back, againanalogy, anatomy, anagram

anti-againstantipathy, antiwar, antisocial

apo-from, away fromapology, apologize

auto-selfautobiography, automobile, autocracy, automaton

bene-goodbenediction benevolent benefactor

cata-, cat-down, againstcatastrophe--a turning down

centro, centri-around, centerconcentric, centrifugal

circum-aroundcircumlocution circumference, circumvent

com-with, togethercommunal, community

con-with, togetherconnect, confide conspire

contra-againstcontradict, contravene

de-down, awaydescend, deject (cast down)

dia-, di-through, acrossdiameter, division

dis-apart, notdisengage, discord, discomfort

dys-ill, difficult, baddysfunctional, dysentery

e-out of, fromelect (choose out of), eject (throw out)

ecto-on the outsideectoderm--outer skin

en-, em-inempathy--feeling in

endo-within, insideendoscope--instrument for observing inside

epi-uponepitaph epidermis, epicenter

eso-inward, withinesoteric--more inward, esophagus

eu-well, goodeuthanasia--good death

ex-out of, fromexhume, exhale, exodus

hetero-other, differentheterosexual, heterodoxy, heterodox heterogeneous

homo-samehomosexual, homogeneous, homogenized

hyper-overhypertension, hypersensitive, hyperactivity

hypo-underhypotension, hypodermic

il-notillegitimate, illicit, illegal, illegible

im-notimperfect, impolite, impossible

im-intoimbibe (drink in, take in)

in-notindiscreet, invisible

in-intoincorporate (take into the body)

inter-betweenintervene (come between), interstate

intra-withinintrastate, intramural

ir-notirregular, irrational, irredeemable

macro-largemacrocosm, macroeconomics

mal, male-bad, evilmalediction malevolent, malnutrition

meta-beyondmetaphysical

micro-smallmicroscope, microcosm, microeconomics

mono-one, singlemonologue, monotheism, monarchy, monogamy

neo-new, recentneologism, neo-liberal, neonatology. neolithic

ob-againstobject, obstruct (build against)

palin-, pali-back, againpalindrome

pan-all, everypantheism, Pan-Hellenic, panorama, pandemic

para-falseparamilitary, paralegal, parachute

per-throughpercolate (flow through) perforate (punch through)

peri-aroundperimeter, periscope

phil-, philo-like, lover ofphilosophy, Francophile, bibliophile, philanthropy

poly-many, severalpolygon, polygamy, polytechnic, polytheism

post-afterpostgraduate, posthumous postpone

pre-beforeprecede, predict (tell before)

pro-for, forwardpromote, project

pros-toward, in frontprospectview in front, something coming up

proto-firstprototype, protoplasm, protobiology

pseudofalsepseudonym, pseudoscience

re-again, backrepeat, recede, regress (step back)

retro-backretrogression, retroactive

se-away fromseduce (lead away), secede

sub-undersubmarine, subject, subhuman subterranean

sur-, super-over, abovesuperhuman, superego, superintend, surpass

syn-, sym-, syl-, syswith, togethersymphony, synonym, system, syllable

tele-distant, far offtelephone, telepathy, television, telegram

trans-acrosstransient, Transatlantic, transport (carry across)

SUFFIXESSuffixDefinitionExample

-agog, -agogueleaderdemagogue, pedagogue

-cidekill(ing)patricide, infanticide, herbicide. suicide

-ectomycuttingappendectomy, splenectomy

-ia, -yact, stateamnesia, mania, democracy, anarchy

-ic, -tic, -ical, -achaving to do withanthropomorphic, dramatic, biblical, cardiac

-icsthings having to do withoptics, physics

-isk, -iscussmallasterisk--a little star

-ismthe belief inpacifism, terrorism, socialism, communism

-istone who believes inpacifist, terrorist, socialist, communist

-iteone connected withmeteorite, polite, cosmopolite

-logystudy field ofbiology, geology, etymology, cardiology

-oidresembling, like-shapedasteroid, spheroid

-or, -erone who takes part indoctor, actor, teacher, driver

-phobiaexaggerated fearphotophobia, claustrophobia, agoraphobia

-sisact, state, condition ofanalysis

What is a Pronoun?

A pronoun can replace a noun or another pronoun. You use pronouns like "he," "which," "none," and "you" to make your sentences less cumbersome and less repetitive.

Grammarians classify pronouns into several types, including the personal pronoun, the demonstrative pronoun, the interrogative pronoun, the indefinite pronoun, the relative pronoun, the reflexive pronoun, and the intensive pronoun.

Personal PronounsA personal pronoun refers to a specific person or thing and changes its form to indicate person, number, gender, and case.

Subjective Personal PronounsA subjective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as the subject of the sentence. The subjective personal pronouns are "I," "you," "she," "he," "it," "we," "you," "they."

In the following sentences, each of the highlighted words is a subjective personal pronoun and acts as the subject of the sentence:

I was glad to find the bus pass in the bottom of the green knapsack.

You are surely the strangest child I have ever met.

He stole the selkie's skin and forced her to live with him.

When she was a young woman, she earned her living as a coal miner.

After many years, they returned to their homeland.

We will meet at the library at 3:30 p.m.

It is on the counter.

Are you the delegates from Malagawatch?

Objective Personal PronounsAn objective personal pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as an object of a verb, compound verb, preposition, or infinitive phrase. The objective personal pronouns are: "me," "you," "her," "him," "it," "us," "you," and "them."

In the following sentences, each of the highlighted words is an objective personal pronoun:

Seamus stole the selkie's skin and forced her to live with him.

The objective personal pronoun "her" is the direct object of the verb "forced" and the objective personal pronoun "him" is the object of the preposition "with."

After reading the pamphlet, Judy threw it into the garbage can.

The pronoun "it" is the direct object of the verb "threw".

The agitated assistant stood up and faced the angry delegates and said, "Our leader will address you in five minutes."

In this sentence, the pronoun "you" is the direct object of the verb "address."

Deborah and Roberta will meet us at the newest caf in the market.

Here the objective personal pronoun "us" is the direct object of the compound verb "will meet."

Give the list to me.

Here the objective personal pronoun "me" is the object of the preposition "to".

I'm not sure that my contact will talk to you.

Similarly in this example, the objective personal pronoun "you" is the object of the preposition "to".

Christopher was surprised to see her at the drag races.

Here the objective personal pronoun "her" is the object of the infinitive phrase "to see."

Possessive Personal PronounsA possessive pronoun indicates that the pronoun is acting as a marker of possession and defines who owns a particular object or person. The possessive personal pronouns are "mine," "yours," "hers," "his," "its," "ours," and "theirs." Note that possessive personal pronouns are very similar to possessive adjectives like "my," "her," and "their."

In each of the following sentences, the highlighted word is a possessive personal pronoun:

The smallest gift is mine.

Here the possessive pronoun "mine" functions as a subject complement.

This is yours.

Here too the possessive pronoun "yours" functions as a subject complement.

His is on the kitchen counter.

In this example, the possessive pronoun "his" acts as the subject of the sentence.

Theirs will be delivered tomorrow.

In this sentence, the possessive pronoun "theirs" is the subject of the sentence.

Ours is the green one on the corner.

Here too the possessive pronoun "ours" function as the subject of the sentence.

Demonstrative PronounsA demonstrative pronoun points to and identifies a noun or a pronoun. "This" and "these" refer to things that are nearby either in space or in time, while "that" and "those" refer to things that are farther away in space or time.

The demonstrative pronouns are "this," "that," "these," and "those." "This" and "that" are used to refer to singular nouns or noun phrases and "these" and "those" are used to refer to plural nouns and noun phrases. Note that the demonstrative pronouns are identical to demonstrative adjectives, though, obviously, you use them differently. It is also important to note that "that" can also be used as a relative pronoun.

In the following sentences, each of the highlighted words is a demonstrative pronoun:

This must not continue.

Here "this" is used as the subject of the compound verb "must not continue."

This is puny; that is the tree I want.

In this example "this" is used as subject and refers to something close to the speaker. The demonstrative pronoun "that" is also a subject but refers to something farther away from the speaker.

Three customers wanted these.

Here "these" is the direct object of the verb "wanted".

Interrogative PronounsAn interrogative pronoun is used to ask questions. The interrogative pronouns are "who," "whom," "which," "what" and the compounds formed with the suffix "ever" ("whoever," "whomever," "whichever," and "whatever"). Note that either "which" or "what" can also be used as an interrogative adjective, and that "who," "whom," or "which" can also be used as a relative pronoun.

You will find "who," "whom," and occasionally "which" used to refer to people, and "which" and "what" used to refer to things and to animals.

"Who" acts as the subject of a verb, while "whom" acts as the object of a verb, preposition, or a verbal.

The highlighted word in each of the following sentences is an interrogative pronoun:

Which wants to see the dentist first?

"Which" is the subject of the sentence.

Who wrote the novel Rockbound?

Similarly "who" is the subject of the sentence.

Whom do you think we should invite?

In this sentence, "whom" is the object of the verb "invite."

To whom do you wish to speak?

Here the interrogative pronoun "whom " is the object of the preposition "to."

Who will meet the delegates at the train station?

In this sentence, the interrogative pronoun "who" is the subject of the compound verb "will meet".

To whom did you give the paper?

In this example the interrogative pronoun "whom" is the object of the preposition "to."

What did she say?

Here the interrogative pronoun "what" is the direct object of the verb "say."

Relative PronounsYou can use a relative pronoun is used to link one phrase or clause to another phrase or clause. The relative pronouns are "who," "whom," "that," and "which." The compounds "whoever," "whomever," and "whichever" are also relative pronouns.

You can use the relative pronouns "who" and "whoever" to refer to the subject of a clause or sentence, and "whom" and "whomever" to refer to the objects of a verb, a verbal or a preposition.

In each of the following sentences, the highlighted word is a relative pronoun.

You may invite whomever you like to the party.

The relative pronoun "whomever" is the direct object of the compound verb "may invite".

The candidate who wins the greatest popular vote is not always elected.

In this sentence, the relative pronoun is the subject of the verb "wins" and introduces the subordinate clause "who wins the greatest popular vote". This subordinate clause acts as an adjective modifying "candidate."

In a time of crisis, the manager asks the workers whom she believes to be the most efficient to arrive an hour earlier than usual.

In this sentence "whom" is the direct object of the verb "believes" and i