MODERNPHYSICSSIXTH EDITION

Paul A. TiplerFormerly of Oakland University

Ralph A. LlewellynUniversity of Central Florida

W. H. Freeman and CompanyNew York

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Executive Editor: Jessica FiorilloAssociate Editor: Brittany MurphyMarketing Manager: Alicia BradyMedia and Supplements Editor: Dave QuinnSenior Media Producer: Keri FowlerPhoto Editor: Ted SzczepanskiDesigner: Blake LoganSenior Project Editor: Mary Louise ByrdSenior Illustration Coordinator: Bill PageProduction Coordinator: Paul W. RohloffIllustrations and Composition: PreparPrinting and Binding: RR Donnelley

Library of Congress Control Number: 2011934108

ISBN-13: 978-1-4292-5078-8ISBN-10: 1-4292-5078-X

' 2012, 2008, 2003, 2000 by W. H. Freeman and CompanyAll rights reserved.

Printed in the United States of America

First printing

W. H. Freeman and Company41 Madison AvenueNew York, NY 10010Houndmills, Basingstoke RG21 6XS, Englandwww.whfreeman.com

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CONTENTS

PART 1 Relativity and Quantum Mechanics:

The Foundations of Modern Physics 1

CHAP TER 1 Relativity I 3

1-1 The Experimental Basis of Relativity 4

CCR

Michelson-Morley Experiment 7

1-2 Einsteins Postulates 11

1-3 The Lorentz Transformation 17

Calibrating the Spacetime Axes 28

1-4 Time Dilation and Length Contraction 29

1-5 The Doppler Effect 40

Transverse Doppler Effect 44

1-6 The Twin Paradox and Other Surprises 45

CCR

The Case of the Identically Accelerated Twins 48

Superluminal Speeds 51

CHAP TER 2 Relativity II 65

2-1 Relativistic Momentum 66

2-2 Relativistic Energy 70

Another Surprise 80

2-3 Mass/Energy Conversion and Binding Energy 81

2-4 Invariant Mass 84

The CCR

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iv Contents

2-5 General Relativity 97

Deflection of Light in a Gravitational Field 103

Gravitational Redshift 106

CCR

Perihelion of Mercurys Orbit 108

CCR

Delay of Light in a Gravitational Field 108

CHAP TER 3 Quantization of Charge, Light, and Energy 119

3-1 Quantization of Electric Charge 119

3-2 Blackbody Radiation 123

3-3 The Photoelectric Effect 131

3-4 X Rays and the Compton Effect 137

CCR

Derivation of Comptons Equation 143

CHAP TER 4 The Nuclear Atom 153

4-1 Atomic Spectra 154

4-2 Rutherfords Nuclear Model 156

CCR

Rutherfords Prediction and Geiger and Marsdens Results 162

4-3 The Bohr Model of the Hydrogen Atom 165

Giant Atoms 174

4-4 X-Ray Spectra 175

4-5 The Franck-Hertz Experiment 180

CCR

A Critique of Bohr Theory and the Old Quantum Mechanics 182

CHAP TER 5 The Wavelike Properties of Particles 193

5-1 The de Broglie Hypothesis 193

5-2 Measurements of Particle Wavelengths 195

5-3 Wave Packets 204

5-4 The Probabilistic Interpretation of the Wave Function 210

5-5 The Uncertainty Principle 213

The Gamma-Ray Microscope 214

5-6 Some Consequences of the Uncertainty Principle 216

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Contents v

5-7 Wave-Particle Duality 219

CCR

Two-Slit Interference Pattern 220

CHAP TER 6 The Schrdinger Equation 229

6-1 The Schrdinger Equation in One Dimension 230

6-2 The Infinite Square Well 237

6-3 The Finite Square Well 246

CCR

Graphical Solution of the Finite Square Well 249

6-4 Expectation Values and Operators 250

CCR

Transitions Between Energy States 253

6-5 The Simple Harmonic Oscillator 253

CCR

Schrdingers Trick 256

Parity 257

6-6 Reflection and Transmission of Waves 258

Alpha Decay 265

NH3 Atomic Clock 267

CCR

Tunnel Diode 267

CHAP TER 7 Atomic Physics 277

7-1 The Schrdinger Equation in Three Dimensions 277

7-2 Quantization of Angular Momentum and Energy in the Hydrogen Atom 280

7-3 The Hydrogen Atom Wave Functions 289

7-4 Electron Spin 293

Stern-Gerlach Experiment 296

7-5 Total Angular Momentum and the Spin-Orbit Effect 298

7-6 The Schrdinger Equation for Two (or More) Particles 303

7-7 Ground States of Atoms: The Periodic Table 305

7-8 Excited States and Spectra of Alkali Atoms 309

CCR

Multielectron Atoms 311

CCR

The Zeeman Effect 312

Frozen Light 312

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vi Contents

CHAP TER 8 Statistical Physics 325

8-1 Classical Statistics: A Review 326

CCR

Temperature and Entropy 329

CCR

A Derivation of the Equipartition Theorem 334

8-2 Quantum Statistics 338

8-3 The Bose-Einstein Condensation 345

Liquid Helium 346

8-4 The Photon Gas: An Application of Bose-Einstein Statistics 354

8-5 Properties of a Fermion Gas 361

PART 2 Applications of Quantum Mechanics

and Relativity 373

CHAP TER 9 Molecular Structure and Spectra 375

9-1 The Ionic Bond 376

9-2 The Covalent Bond 381

CCR

Other Covalent Bonds 387

9-3 Other Bonding Mechanisms 387

9-4 Energy Levels and Spectra of Diatomic Molecules 392

9-5 Scattering, Absorption, and Stimulated Emission 402

9-6 Lasers and Masers 408

CHAP TER 10 Solid State Physics 427

10-1 The Structure of Solids 427

10-2 Classical Theory of Conduction 437

10-3 Free-Electron Gas in Metals 440

10-4 Quantum Theory of Conduction 444

CCR

Thermal ConductionThe Quantum Model 448

10-5 Magnetism in Solids 448

Spintronics 451

10-6 Band Theory of Solids 452

Quantum Wells 459

CCR

Energy Bands in SolidsAn Alternate Approach 460

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Contents vii

10-7 Impurity Semiconductors 460

Hall Effect 463

10-8 Semiconductor Junctions and Devices 467

CCR

How Transistors Work 472

10-9 Superconductivity 472

Flux Quantization 477

Josephson Junction 482

CHAP TER 11 Nuclear Physics 493

11-1 The Composition of the Nucleus 494

11-2 Ground-State Properties of Nuclei 496

CCR

Liquid-Drop Model and the Semiempirical Mass Formula 505

11-3 Radioactivity 508

CCR

Production and Sequential Decays 511

11-4 Alpha, Beta, and Gamma Decay 511

CCR

Energetics of Alpha Decay 514

11-5 The Nuclear Force 522

Probability Density of the Exchange Mesons 528

11-6 The Shell Model 529

11-7 Nuclear Reactions 533

11-8 Fission and Fusion 542

CCR

Nuclear Power 546

CCR

Interaction of Particles and Matter 552

11-9 Applications 553

CCR

Radiation Dosage 566

CHAP TER 12 Particle Physics 579

12-1 Basic Concepts 580

12-2 Fundamental Interactions and the Force Carriers 588

A Further Comment about Interaction Strengths 595

12-3 Conservation Laws and Symmetries 598

CCR

When Is a Physical Quantity Conserved? 601

CCR

Resonances and Excited States 609

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