Modern PhilosophyPART TWO

Baruch Spinoza

Background Early years The road to excommunication Lenses & philosophy Works

Spinoza: Goals & Methods

Goal: Freedom Ethics

Method Ethics Foundation Assumptions

Spinoza: Epistemology

Truth Necessity Appearance of contingency Ideas Opinion/Imagination Reason Intuition

Spinoza: Metaphysics

Substance Defining substance Infinity Defining God Ontological Argument for God’s existence God Argument for one substance Pantheism Is God a Person

Spinoza: Metaphysics

Atheist or Mystic Labels False Dilemma

Freedom & necessity Apparent contradiction Creation & Necessity Two types of events Free Will

Spinoza: Metaphysics

Mind-Body problem God’s attributes Mind-Body

Spinoza: Ethics

Freedom Overview Method Self Preservation Self-awareness The Mind Comprehensive understanding

Spinoza: Ethics

Good & Evil Good & Evil Self-preservation

Love & Immortality Intellectual love of God Immortality

Spinoza: Criticism/Impact

Conclusion The Wise man

Criticism Desirable Coherent

Impact Impact 18th Century 19th Century 20th Century

Leibniz: Background

German Culture Stagnant

Background for Leibniz Early years Professional career Diplomacy Works

Leibniz: Goal & Method

Goal Unified

Logical Method Logic Method Application of the method Assumptions

Leibniz: Epistemology

Innate Ideas Against Locke The Mind Against the empiricists

Leibniz: EpistemologyNecessity & Contingency

Truths of Reason & Truths of Fact Truths of reason Truths of fact Necessary & contingent truths Deduction

Leibniz: MetaphysicsGod

God Proofs for God’s existence

Proof of God’s existence by possibility & necessity God Perfection Existence

Cosmological Argument Two principles Two kinds of truth Sufficient Reason God

Leibniz: MetaphysicsProblem of Evil

Best of All Possible Worlds The best world God’s choice Diversity

No Better Possible World Intellectualist view The Problem & Reply The Best Denial of pantheism

Leibniz: MetaphysicsProblem of Evil

Evil as Privation The question Origin of evil-the ancients Origin of evil-intellectualist view Understanding & necessity

Analogy of the Boats Boats The Analogy Defects

Leibniz: MetaphysicsMetaphysical Points

Problems & Solutions Introduction Problems with Cartesian matter Problems with Spinoza Rejection of materialism Phenomenology Metaphysical Points

Leibniz: MetaphysicsMonads

Nature of Monads Introduction Minds Perception Continuity The identity of indiscernibles

Leibniz: MetaphysicsMonads

Windowless Monads Windowless

Pre-Established harmony Inner World One World

Space & Time Extended Things Space & Time

Leibniz: MetaphysicsMonads

Mind-Body Problem Bodies Interaction

Teleology & Mechanism Reconciliation Two Realms

Freedom & Determinism Freedom Compatibilism

Leibniz: MetaphysicsMonads

The City of God Souls Why did God create the world? Harmony, reward & punishment Machinery of Justice

Leibniz: MetaphysicsProblems & Impact

Problems The best of all possible worlds Freedom Collapse to Spinoza

Impact Dominant Lost potential Universal, logically perfect language