modelling alzheimer’s disease in vitro - hevs.ch · 19 abpathology: abdeposits in 6 week-old 3d...
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Biotechnology Summerschool, Sion, Sept 2017
Modelling Alzheimer’s disease in vitro
Laura Suter-Dick
11day-differentiated APP-GFP ReN cells
02.03.2017Dr. C. Gaiser and Prof. L. Suter-Dick 2
Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
Statistics:
• Worldwide, nearly 44 million people have
AD or a related dementia
• Alzheimer’s and other dementias are
the top cause for disabilities in later life
•
• The cost of caring for AD-patients in the
U.S. is estimated to be $236 billion in 2016
• The global cost of AD and dementia is
estimated to be $605 billion, which is
equivalent to 1% of the entire world’s
gross domestic product
02.03.2017Dr. C. Gaiser and Prof. L. Suter-Dick 3
Forms of AD:
• Alzheimer disease (AD): most common form of age-related dementia, progressive
memory loss and cognitive impairment
• Familial AD (FAD): Familial, early-onset (<60y.), autosomal dominant forms of AD
caused by mutations in b-amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 and 2
(PSEN1, PSEN2)
Alzheimer’s disease (AD)
Castellani & Perry, Biochem Pharm Review, 2014
DAPT N-[N-(3,5-Difluorophenacetyl-L-alanyl)]-S-phenylglycine t-Butyl Ester
A cell-permeable dipeptide that inhibits γ-secretase and suppresses Aβ production (Aβ total IC50 = 115 nM; Aβ42 IC50 = 200 nM)
Reported to reduce extracellular Aβ plaques and intracellular Aβ accumulation in 3xTgAD transgenic mice
Compound E
A cell permeable, g-secretase inhibitor XXI
b-secretase inhibitor IV
A cell-permeable isophthalamide compound containing hydroxyethylamine motif that binds to BACE-1 active site and potently
blocks its proteolytic activity (IC50 = 15 nM for BACE-1, human and 29 nM for sAPP_NF in HEK293-APPNFEV cells).
SGSM41
γ-secretase modulator, potently inhibiting the generation of Aβ42 and to a lesser extent Aβ40 while concomitantly increasing Aβ38
Aβ3
b- and g- secretase inhibitors
Current treatment for AD
Symptomatic treatment
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved two types of medications
1) Cholinesterase inhibitors (Aricept, Exelon, Razadyne): They inhibit the acetylcholinesterase from breaking down
acetylcholine, thereby increasing both the level and duration of action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
2) Memantine (Namenda): Acts on the glutamatergic system by blocking NMDA receptors. It has been associated with a
moderate decrease in clinical deterioration with only a small positive effect on cognition, mood, behavior, etc
to treat the cognitive symptoms (memory loss, confusion, and problems with thinking and reasoning) of Alzheimer's disease.
Antibodies agains A-beta: solanezumab (a humanised monoclonal antibody that promotes β-amyloid clearance in the
brain), failed in recent Phase III clinical trials
Biologicals
Key factors in AD
5
Musiek & Holzman, Nature Neurosciences, 2015
APP
PSEN
London mutation: V717I
first described in APP, 1991
english and american families
most commun worldwide
increase Ab42,
early onset AD
Swedish double: K670N, M671L
described in swedish families,
1992
increase Ab levels
early onset AD
APP encodes for beta-amyloid precursor protein
http://www.alzforum.org/databases
PSEN1 encodes presenilin-1, a subunit of the y-secretase
S290C mutation
T291-S319 del=DE9
english family (Perez-Tur et
al.,1995)
abrogates the splice acceptor site
so that exon 9 is spliced out of
transcripts
early onset AD
Schaeffer et al., 2011
In vivo systems: No mouse models fully replicate the human disease
In vitro systems
Kim et al., 2015, Nature protocols
2D cultures: secreted amyloid b diffuses into a large volume of media
3D cultures: accelerate amyloid b deposition by limiting its diffusion and allowing for aggregation
11
Goal of the our project
• The goal of the research was to generate an in vitro model to recreate key events
involved in the pathophysiology of AD
• Deposition of A-beta plaques
• Hyperphosphorilation of Tau and intracellular deposition of pTau tangles
• Neuroinflammation
Walker and Jucker, 2013 Swartfager et al., 2014Walker and Jucker, 2013
12
Differentiation of the human neural progenitors ReN VM cells
Nestin
GFAP
2 week-
differentiated
ReN cells
MAP2
13
ReN-GFP
ReN-GFP-APP
ReN-GFP-APP-PSEN APP-SL PSEN-DE9IREST2AGFPCMV
APP-SLT2AGFPCMV
GFPCMV
• Polycistronic lentiviral constructs
Lentiviral transduction
APP-SL: APP with both K670N/M671L (Swedish) and V717I (London) mutations
PSEN-DE9: PSEN1 with deleted exon 9
14
GFP-APP-PSEN highP0 P2 P4
GFP-APP-PSEN lowP0 P2 P4
P3 P5 P7GFP-high
P7
P6
52.6%
45.4% 29.1% 29.6%
21.3% 24.5% 28.3%
27.9% 22.7% 9.1% 8.8%
GFP enrichment of the FAD GFP+ cell lines
GFP-APP-PSEN
HIGHLOW
15
FACS1 FACS2
Wt+Mut (380 bp)
APP
*
*
APP
primer
binding sites
Mut (357 bp)
FACS1 FACS2
*
*
APP London
primer
binding sites
London mutation:
V717I
APP Swedish
primer
binding sites
FACS1 FACS2
Mut ( 217 bp)
*
*
Swedish mutated APP
Swedish mutations:
K670N; M671L Wt (308 bp)Mut (221 bp)
Presenilin1
FACS1 FACS2
PSEN1
primer
binding sites
PSENDE9:
S290C
London mutated APP
Expression of the mutated constructs in enriched FAD GFP+ ReN cells
16
GFP GAP-High GAP-Low
3 weeks
7 weeks
10 weeks
2 weeks
6 weeks
8 weeks
3 weeks
7 weeks
12 weeks
GFP expression of differentiated FAD 3D-cultures
Cell death increased in GAP High expressing cells after 9 weeks => related to FAD-phenotype?
17
Viability of the 3D cultures
>8 weeks: reduction of
axonal connectivity and
cell death in FAD-line
GFP 8 weeks GFP-APP-PSEN high 8 weeks
18
Ab pathology: production of Ab42 from 6 weeks onwards
19
Ab pathology: Ab deposits in 6 week-old 3D cultures
Medium
Medium
SmallSmall
Small
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Large 50-100um
Medium 30um Small 10um
Nu
mb
er
of
Ab
dep
osit
s
Size of Ab deposits, N =3
Ab deposits in thin-layer 6week-old 3D cultures
GFP
GAP High**
Large
Large
Medium
Large
GFP-APP-PSEN High (6 weeks)
Small
Medium
Ab
GFP-APP-PSEN Low
12 weeksAb
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Large >50um Medium 30um Small 10-20 um
Nu
mb
er
of
Ab
de
po
sit
s
Size of Ab deposits
GFP 9 weeks
GAP Low 12 weeks
20
pTau pathology: analysis of 3R/4R Tau isoforms by RT-PCR
3R Tau
6-week differentiated
3D thin-layer
cultures
4R Tau
300 bp
400 bp
Human
brain
21
pTau pathology: IF on 9 and 10-week old 3D cultures
pTauGFP-APP-PSEN High 10weeks
pTauGFP 9 weeks GFP-APP-PSEN High 9 weeks pTau
Neuroinflammation: Inclusion of inflammatory cells (THP-1)
control TNFa
6h-THP1
conditioned
medium
24h-THP1
conditioned
medium
control
6h-THP1
conditioned
medium
3D matrigel thin layer ReN culture
10 days in differentiation48h incubation
THP-1 cells-
conditioned
medium
ReN cells
24h:
control:
6h:
THP-1 diff.Activation
1μg/mL
LPS 24h
Untreated
control
24h
3D ReN cultures
2D THP-1 cultures
adapt to
ReN medium
24h
THP-1 diff.
THP-1 diff.
adapt to
ReN medium
24h
adapt to
ReN medium
24h
hTNF-α
100ng/mL
Activation
1μg/mL
LPS 6h
22
23
Neuroinflammation: Inclusion of inflammatory cells (THP-1)
differentiated THP-1
ReN
Differentiated THP-1 were printed on 3D Matrigel-ReN printed cells (3-day differentiated) using a RegenHU Bioprinter
and imaged after 5 days in culture (A: opening time: 100msec; B: opening time: 200msec).
0
10
20
30
40
Co
nc
en
trati
on
of
TN
F-
a (p
g/m
L)
Printed cultures
Production of TNF-a
ReN+THP-1100usec
ReN+THP-1200usec
A B
N.D.
0
5
10
15
20
Concentr
ation o
f T
NF
-a(p
g/m
L)
Printed cultures
Production of TNF-a
24
Neuroinflammation: Inclusion of THP-1 leads to neuronal cell
vacuolization
differentiated THP-1
ReN-GFP
ReN-GFP ReN-GFP+THP-1GFP GFP
ReN-GFP
ReN-GFP ReN-GFP+THP-1
PI/GFP PI/GFP
PI PI
GFP GFP
25
• Cells expressing FAD mutations are functional in terms of neuronal and glial
differentiation
• Phenotype
• Secretion of Ab42 in 2D and 3D cultures
• Detectable Abeta deposits in 6week and 12week -old 3D cultures
• Expression of p-Tau in axons, dendrites and cell bodies in 10week-old 3D
cultures
• Increased neuronal death in FAD-high cell line
• Amenable to co-culture with THP-1 and bioprinting
• Inflammatory stimuli (co-culture) cause neuronal damage
Conclusions
Unparalleled opportunity to study the mechanisms underlying AD and
the effects of pharmacological interventions
26
Acknowledgements
HLS, FHNW
Carine Gaiser
Anna Weston, Franziska Lampart
Linda Mauch, Nicole Pina
Felix Schuler, Nicola Vogt
F. Hoffmann-La Roche
Karl-Heinz Baumann, Christoph Patch, Carlo Cusulin, Viviane Anquez
Bernd Bohrmann, Françoise Gerber
FMI
Hubertus Koehler