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Mobile Broadband: Wireless Fundamentals

December 2013

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1 Mobile is the largest technology platform in the world, enabling broadband internet access anywhere

Wireless is the foundation to mobile broadband

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Qualcomm is the leader in Mobile 3G/4G. We foresee and solve the impossible wireless challenges.

4 2 Mobile broadband is an amazing technical achievement, critical to the mobile user experience

Wireless fundamentals are the foundation to mobile broadband powered by Mobile 3G/4G technologies

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Mobile is the largest technology platform in the world

~6.7 Billion connections, almost

as many as people on Earth1

7 Billion smartphones

to be shipped 2013-20172

New form factors; tablet/laptop

variants, wearables, etc. Evolving into Internet of Everything:

cars, meters, health-devices, etc.

1 GSMA Intelligence, July 2013 - note ~3.3B unique subscribers.

2 Gartner, April 2013

More prevalent than electricity

or running water in some regions

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The evolution of broadband from fixed to mobile

Fixed Broadband

Ethernet

Portable Broadband

Wi-Fi

Mobile Broadband

Mobile 3G/4G

1 Source: Wireless Intelligence, April 2013; WBIS+, April 2013

>75% Global broadband connections that

are mobile in 20131

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Anywhere Coverage

Connect to Internet with seamless mobility

anywhere you get a signal

Reliable Performance

Talk and browse without interruption with

more bars in more places

Fast Speeds

Stream, surf, upload, and download with

fast, predictable data rates

Mobile broadband is reliable, high-speed internet access…anywhere, anytime

Delivering rich user experiences through seamless mobile connectivity

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Usage Model Global Response

Access internet anytime, anywhere 60%

Fast/smooth web browsing 52%

Faster download speeds 45%

SMS/text messaging 45%

Instant access to email 41%

Take HD photos/images 40%

Runs multiple apps efficiently at same time 37%

Send/receive photos/videos (MMS) 36%

Quickly switch between apps 36%

Better power management 35%

Secure mobile banking/transactions 30%

Watch theater-quality movies/videos 27%

View/edit office docs 26%

Streaming video/movies 25%

Seamless mobile connectivity is the fundamental reason for buying a smartphone

Mobile

Broadband

High-definition

photos/images

High-definition

movies/videos

60%

40%

27%

For your next smartphone purchase, which of the following capabilities would drive your

decision to select one phone over others? Select all that apply

Source: Qualcomm quantitative survey conducted December through February 2013 on 2,000+ Gen Pop sample from 8 countries worldwide (USA, UK, China, Brazil, India, Mexico, Russia, South Korea)

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<0.01% packet loss Performance required for high priority applications with

mobility E.g., voice and video streaming

Mobile broadband is an amazing technical achievement

~100,000,000,000,000 X Magnitude of signal loss versus original signal due to

harsh wireless environment Equivalent to distance to mars versus thickness of needle

>19,000,000,000*

Gigabytes of worldwide mobile data traffic

forecasted in 2013 Equivalent to >4 billion full-length HD Movies

* Source: Cisco & GSMA, 2013

More processing power

than Apollo 11 when it

landed on moon

Battery holds ~5 watt-hours

of energy, enough to lift an

average adult 6 stories high

One device that fits in your

pocket replaces functionality

of at least 6 other devices

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Radio Signal

Signal-to-Noise Ratio

Range

Radio Channel

Spectrum

Data Rate

Capacity

Radio signals are like a ripple in

the water Radio channels are like highways

Radio channel has a finite

capacity like a pipe

Wireless Connectivity Fundamentals

Wireless fundamentals are the foundation of this amazing technical achievement

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Radio Signal

Signal-to-Noise Ratio

Range

Radio Channel

Spectrum

Data Rate

Capacity

Radio signals are like a ripple in

the water Radio channels are like highways

Radio channel has a finite

capacity like a pipe

Wireless Connectivity Fundamentals

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Amplitude (𝐴): Size of the ripple (energy)

Wavelength (𝜆): Distance between the ripples (meters)

Frequency (𝑓): How often the ripple goes by (hertz)

𝐴

𝜆

Water

Surface

Radio signals are like ripples in the water

Radio Signal: A form of energy that radiates

into space as radio waves.

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Radio signals (ripples) are modulated with information

1 0 0 1 0

1 0 0 1 0

Data

Amplitude Modulation

(AM)

Amplitude Modulation (AM):

Alternating how big you make the ripples

Modulation turns radio signals into information “carriers” creating a radio channel

Ripple Receiver

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Radio signals (ripples) transmit in noisy environments

Signal Power

Po

we

r

Distance (from ripple source)

𝑆𝑁𝑅 =𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

𝑁𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 + 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟

Range is the distance the signal can travel with acceptable SNR to

be decoded by receiver

Ripple Receiver

Noise + Interference Power

Noise

Interference

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~100,000,000,000 X Amount of signal loss possible across cell

compared to original signal

Cell Ripple Range

Operator Base Station

Ripple Source

User Equipment

Ripple Receiver

Mobile technologies provide signal quality despite harsh wireless environments

Ripple Source

(Transmitter)

Ripple Receiver

Internet

PSTN

Other Users

Interference

Environment

Noise

Enabled by Mobile 3G/4G technologies:

Advanced receivers and coding to detect low-power signals from noise

Multiple antenna techniques to create multiple paths to amplify signal

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Ripple Source

Transmitter #1

Ripple Receiver

Ripple Source

Transmitter #2

Requires seamless handoff between transmitters like swinging from a trapeze

Po

we

r (d

B)

Mobile technologies provide coverage beyond the cell

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Mobile cells are networked to provide mobility

Network

Switch/Router

Cells are designed with overlapping coverage to provide seamless handoffs across cells

Internet

PSTN

<0.01%

Packet loss required for high

priority apps (e.g., video)

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Radio Signal

Signal-to-Noise Ratio

Range

Radio Channel

Spectrum

Data Rate

Capacity

Radio signals are like a ripple in

the water Radio channels are like highways

Radio channel has a finite

capacity like a pipe

Wireless Connectivity Fundamentals

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Spectrum is like land – a finite resource; Radio channels are like highways built on this land

Radio Channel (highway):

Spectrum for specific communication link

105.3 FM Radio Channel

Radio Frequency Spectrum (land):

Frequency range for different types of wireless communication

100 MHz

Mobile band

850 MHz

FM Radio

1,500 MHz

GPS

1,900 MHz

Mobile band

2,350 MHz

Satellite Radio

Data (vehicles):

Bits of information carried on Radio channel

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Spectrum can be either licensed or unlicensed

Licensed Spectrum Cleared spectrum for exclusive use

(Mobile 3G/4G technologies)

Unlicensed Spectrum Spectrum shared by multiple technologies

(Wi-Fi, BT & others)

Operator

Predictable Performance

Foundation of Mobile Broadband

Unpredictable Performance

Local Area Access, Opportunistic Offload

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Frequency Division Duplex (FDD)

Two-lane highway (paired spectrum)

Spectrum 1

Spectrum 2

Spectrum 1

Time

Uplink (UL)

Downlink (DL)

Time

UL DL DL UL

Mobile technologies are a two-way (duplex) highway

Time Division Duplex (TDD)

One-lane, shared highway (unpaired spectrum)

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Finite

Spectrum Mobile technologies have finite available spectrum

Radio Frequency Spectrum

Defense 27%

Commercial 27%

Aeronautical 17%

Mobile 15%*

Broadcasting 8%

Other 6%

60 MHz 600 MHz 6 GHz 60 GHz

Requires large

antennas

Travels short

distance

* Based on average Europe allocations up to 6 GHz

Evolving Mobile 3G/4G technologies maximize spectrum efficiency with:

Advanced receivers and radio link improvements to get more bits per Hz

Multiple antenna techniques to create multiple paths to carry more data

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A radio channel has a peak data rate

≈ 𝑊 ∙ 𝑛 ∙ 𝑀 − 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑∗

The number of spatially

separated paths (highway

overpasses)

Number of Antennas

The width of the radio channel

(highway) built on spectrum

(land)

Spectrum Bandwidth

Peak Data Rate

(𝑅)

Theoretical max data rate in

ideal conditions measured in bits

per second (bps)

Higher Order Modulation

The number of bits (passengers)

transmitted per signal (vehicle)

Frequency

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10 01 00

Note: Overhead is extra bits for each packet beyond the payload containing information necessary to properly transport the packet end-to-end across the network

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Evolving Mobile technologies increase peak data rate

Channel Bandwidth (𝑾) 200 kHz 5 MHz 20+ MHz

# of Antennas (𝒏) 1 x 1 (n = 1) 1 x 1 (n = 1) 2 x 2 (n = 2)

Modulation (𝑴) 8-PSK (M = 3) 16-QAM (M = 4) 64-QAM (M = 6)

Peak Data Rate1 474 Kbps 14.4 Mbps 150+ Mbps

1 Download peak data rate, 2 Download peak data rate with 2 x 2 MIMO, 64-QAM Modulation, and 20 MHz carrier

2G Voice plus Messaging

CDMA, GSM, GPRS/EDGE

3G Mobile Broadband

WCDMA/HSPA, EV-DO

3G+/4G Advanced Mobile Broadband HSPA+, LTE, LTE Advanced

𝑅 ≈ 𝑊 ∙ 𝑛 ∙ 𝑀 − 𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑

Peak Data Rate Equation

Example: LTE Peak Data Rate2

Spectrum Bandwidth (𝑊) = 20 MHz

Number of Antennas (𝑛) = 2

Bits per Symbol (𝑀) = 6

Overhead = 37.5%

Peak Data Rate (𝑅) = 150 Mbps

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Radio Signal

Signal-to-Noise Ratio

Range

Radio Channel

Spectrum

Data Rate

Capacity

Radio signals are like a ripple in

the water Radio channels are like highways

Radio channel has a finite

capacity like a pipe

Wireless Connectivity Fundamentals

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Radio channel capacity is like a pipe’s capacity for water

Capacity (𝐶)

Theoretical max amount of data traffic that

can be reliably transmitted over a noisy radio

channel at a given time

100%

Single User

29%

15% 10%

21%

12% 13%

User 1

User 2

User 3

User 4

User 5

User 6

Radio channel capacity is shared amongst multiple users

26 Shannon’s Law

A radio channel has a finite capacity

≈ 𝑊 ∙ 𝑛 ∙ log2(1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅)

The number of spatially

separated pipes (paths)

Number of Antennas

This size of your pipe

(bandwidth)

Signal-to-Noise Ratio

The quality of your water

flow (signal quality)

Capacity (𝐶) Theoretical max amount of data that

can be reliably transmitted over a noisy

radio channel

Spectrum Bandwidth

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Shared

Resources Evolving Mobile 3G/4G technologies increase capacity

𝐶 ≈ 𝑊 ∙ 𝑛 ∙ log2(1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅)

Mitigate interference with

advanced receivers and antenna

techniques

Interference Mitigation

Higher

Efficiency

More Antennas

Create spatially separated paths

resulting in higher spectrum

efficiency (bps/Hz)

More Spectrum

Spectrum Aggregation

Clear additional licensed spectrum

plus opportunistic use of

unlicensed spectrum

Aggregate contiguous and non-

contiguous radio channels for

higher data rates

Detect low-power signals with

advanced receivers and coding

techniques

Enhancing user experience through faster data rates and lower latencies

Wireless fundamentals are the foundation to this evolution

Aggregated Data Pipe

Carrier #1

Carrier #2

Carrier #3

Carrier #4

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1000x data traffic growth*

preparing for

More devices everything connected

Richer content more video

Average bestseller:

Cumulative smartphone forecast between 2013-20171

7 ~

Billion

Movie (High Definition) 5.93 GB

Movie (Standard Definition)

2.49 GB

Homepage 0.0014 GB

Game for Android

1.8 GB

Soundtrack 0.14 GB

Book 0.00091 GB

Interconnected device forecast in 20202

25 ~

Billion

1 Gartner, April 2013; 2 Machina Research on behalf of GSMA, Dec. ’12, Note: 1000x would be reached if mobile data traffic doubled ten times, but Qualcomm does not make predictions when 1000x will happen, we work on the solutions to enable 1000x

Mobile technology evolutions to increase capacity equation will not be enough

Mobile data traffic growth— industry preparing for 1000x

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Small Cell

SMALL CELL

SMALL CELL

SMALL CELL

𝐶

𝐶

𝐶

𝐶

𝐶

𝐶 ≈ 𝑛 ∙ 𝑊 ∙ log2(1 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅)

Scaling Capacity with Small Cells

Reusing Capacity (𝐶) equation everywhere

More Small Cells

The biggest gain – reuse Shannon’s Law everywhere!

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Qualcomm is the leader in seamless mobile connectivity

delivering superior performance and technology

leadership We foresee and solve the impossible wireless challenges

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Qualcomm is the leader in Mobile 3G/4G technologies Each modem generation enhances user experience and provides more capacity

First LTE

World

Mode

First LTE Advanced

DL: 150 Mbps

20 MHz Carrier Aggregation

First HSDPA

DL: 1.8 Mbps

UL: 384 kbps

Higher Order Modulation

First HSUPA

DL: 7.2 Mbps

UL: 5.76 Mbps

Enhanced Uplink Channel

First Integrated

LTE

Smartphone

First HSPA+

DL: 28 Mbps

UL: 5.76 Mbps

Higher Order Modulation

2 x 2 MIMO

First DC-HSPA+

DL: 42 Mbps

UL: 11 Mbps

Carrier Aggregation

First Integrated LTE Multimode

DL: 100 Mbps

Higher efficiency (LTE)

2 x 2 MIMO

Support for 3G and 4G technologies

Time

Inc

rea

sin

g U

se

r E

xp

eri

en

ce

Qualcomm Gobi is a product of Qualcomm Technologies, Inc.

First World Mode LTE

Advanced Modem

with 40 MHz CA and CAT61

DL: 300 Mbps

40 MHz Carrier Aggregation

1 November 20, 2013: Qualcomm Technologies Announces Fourth-Generation 3G/LTE Multimode Modem - First Commercial Solution to Offer Global 4G LTE Advanced 40 MHz Carrier Aggregation for CAT6 FDD and TDD

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1 Mobile is the largest technology platform in the world, enabling broadband internet access anywhere

Wireless is the foundation to mobile broadband

3

Qualcomm is the leader in Mobile 3G/4G. We foresee and solve the impossible wireless challenges.

4 2 Mobile broadband is an amazing technical achievement, critical to the mobile user experience

Wireless fundamentals are the foundation to mobile broadband powered by Mobile 3G/4G technologies

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www.qualcomm.com & www.qualcomm.com/blog

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References in this presentation to “Qualcomm” may mean Qualcomm Incorporated, Qualcomm Technologies, Inc., and/or other subsi diaries or business

units within the Qualcomm corporate structure, as applicable.

Qualcomm Incorporated includes Qualcomm’s licensing business, QTL, and the vast majority of its patent portfolio. Qualcomm Te chnologies, Inc., a

wholly-owned subsidiary of Qualcomm Incorporated, operates, along with its subsidiaries, substantially all of Qualcomm’s enginee ring, research and

development functions, and substantially all of its product and services businesses, including its semiconductor business, QM C.

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