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saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabi
J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo momzadebis
departamenti
ssip iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis instituti
Ddodo WumburiZe
Mmartyofisa da marabdis
brZolebi
meomris biblioTeka #16
Tbilisi
2008
2
Tqvens winaSea axali seriis ,,meomris biblioTekis~ meTeqvsmete wigni; seria
iTvaliswinebs wignebis mTel wyebas, romlebSic popularulad iqneba gadmocemuli
saqarTvelosa da msoflio istoriis yvelaze saintereso da mniSvnelovani movlenebi.
seriis mizania qarTveli meomris da imedia, ara marto misi, patriotuli
aRzrda da codnis miwodeba misaReb formebSi. seriaSi gaTvaliswinebulia
popularuli, magram maRal profesionalur doneze dawerili saxelmZRvaneloebi; es
patara, magram tevadi da kargad gaformebuli broSurebi mieZRvneba qarTvelTa
udides mefe daviTs, Tamars, giorgi brwyinvales, bagrat III-s, saqarTveloSi
warmoebul mTavar da gadamwyvet brZolebs, XIX_XX ss-is gamoCenil qarTvel
oficrebs, saqarTvelosa da msoflio samxedro istoriis calkeul sakiTxebsa da
a.S.
seriis gamocemis iniciatorebi arian iv. javaxiSvilis istoriisa da eTnologiis
instituti da saqarTvelos Tavdacvis saministro.
didi survili da imedi gvaqvs, rom meomarTa da oficerTa garda, saqarTvelos
yoveli moqalaqe siamovnebiT miiRebs am seriis yovel axal wigns.
seriis garekanze moTavsebuli warwera da didi daviTi yvelas Seaxsenebs, rom
brZola saqarTvelosTvis dResac grZeldeba.
vaJa kiknaZe
seriis saredaqcio kolegia: istoriis mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori vaJa kiknaZe
istoriis mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori Tamaz beraZe
recenzenti: istoriis mecnierebaTa
doqtori, profesori eldar bubulaSvili
kompiuteruli uzrunvelyofa: Lnino gigani
ydis dizaini: giorgi kiknaZe
redaqtori: nargiz xarabaZe
teqnikuri redaqtori: mari WoniSvili
damtkicebuli da samoqmedod SemoRebulia saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis
gaerTianebuli Stabis J7 samxedro ganaTlebisa da sabrZolo
departamentis ufrosis _ polkovnik nodar qviliTaias mier
saqarTvelos SeiaraRebuli Zalebis gaerTianebuli Stabis
topografiuli sammarTvelos stamba. 2008 w.
q. Tbilisi, general kvinitaZis q. #20
tel.: +995 32 91-19-83
faqsi: +995 32 91-19-83
3
martyofisa da marabdis brZolebi XVII saukunis saqarTvelos
tragikuli istoriis ori mniSvnelovani niSansvetia. martyofSi
qarTulma mxedrobam brwyinvale gamarjveba moipova, marabdaSi _
damarcxda. miuxedavad amisa, orive omi qarTuli iaraRis
Zlevamosilebasa da mxedruli niWis ukvdavebas ukavSirdeba. tyuilad ki
ar werda poeti: `Torem mters isic ki SeaSinebs, erTxel xmamaRla rom
vTqvaT marabda~_o. aris damarcxeba, romelic gamarjvebas utoldeba.
Zlevamosili Sah-abasis TvalSi, marabdis omi gamarjvebis ki ara, marcxis
tolfasi iyo, radgan TiTqmis mTeli jari gauwyvites qarTvelma
meomrebma. TuU saboloo gamarjveba qarTvelebma ver moipoves, es
qarTulma xasiaTma ganapiroba: TavkerZobam, Sida dapirispirebam,
undoblobam da sixarbem.
samxedro strategiaSi gamarjvebis xelovnebis Seswavlas mWidrod
ukavSirdeba sabrZolo marcxis gamomwvevi mizezebis gaazreba, radgan
warmateba da marcxi xSirad Zalze axlosaa erTmaneTTan. martyofisa da
marabdis omebs epoqaluri mniSvneloba aqvs _ qarTveli xalxis
gamoCenilma gmirobam, Tavganwirulma suliskveTebam aiZula sparseTis
veragi Sahi _ abas I xeli aeRo mzakvrul gegmaze, rac aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos qarTuli mosaxleobis ayras, sparseTSi gadasaxlebasa da am
miwaze iranuli tomebis Camosaxleba-damkvidrebas isaxavda miznad. am
Canafiqris aRsrulebisas Sahi moRalate qarTvelebis gamoyenebasac
fiqrobda. maT Soris iyo Sahis karze Sexiznuli sardali, rCeuli
samxedro niWiT dajildoebuli, Tbilisisa da dvaleTis mouravi giorgi
saakaZe. saakaZes Sah-abasisadmi erTguleba ukve ramdenjerme hqonda
dadasturebuli, magram Sahi ase didmniSvnelovan saqmeSi bolomde mas
mainc ver endoboda. Tavis mxriv, saakaZis winaSec dadga samkvdro-
sasicocxlo arCevani: an samSoblos gadarCena, an Sahis karze
warmatebuli karieris sanacvlod, samSoblos sabolood daqcevisaTvis
daeWira mxari. martyofis omSi man arCevani saqarTvelos sasargeblod
gaakeTa.
imisaTvis, rom kargad CavwvdeT am ori omis suliskveTebasa da
mniSvnelobas Cvens istoriaSi, unda gavixsenoT XVII saukunis pirveli
meoTxedis istoriuli realoba, qarTl-kaxeTis samefosa da mis irgvliv
Seqmnili politikuri suraTi; warmovidginoT am dramatuli movlenebis
mTavari moqmedi gmirebi: qarTlis mefe luarsab II, kaxeTis mefe
Teimuraz I, sparseTis veragi Sahi _ sefianTa dinastiis yvelaze
gamorCeuli TviTmpyrobeli, `sparseTis lomad~ wodebuli abas pirveli
da XVII saukunis dasawyisSi mTels aRmosavleSTi aRiarebuli sardali
giorgi saakaZe.
4
X X X
luarsab II mefobda 1606-1614 wlebSi. is 14 wlis avida taxtze,
rodesac mamamisi _ giorgi X Sah-abasis TbilisSi yofnisas uecrad
gardaicvala. gaCnda azri, rom is Sahma moawamvlina. luarsabi
garegnulad lamazi, WeSmariti qristiani da gulTbili adamiani iyo. mis
naklad malemrwmenobasa da meryev xasiaTs miiCnevdnen oponentebi, Tumca,
tyveobaSi myofma, sparsul cixe-gulabSi ramdenime wels gamoketilma,
arnaxuli simtkice da zneobrivi srulyofileba gamoavlina.
luarsab II-s colad hyavda giorgi saakaZis da, romelic Zalian
moewona da Seuyvarda, magram Tavadebma iukadrises `aznauri~ dedofali,
mefes colTan gayra mosTxoves, saakaZes daupirispires da mtrad
gadakides, rac misTvis sabediswero Secdomad iqca. saakaZesTan
dapirispirebam Searyia misi mefuri Zlierebac, feodalebs mefis
winaaRmdeg moqmedeba gauadvila, Sina-ganxeTqilebam ki mtris wisqvilze
daasxa wyali, Sah-abasma ufro warmartebiT SeZlo Tavisi antiqarTuli
politikis gatareba.
Sah-abasis intrigebi luarsab II-s mTeli mefobis manZilze uSlida
xels moegvarebina saSinao problemebi, iranTan urTierToba. man scada
gamoeyenebia qarTvel mefeTa megobroba, imereTis mefis, _ giorgi III-isa
da kaxeTis mefis Teimuraz I-is mokavSireobiT SahTan dapirispireba.
miTumetes, Teimurazs misi da, xoreSani hyavda meore colad. Sahisagan
Serisxuli siZe-colisZma erTxans imereTSic gadavidnen, magram Sahma
SeZlo moRalate Tavadebis mosyidva, maTi saSualebiT da sakuTari
cbierebiT, luarsabis imereTidan gadmoyvana da sparseTSi wayvana, iq
datyveveba. didi tanjva-wameba gadaitana cixeSi, magram ar gatexila, arc
sarwmunoeba Seucvlia, ramac sabolood gadawyvita misi bedi. luarsabi
mSvildis sabliT CamoaxrCves 1622 wels. misi da _ lela, romelic
Sahis coli iyo, imave dRes ganuteva colobidan Sahma da feiqar-xans
gamoayola, kaxeTis asaoxreblad rom modioda.
X X X
giorgi saakaZe daibada 1580 wels, aznaur siauS saakaZisa da Tamar
baraTaSvilis ojaxSi. saakaZis mamuli mdebareobda qarTlSi, sofel
nosteSi, saakaZeTa sagvareulo monasteri iyo erTawminda. saakaZes kargi
ganaTleba miuRia. icoda sparsuli da Turquli enebi. igi simon I-Tan
erTad ebrZoda osmalebs, iyo qarTlis mefis _ giorgi X-is erTguli
TanamebrZoli. Tavisi didi niWiT da samxedro ostatobiT
gansakuTrebuli avtoriteti moipova luarsab II-is karze. xalxma mas
5
`didi mouravi~-c uwoda. piradma Rirsebebma da niWma ganapiroba giorgi
saakaZis arnaxuli popularoba. 1609 wels, taSiskaris brZolaSi, man
sastikad daamarcxa osmalo dampyroblebi da gamoCenili mxedruli
mamacobiT kidev ufro gaiTqva saxeli. kidev ufro amaRlda, rodesac
luarsab II-m mis daze iqorwina. qorwineba uiRblo gamodga: dedofali
male gamodevnes sasaxlidan qarTlelma didebulebma, Sadiman
baraTaSvilis meTaurobiT, maTve ganawyves mefe saakaZis winaaRmdeg,
Caagones misi mtroba da Ralati, waaqezes mis mosaklavad. saakaZem
Zlivs gaaswro sasjels, ojaxTan erTad, sparseTSi gadaixvewa.
Sahis karze myofi didi sardali male gaxda cnobili sparseTSic,
Sah-abassa da mis mxedrobas man saxeli mouxveWa omebSi; magram
samwuxarod, sparselebis mier qarTlsa da kaxeTSi Cadenili mravali
danaSauli, romelic maT XVII saukunis 10-iani-20-iani wlebis
dasawyisSi Caidines, saakaZesac braldeboda. Mmas, marTlac sZulda
luarsab II, Caagonebda Sahs, rom misi sikvdili daalagebda qarTlSi
viTarebas; amas piradi siZulvili da SurisZiebis grZnoba akeTebinebda,
rac xSirad, saqarTvelosTvis didi zianis momtani iyo.
rodesac Cveni qveynis yofna-aryofnis kritikuli Jami dadga,
saakaZem uRalata Sah-abass, gawira Svili, axloblebi, sakuTari Tavi
safrTxeSi Caagdo, didi gmiroba gamoiCina da martyofisa da marabdis
brZolebiT saqarTvelo ixsna. bevri ibrZola, magram mis brZolas
realuri Sedegi ar mohyolia. amitomac misi cxovreba ufro tragikuli
gaxada, _ 1626 wels, bazaleTTan qarTveli sardali saakaZe Tavisi
momxre qarTvelebiT, mefe Teimuraz I-s da mis momxreebs iaraRiT
daupirispirda. saaakaZe damarcxda da osmaleTSi gadaixvewa. iqac Tavi
gamoiCina, magram Surma da eWvma iqac daamarcxa: 1629 wels igi mokles
SvilTan, avTandilTan erTad. Turqi istorikosi mustafa naima masze
dananebiT werda, aRwerda mis dasjas da usamarTlobad Tvlida aseTi
didi sardlis sasikvdilod gametebas.
X X X
Teimuraz I iyo kaxeTis mefe, poeti da mwignobari. is 1606-1660
wlebSi mefobda, Tumca, drogamoSvebiT iZulebuli iyo, samefo taxti
daeTmo da ltolvilobaSi gadasuliyo.
Teimuraz I-s, giorgi saakaZis msgavsad, istorikosebi rogorc
dadebiTad, aseve uaryofiTad afaseben. mis moRvaweobas akritikebda
zogierTi qarTveli mweralic. mefe arCilis azriT, Teimurazi ufro
did dros andomebda nadimobasa da nadirobas, risi Sedegic iyo Sah-
6
abasis jarTan qarTvelTa marcxi. iranTan omSi kaxeTis moumzadeblobas
aRniSnavs Sah-abasis meistorie isqander munSic. Teimurazis Secdomad
zogierTi qarTveli moRvawe Tvlida giorgi saakaZesTan mis
ganxeTqilebasa da bazaleTis oms.
Teimurazi ar iyo sworxazovnad dadebiTi an uaryofiTi pirovneba.
is ufro tragikuli istoriuli figuraa. mas moukles deda da Svilebi
_ ori vaJi sparseTis tyveobaSi daeRupa, mesame ki _ Sah-abasis jarTan
brZolaSi, 1647 wels. Teimurazi iZulebuli iyo, mcirewlovani
SviliSvili da rZali ruseTis samefo karze gaeSva gadarCenis mizniT,
sadac gaizarda erekle I da, samwuxarod, dakarga is qarTuli zne-
Cveulebebi da tradiciebi, rac qarTvel mefeebs hqondaT. sanukvari
taxtis dabrunebisaTvis, SemdegSi is gamahmadianda, sparselTa Sahis
srulad morCili gaxda da ise gamefda. zogierTi mosazrebiT, erekle I-
is arakanonieri Svili da Teimurazis SviliSvili iyo ruseTis
gamoCenili mefe, reformatori da Zlieri imperiis Semqmneli petre I.
Teimuraz I-is mefoba taxtisaTvis mudmiv brZolaSi, Secdomebsa da
amao mcdelobebSi gailia. Tumca, poetma mefem Tavisi kvali datova
qarTul klasikur poeziaSi. mis kalams ekuTvnis `qeTevaniani~,
`vardbulbuliani~ da sxva nawarmoebebi, sadac igi aRorZinebis xanis
qarTuli sulierebis medroSed gvevlineba.
Teimurazma bevri gza mosinja kaxeTis samefos gadasarCenad. misi
mizani iyo mama-papaTa mier dawyebuli rusuli orientaciis gaRrmaveba.
amisaTvis imogzaura kidec ruseTSi, XVII saukunis 50-ian wlebSi. am
dros ruseTis mefe iyo aleqsi mixeilis Ze romanovi (1645-1682 ww.).
mefis karze is uxvad daasaCuqres, magram ar misces mTavari: samxedro
daxmareba. Teimurazi mixvda, rom isev iranis xelSi rCeboda, amitom
1660 wels Sahis karze gaemgzavra. sabediswero aRmoCnda kaxeTis mefis
da saxelovani poetis es nabiji. didi saxalxo zeimi iyo misi Casvla
Sahis karze, xalxi ise egebeboda, rogorc gamorCeul adamians, vinc
amdenxans ewinaaRmdegeboda iranis taxts, axla ki morCilad midioda am
taxtis mflobelisaken. iranis Sahmac dResaswaulad da nadimad aqcia
misi stumroba, magram rodesac dainaxa, rom Teimurazi SviliSvilis,
ruseTidan dabrunebuli erekles erTguli iyo, astrabadis cixeSi Casva
da moakvlevina.
X X X
sefianTa dinastiis warmomadgeneli Sah-abas I qveyanas marTavda
1587-1629 wlebSi. misi mefobis dasawyisSi irani dasustebuli iyo. mas
ebrZoda da samflobeloebs arTmevda mezobeli osmaleTis imperia. 1590
7
wels Sahma zavi dado osmaleTTan da Seudga reformebis gatarebas
iranSi. amasTanave, daiwyo mzadeba osmaleTTan omisaTvis, raTa
daebrunebina dakarguli politikuri batonoba kavkasiasa da
aRmosavleTSi.
reformebi gatarda administraciuli mmarTvelobis dargSi, aseve,
samxedro sferoSi. yizilbaSTa laSqari 60 aTasidan 30 aTasamde davida.
Sahis ZiriTadi dasayrdeni Seiqmna TofebiTa da zarbaznebiT
SeiaraRebuli kargad gawvrTnili mudmivi jari, romlis SemadgenlobaSi
Sedioda RulamTa 10 aTasiani cxenosani korpusi. am korpuss Sahis
gvardia ewodeboda. igi iranSi aRzrdili da ZaliT gamahmadianebuli
qarTveli da somexi axalgazrdebiT iyo dakompleqtebuli. am jarSi
aRizardnen gamoCenili sardlebi: qarTveli _ alaverdi-xani undilaZe da
somexi _ yarCixa-muxamed xani. es ukanaskneli xelmZRvanelobda
saqarTveloSi laSqrobebs, moTave iyo Sahis mier SemuSavebuli proeqtis
_ qarTl-kaxeTis amowyvetisa da am teritoriaze iraneli tomebis
Camosaxlebisa. martyofis velze brZolis dawyebisas, is SvilTan erTad
mokles qarTvelebma. iranis armiaSi Sah-abasis dros 120 aTasi kaci iyo.
aqedan, 41 aTasi mudmiv jarSi iyo, 75 aTasi ki saWiroebis dros
ikribeboda. samxedro reforma Catarda qarTveli alaverdi-xan undilaZis
meTaurobiT, romelsac exmarebodnen ingliseli Zmebi _ anton da robert
Serlebi. isini 1598 wels Cavidnen iranSi. am reformebiT irani Zlier
da centralizebul saxelmwifod gadaiqca. 1603 wels iranma omi
ganaaxla osmaleTTan, raTa daebrunebina 1590 wlis zaviT dakarguli
poziciebi. abas I-ma omis pirvelive wels moipova gamarjvebebi. mas
exmarebodnen qarTlis mefe giorgi da kaxeTis mefe aleqsandre II.
giorgi mefisgan Sahma moiTxova lores provincia da debedas xeoba,
sadac iranuli tomebi _ `borCalu~ gadmoasaxla. amiT xelT igdo
qarTlis strategiuli teritoria. kaxeTis mefes waarTva kak-eniselis
provincia, sadac mmarTvelad gamahmadianebuli da renegati* kaxeli
Tavadi daniSna. adgilobrivi qarTvelebi aq ZaliT gaamahmadianes da maT
SemdgomSi `ingiloebi~ _ axlad moqceulebi ewodaT.
Sahs aRizianebda ara marto osmaleTis metoqeoba, aramed ruseTic,
romelTanac qarTvel mefeebs kavSiri hqondaT. am mizeziT, man kaxeTis
mefe aleqsandre gamahmadianebul Svils _ konstantine-mirzas, 1605 wlis
12 marts, ZegamSi, rus elCebTan Sexvedrisas moakvlevina.
kaxeTSi daiwyo ajanyeba, romelsac mefis rZali _ qeTevani Caudga
saTaveSi. konstantine, romelmac mamis sikvdilis Semdeg taxti miitaca,
kaxelebma mokles. 1606 wels Sahi iZulebuli gaxda, kaxeTSi mefed
daesva aleqsandres SviliSvili da qeTevanis vaJi _ Teimurazi.
iranis Sahs orive qarTvel mefesTan daZabuli urTierToba hqonda.
mas kargad esmoda, rom qarTvel mefeebs igi sZuldaT da cdilobdnen
8
iranis uRlisagan gaTavisuflebas. amisaTvis isini ruseTTan awarmoebdnen
farul molaparakebebs da CrdiloeTis daxmarebiT surdaT iranisagan
Tavis daxsna. luarsab II da Teimuraz I xan emsaxurebodnen Sahs, xanac
eurCebodnen. 1612 wlis zafxulSi qarTvelebi ar gamocxaddnen SahTan
mazandaranSi, sadac nadirobis sababiT miiwvies. es ajanyebas udrida.
daiwyo antiiranuli moZraoba, romelSic gaerTiandnen qarTveli mefe-
Tavadebi. am dros ukve Sah-abasis karze imyofeboda giorgi saakaZe.
1613 wlis 16 oqtombers Sahi iranidan saqarTvelosken daiZra,
amasTan, man winaswar xma gaavrcela, osmaleTisken mivdivaro. qarTvelebma
yuradReba moadunes; osmaleTTan droebiTi zavi sul axali dadebuli
iyo (1612w.), amitom Sah-abasma sulTans Cumad acnoba, rom saqarTveloSi
midioda. abas I jer ganjaSi, 1614 wlis gazafxulze ki kaxeTSi
SemoiWra. Sahma Teimurazs winaswar mZevlebi gamoarTva: deda da ufrosi
vaJebi. abasma isini iranSi gagzavna.
SetakebaSi, romelic jer qiziySi, Semdeg muxranSi moxda,
qarTvelebi damarcxdnen. qarTlisa da kaxeTis mefeebi imereTSi
gadavidnen.
Sah-abasma ramdenjerme aaoxra qarTl-kaxeTi, ayara mosaxleoba da
iranSi _ fereidanSi gadaasaxla. Sahma tyved Caigdo qarTlis mefe
luarsabi, romelic 1622 wels iranSi, misi brZanebiT daaxrCves. 1624
wels SirazSi wamebiT mokles qeTevan dedofali, manamade ki misi
SviliSvilebi: levani da aleqsandre daiRupnen.
1625 wels iranis Sahma, saqarTvelos sruli mospobis mizniT,
didi jari gamogzavna, magram didi zaralic naxa martyofisa da marabdis
brZolebSi.
Sah-abasi, romelic Zlevamosili mbrZanebeli iyo da `iranis
lomad~ iwodeboda, saqarTvelos winaaRmdegobam sagrZnoblad daasusta.
man saocari intrigebiT daupirispira erTmaneTs qarTveli didebulebi,
uamravi qarTveli mokles misi brZanebiT, uamravi gaasaxles,
gaamahmadianes, daasaxiCres da daimones. mis dros iranis saxelmwifom
daibruna dakarguli dideba.
Sah-abasi iyo daundobeli, sastiki sisxlismsmeli, magram Tavisi
qveynis niWieri mmarTveli da organizatori. man icoda qarTuli,
somxuri, Turquli da sxva enebi. qarTvelebs didi adgili eWiraT mis
karze. rogorc yvela iranis Sahis, aseve mis haramxanaSic bevri
qarTveli, didebulTa ojaxebidan gamosuli axalgazrda qali imyofeboda.
Sah-abasi 1629 wels moulodnelad gardaicvala. arsebobs azri,
rom is mowamles.
9
X X X
martyofisa da marabdis omebis udidesi mniSvneloba rom
gaviazroT, aucileblad unda gadavavloT Tvali saqarTvelos
politikur viTarebas XVII saukunis dasawyisSi, aucileblad unda
vaCvenoT am didi saomari bataliebis foni.
qarTlSi, 1556-1600 wlebSi, svimon I mefobda. igi gamorCeuli iyo
uSiSrobiT, TavganwirviTa da meomruli niWierebiT. man mTeli sicocxle
omebSi gaatara _ xan sparseTs ebrZoda, xanac _ osmaleTs. marTalia,
amasiis zavis* Semdeg (1555w.) am orma qveyanam saqarTvelo Suaze gaiyo,
magram sparseTTan SedarebiT, Zlieri osmaleTi ar sjerdeboda dasavleT
saqarTvelosa da samcxis nawils, XVII saukunis dasawyisisaTvis igi
mTel amierkavkasiaSi gabatonda. 1600 wels simon I naxidurTan brZolaSi
tyved Cavarda da osmaleTis cixe _ iediyuleSi dalia suli. qarTlSi
misi vaJi giorgi X gamefda (1600-1606ww.). kaxeTSi am dros aleqsandre
II mefobda, romelic 1605 wels sakuTarma Svilma, gamahmadianebulma
konstantinem, Sah-abasis miTiTebiT mokla. mkvlelobis mizezi, ZiriTadad,
is iyo, rom kaxeTi intensiur diplomatiur urTierTobebs awarmoebda
ruseTTan, rac irans Zalze aRizianebda. kaxeTis mefes Sahma
daupirispira sakuTari vaJi, romelic adreuli bavSvobis asakidan
sparseTis samefo karze izrdeboda, iyo mahmadiani da Sahis interesebis
damcveli. mamisa da misi politikis siZulvilma Caadenina mas Zegamis
tragedia. konstantinem daikava samefo taxti, magram cota xniT. sul
male, igi ajanyebulma kaxelebma Camoagdes da mokles kidec. Meamboxeebs,
konstantines ufrosi Zmis, daviT mefis qvrivi, aleqsandres rZali _
qeTevan dedofali edga saTaveSi.
Sah-abasi iZulebuli gaxda, am ambavs Serigeboda da qeTevan
dedoflis Txovnac Seesrulebina: kaxeTis taxtze misi mcirewlovani
vaJi _ Teimurazi daesva. igi am dros 16 wlis iyo; amitom samefos,
dedamisi, Wkviani da energiuli qeTevani ganagebda.
1605 wlis 25 oqtombers, osmalTa 100 aTasiani armia, sinan-faSas
sardlobiT, urmiis tbasTan, sastikad damarcxda Sah-abasis 60-aTasian
jarTan. am gamarjvebam iranis Sahs saSualeba misca amierkavkasiaSi
SemoWriliyo da am regionSi osmalTa batonobisaTvis bolo moeRo.
1606 wlis gazafxulze Sah-abasma jer yarabaRi aiRo, Semdeg _
ganja da qarTlSi SemoiWra. Sahma gaanadgura lores, dmanisisa da
Tbilisis osmaluri garnizonebi. osmalebis nawili abasis samsaxurSi
Sevidnen, radgan Sahi orjer met jamagirs dahpirda. qarTul cixeebSi
iranelebi Cadgnen, Tbilisis cixis ufrosad yizilbaSi muhamed sultan
Samsedinle daniSna da naxWevans wavida. Sahis TbilisSi yofnisas
moulodnelad gardaicvala qarTlis mefe _ giorgi X. ambobdnen, Sahma
10
moawamvlinao. mis nacvlad, Sahis dasturiT, taxti giorgis memkvidrem _
14 wlis luarsabma daikava.
maS ase: qarTlSi luarsab II gamefda (1606 -1614ww.), kaxeTSi
Teimuraz I (1606-1660ww.). orive qristiani, iranis batonobis winaaRmdeg
Seupovrad mebrZoli qarTveli patriotebi iyvnen. gamefebidan erTi wlis
Semdeg, Teimurazi gurielis asul anaze daqorwinda, romelTanac ori
vaJi _ levani da aleqsandre SeeZina, SemdegSi Sah-abasisgan ganwiruli
axalgazrdebi, bebiasTan, qeTevan dedofalTan erTad, tyveobaSi rom
aResrulnen. qarTlis mefis bedic tragikulad ganviTarda: jer giorgi
saakaZis daze daqorwinebiT aimxedra erTguli Tavadebi. bolos qorwineba
gaauqma da giorgi saakaZesTanac mtroba Seeqmna. SemdegSi, am
dapirispirebas Seewira ara marto luarsabis sicocxle, aramed giorgi
saakaZis avtoritetic. saqarTveloSi mas yovelTvis eWvis TvaliT
uyurebdnen da luarsabis mkvlelad miiCnevdnen.
qarTlic da kaxeTic iranis vasalebi iyvnen, maT samxedro begara
ekisrebodaT: dampyroblis omebSi jari unda gaeyvanaT. qarTlidan
wasuli Sahi Semaxas cixes miadga da Teimurazs SemouTvala jariT
masTan gamocxadebuliyo. Teimurazma es ar gaakeTa. ganmeorebiTac
daibara, magram kvlav uari miiRo. Teimurazis nacvlad, dedamisi, qeTevan
dedofali eaxla Sahs aTaskaciani razmiT. Sahma wyena ar SeimCnia,
dedofali pativiT miiRo, qarTvelTa jari ki ar gamoiyena. man Tavisi
ZalebiT aiRo Semaxas cixe.
1612 wlis 20 noembers qalaq stambulSi daido zavi iran-
osmaleTs Soris. aRdga amasiis zavis pirobebi: dasavleT saqarTvelo
osmaleTs darCa, aRmosavleT saqarTvelo _ irans. aRmosavleTi samcxe,
qalaq axalcixiT, romelic amasiis zaviT irans ekuTvnoda, osmaleTis
mflobelobaSi moeqca, radgan 1612 wlisTvis igi ukve osmalebs epyraT.
1610 wels Sahma azerbaijanSi luarsabi da Teimurazi miiwvia,
sanadirod da samejlisod. abas I-s oriveni eaxlen didi amaliT da eqvsi
Tve darCnen masTan. am stumrobisas, Sahma luarsab II-s Tbilisis cixe
daubruna. am molaparakebaSi didi wvlili hqonda giorgi saakaZes,
luarsabis karze moRvawe rCeul moxelesa da sardals, romelsac ukve
didi saxeli hqonda, taSiskaris brZolaSi mopovebuli didi gamarjvebisa
da osmalebis ganadgurebisaTvis. amave wels, Teimurazis meuRle ana
moulodnelad gardaicvala, meore colad man luarsabis da _ xoreSani
SeirTo. Sahs luarsabisa da Teimurazis debic hyavda colad. ase rom, am
sami pirovnebis bedi erTmaneTs moyvruli urTierTobiTac gadajaWvoda.
Tumca arc Sahi apirebda Tavisi mravalricxovani haramxanis gamo
sakuTari politikuri interesebis daTmobas da arc qarTveli mefeebi
apirebdnen ukandaxevas TavianTi samefoebis da qarTvelobis gadasarCenad
brZolaSi. Sahmac kargad icoda qarTvelTa ganwyoba mis mimarT. amitom,
11
1614 wels Teimurazi gaafrTxila _ osmaleTs unda SevebrZolo da Tu
Cemi erTguli xar, Svili gamomigzavne mZevlado. darbazis
gadawyvetilebiT, kaxeTis mefem deda da umcrosi vaJi _ 3 wlis
aleqsandre gagzavna ganjas, sadac Sahi idga; Tan saxlTuxucesi nodar
jorjaZe gaayola. Sahma ufrosi vaJi moiTxova. Teimurazi iZulebuli
gaxda, isic gaegzavna. esec ar ikmara sparseTis mbrZanebelma, axla Tavad
mefes mosTxova mis winaSe gamocxadeba. mefe da kaxeli Tavadebi mixvdnen,
Sah-abass mTeli samefo ojaxis amowyveta rom Caefiqrebina. Teimurazma
luarsab mefes Seatyobina, Sah-abasi modis saqarTvelos asaoxreblad da
Tan Seni mosisxle saakaZe mohyvebao. qarTveli mefeebi erToblivi
omisTvis moemzadnen. es amboxeba iyo, rasac Sahi ar moiTmenda da asec
moxda. igi laSqars Tavad Caudga saTaveSi da saqarTvelosken gamoemarTa.
verag dampyrobels giorgi saakaZec edga gverdiT. luasabi da Teimurazi
imereTSi gadavidnen, isini imereTis mefem Seifara, magram iranis Sahma
luarasabi motyuebiT xelT igdo, sparseTSi waiyvana da gulabis cixeSi
gamoketa. marTalia, Teimurazi ki ver moigdo xelT, magram kaxeTi
aaoxra. Sahi cdilobda kaxeTi da qarTli mTlianad islamze moeqcia,
urCi mosaxleoba aeyara da sparseTSi gadaesaxlebina. qarTli luarsabis
gamahmadianebul naTesavs, _ bagrat xans Caabara da mrCevlad saakaZeE
dauniSna. kaxeTSi Teimurazis biZaSvili _ gamahmadianebuli iese, igive
isaxani dasva. isaxanis mrCevlebad Sahma daviT jandieri da nodar
jorjaZe daadgina.
Sah-abasi kaxeTSi ormocdaTi dRe darCa da gauwonasworebeli
xasiaTidan gamomdinare, xan megobrobas eficeboda aqaur mosaxleobasa da
Tavadebs, xanac Tavis mebrZolebs daundoblad aZarcvinebda.
somexi avtori araqel Tavrizeli mogviTxrobs: `kaxeTSi sparselTa
namoqmedars verc ena ityvis da verc kalami aRwers. gonebiT moisazre
da gaigebT, Tu ramdeni gautexeli qristiani maxviliT daaSaves, daWres
an daxoces, uadnaSauloni tyved waasxes da Seuracxyves, qoneba da
simdidre miitaces. naSenebi yoveli cecxls misces da dangries,
eklesiebi daaqcies, sakurTxevlebi, jvrebi da xatebi daamxes,
datyvevebulni banakSi waaTries da nair-nairi satanjveliT tanjavdnen:
siciviTa da siSiSvliT, SimSiliTa da wyurviliT da sxva mravali
xerxiT~.
mere veragma Sahma `Sahisevanoba~ gamoigona. abasma brZaneba gasca,
rom vinc masTan morCilebaSi gamocxaddeboda, did wyalobasa da pativs
uboZebda. aseTi adaniani Sahis megobari (`Sahisevani~) gaxdeboda. bevri
gaxda `Sahisevani~, magram saSineli bedi ewia am xalxs, isini jer
sparselebis nusxaSi Seitanes, mere ki sparseTSi garekes. ase motyuebiT
gadaasaxles uamravi qarTveli samSoblodan. zogierTi maTgani tyveebad
12
daariges, zogic miuval da mTian mxareSi daasaxles. fereidneli
qarTvelebis tragediac swored am dros daiwyo.
kaxeTidan Sahi qarTlSi gadavida, SeakeTa gorisa da suramis
cixeebi da Sig yizilbaSTa garnizoni Caayena. qarTls ufro
diplomatiurad eqceoda. jari gaafrTxila: mosaxleobas moerideT,
araferi dauSavoTo; gaxiznulebi daabruna; Tanac xma daarxia _
luarsabi Tu ar dabrundeba, saakaZes davsvam mefedo.
kaxeTis tragediam giorgi saakaZes TvalnaTlad aCvena Sah-abasis
saxe da miznebi. didi sardali mixvda dampyroblis mzakvrul Canafiqrs.
isedac kargad icnobda, sparseTSi gadaxvewamde grZnobda
saqarTvelosadmi mis mtrul zraxvebs, mas Semdeg ki, rac iranis karze
moxvda, giorgi saakaZem ufro Rrmad Seicno da gaiazra saqarTvelos
bedi, mezobeli qveynis saSineli zraxvebi mis mimarT. qarTlis
mosaxleobas mainc awynarebda, SahTan Serigeba-morigebas sTavazobda,
eSinoda _ kaxeTis bedi masac ar gaeziarebina. zogs isev sZulda, zogs
uyvarda. arc siZulvili iyo Cveulebivi da arc siyvaruli. orive
zRvargadasuli, fanatizmamde iyo misuli. ase darCa istoriaSic:
oradgayofili SefasebiT; pirveli: mteri da moRalate, meore: gmiri da
gadamrCeni. marTali iqneba, vinc daamtkicebs an erTs, an meores. saakaZe,
Cveni azriT, qveynis mteri da moRalate arasodes yofila, saqarTvelo
uyvarda da saSualeba Tu miecemoda, yvelanairad iRvawebda mis
gadasarCenad da gasaZliereblad, Tavis ganwirviTac ki. magram mas marto
qveynis siyvaruli ar amoZravebda, siZulvilic ubiZgebda moqmedebisaken;
mere ra, rom es siZulvili mis mtrebs xSirad Tavad hqondaT
damsaxurebuli, is ver amaRlda qristianuli zneobis srulyofilebiT,
siZulviliT ki keTili saqme ar gvirgvindeba. miTumetes, samSoblos
gadamrCeni da gmiri ver iqneba kaci, visac aseTi siZulvili eqneba.
xSirad xdeboda da xdeba CvenSi, pirovnebis siZulvili saxelmwifos
saZirkvels rom aryevs da amas ver vxvdebiT. luarsab mefisa da misi
erTguli garemocvisadmi SurisZiebisa da zizRis gamo, Sahis gverdiT
gaatara wlebi. Sahi ki ubralo sityvebs ar ujerebda, misgan saqmes
moiTxovda, rac saqarTvelos winaaRmdeg mimarTul qmedebasac
iTvaliswinebda. Tu amas ar gaakeTebda, maSin sxva gza unda aerCia, sxva
qveynis TavSesafari. aseTi ram ki XVII saukunis dasawyisis sinamdvileSi,
qarTveli saakaZisaTvis advili mosaZebni ar iqneboda. taSiskaris gmirs
osaleTis sulTanTan TavSefareba gauWirdeboda.
maS, isev una davtovoT Sefaseba: gaorebuli pirovneba, tragikuli
adamiani, romlis kiserze aris bevri qarTvelis codva, magram misi
qveynis madlic, radgan misma orma brZolam _ martyofma da marabdam
welSi gatexa Sahis sabrZolo siZlierec da Seanela qarTl-kaxeTis
mospobis survilic. aman ganapiroba giorgi saakaZis gmirobis xalxuri
13
Sefaseba. erma is gmirad Seracxa. msofliosa da saqarTvelos istoriaSi
bevri magaliTia imisa, rom xalxSi arcTu popularuli, zogjer ki
samarcxvinod miCneuli mefeebi da moRvaweebi, erTi gadamwyveti nabijiT
xdebian ara marto gmirebi, wmindanebic ki. giorgi saakaZec gmiria da am
Sefasebas Zvras ver uzams is uamravi eWvi, romelic misi pirovnebis
irgvliv obieqturad gaCnda. maSin, rodesac arc qarTlis mefes _
luarsab I-s da arc kaxeTisas _ Teimuraz I-s ar SeeZloT xmliT da
didi nebisyofiT dapirispirebodnen Sah-abasis ase gaZlierebul
dampyroblur madas, giorgi saakaZem SeZlo Rirseuli pasuxi gaeca
misTvis; SahisTvis gulic gaetexa da masSi saqarTvelos ganadgurebis
survilic moespo.
niWieri da veragi iyo Sah-abasic. mas giorgi saakaZe ara marto
osmaleTis winaaRmdeg sWirdeboda, aramed Sahs undoda misi didi
avtoriteti da samxedro xelovneba saqarTveloSi Tavisi miznebis
ganxorcielebisaTvis gamoeyenebia. Aabas I TiTqmis darwmunebuli iyo, rom
saakaZe Seurigebeli iqneoda mowinaaRmdegeebis mimarT da mzadyofnas
gamoxatavda, raTa misTvis enacvalebina sakuTari Tavic da qveyanac.
saakaZesac surda Sahis Tavisi miznebisaTvis gamoyeneba: misi
samxedro daxmarebiT politikuri mowinaaRmdegeebis daTrgunva, qveynis
gaerTianeba, centralizebuli saxelmwifos Seqmna Zlieri xelisuflebiT.
orive mixvda, oRond cota gvian, rom Secdnen erTmaneTSi. orives
sakuTari miznebi hqonda, rac TanxmobaSi verafriT movidoda, Tu erTis
survili ganxorcieldeboda, meore damarcxdeboda.
manamde, 1614-1618 wlebSi oTxjer ilaSqra Sahma saqarTveloze da
oTxivejer Tan axlda saakaZe. marTalia, mas brZolebSi monawileoba ar
miuRia, magram Sahis gverdiT ki idga. im Sahisa, romelmac arnaxuli
sisastike gamoiCina.
1619 wlidan qarTlis faqtiuri gamgebeli giorgi saakaZe iyo. is
uve kargad icnobda Sahs, mis antiqarTul miznebs. misi gegmiT, Sahis
winaaRmdeg erTiani ajanyeba unda momxdariyo, risTvisac saWiro iyo
rogorc imereTis samefos daxmareba, aseve osmaleTis mxardaWera.
saamisod gadadga kidec nabijebi. osmaleTTan kavSirisTvis qaliSvilis
qmari _ samcxis aTabagi farad-faSa gamoiyena, imereTis mefes _ giorgi
III-s ki piroba misca, Tu dagvexmarebiT da gavimarjvebT, Sens vaJs mivcem
qarTlis taxtso. es saqarTvelos gaerTianebis gegmis dasawyisi iqneboda.
kaxeTSi ver hpova Sahma myari dasayrdeni: 1624 wels SirazSi, qeTevan
dedoflis dasjam, araTu gatexa es kuTxe, aramed sulieri Zalac Semata
mtris winaaRmdeg. kaxeTis mmarTveli feiqar-xani grZnobda, rogor
daubrundnen mitovebul keras kaxelebi da rogori SurisZiebis grZnobiT
iyvnen anTebulni iranisadmi. miswera kidec Sah-abass da gaafrTxila
kaxeTis SesaZlo ajanyebis Sesaxeb. mefe Teimurazi am dros gadaxvewili
14
iyo, is dasavleT saqarTveloSi imyofeboda, Semdeg osmaleTs miaSura,
ruseTsac sTxova daxmareba, magram arc erTisgan da arc meorisgan Svela
ar Canda, kaxeTi ki samarTlianobis aRdgenas, kanonieri mefis taxtze
dabrunebas, iranuli jaris gayras da mSvidobis damyarebas eswrafvoda.
am mSvidobas omi sWirdeboda. feiqar-xama meored miswera Sahs _
aTiaTasi mebrZolis gamoyvana SeuZlia kaxeTs, Tu ajanydnen, gagviWirdeba
damorCilebao. qarTlidanac saeWvo ambebi midioda SahTan. moRalateebi
da moeneebi yvelgan hyavda sparseTis kars. Sah-abasma saqarTveloSi
gamosagzvni didi laSqris Segroveba daiwyo. 1624 wlis bolos TavisTan
gamoiZaxa giorgi saakaZe da misi colisZma _ zurab aragvis erisTavi.
saqarTveloSi wamosul jars yarCixa-xani Caudga saTaveSi, Sahis
pirad gvardiaSi aRzrdili, erovnebiT somexi sardali. mas Sahma Cumad
kaxeTisa da qarTlis saboloo aoxrebisa da qarTveli xalxis fizikuri
mospobis mizani dausaxa. mrCevlad saakaZe dauniSna, xmamaRla uTxra _
saakaZis gareSe arcerTi saqme ar gaakeToo, saidumlod ki gaafrTxila,
niSans daelode da Cemi brZanebis Sesabamisad imoqmedeo.
frTxilma da cbierma Sahma qarTvelebs mZevlebi mosTxova, saakaZis
umcrosi vaJi _ paata daitova TavisTan da zurab erisTavis coli _
RviZli da giorgi saakaZisa.
yarCixa_xani da misi jari TiTqosda mSvidobiani mizniT modioda:
isa-xan yorCibaSis asuli, Sah-abasis SviliSvili (qaliSvilis xaziT) _
jahan-banu mohyavdaT, raTa simon qarTlis mefeze daeqorwinebinaT.
sparseTis cnobili xanebi, jari da amala patarZals sapatio mayrebad
mohyvebodnen.
adregazafxuli idga. iranis jari qarTlSi movida, muxrans,
aRaianis velze dabanakda. yarCixa-xani Sahis saidumlo davalebis
Sesrulebas Seudga: muxrans moiwvia kaxeTis didebulebi da maTi
amowyveta ganizraxa. gegma aseTi iyo: kaxelebi iaraRSi Casxmuli unda
gamocxadebuliyvnen, viTomda sparseTis momaval laSqrobebSi
monawileobisaTvis. Tu sad igegmeboda laSqroba, maT jer ar icodnen.
yarCixa-xanTan gamocxadebulebma gaiges, rom es samxedro mzadeba
imereTis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. yarCixa-xanma moulodnelad
gamoucxada laSqars, rom aRar sWirdeboda kaxelebi, radgan ar endoboda
maT, rogorc qristianebsa da qarTvelebs. gamocxadebisaTvis madlobas
uxdida da saCuqarsac gadascemda, oRond iaraRi unda aeyaraT da
xanisTvis CaebarebinaT. saCuqari ki iqve, moSorebiT mdgar karavSi,
saTiTaod gadaecemodaT. kaxelebma iaraRi aiyares da saCuqrebisaTvis
karavs mimarTes. aq maT saTiTaod kveTdnen Tavebs. eseni iyvnen adamianebi,
romlebic sparseTis winaaRmdeg dawyebul moZraobaSi aqtiurad iyvnen
Cabmulni da Tu momavalSi didi ajanyeba ifeTqebda, ra Tqma unda, isini
am ajanebis sulisCamdgmelni iqnebodnen. Sahis saSineli politikiT
15
ukmayofilo da gamwarebul qarTvelebs ase uxdidnen samagieros:
motyuebiT, TvalTmaqcobiT asalmebdnen sicocxles. ramdenime xnis
Semdeg, karvis SesasvlelTan qsovili qarma aafriala da Zirs dayrili
gvamebi dainaxes rigSi Camdgarma kaxelebma. maSin mixvdnen, ratom
ayovnebdnen isini gamosvlas da sinamdvileSi ra xdeboda karavSi. maT
Tavs uSveles, gza gaikafes da kaxeTs miaSures. erTi versia aseTia.
meore ki, _ kaxelebi saerTod ar gamocxaddnen, radgan saakaZem winaswar
gaafrTxila. SesaZloa, orive versia swori iyos, saakaZem gaafrTxila
kaxelebi, magram yvelam ar daujera, nawili mainc gamocxadda, simarTle
Semdeg gaiges. iranelTa sardalic mixvda, rom am saqmeSi giorgi saakaZis
xeli eria. saakaZe garegnulad arafers imCnevda, is marTlac awarmoebda
saidumlo muSaobas sparselTa zurgs ukan, Tanac Sahs erTgulad
aCvenebda Tavs. sparseTSi darCenilma misma erTgulma emisrebma gaagebines,
rom Sahi specialur werils ugzavnida yarCixa-xans, romliTac sagangebo
davalebas aZlevda saqarTveloSi myof jars. saakaZe gafacicebiT
adevnebda Tvalyurs movlenebs da Sahis Sikriks sulmouTqmelad eloda.
werili SikrikisaTvis ise unda waerTmiaT, rom yarCixa-xanamde giorgisa
da mis xalxs Cavardnoda xelT, raTa saqarTvelos bedi, ufro sworad,
yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi, qarTvelebs gadaewyvitaT da ara sparselebs.
yizilbaSebis mTavari jari martyofSi idga. aq iyo giorgi saakaZec.
ver isvenebda sardali. win gaurkveveli da metad saSiSi procesebi
ilandeboda. sparseTSi datovebuli mZevlebi, saqarTvloSi Sahis
arnaxuli angariSsworebis molodini. axla gamoCndeboda vin iyo igi:
namdvili moRalate, Tu qveynisaTvis Tavdadebuli sardali, romelsac
Svilis, dis, Tavisi sicocxle unda gaewira.
erT dResac, loWinis xevSi sanadirod marto gasuli saakaZe, iqneb,
am fiqris morevSi trialebda da nadirobisaTvis sulac ar scxeloda.
saakaZem icoda, yarCixa-xani Sahis brZanebas rom eloda. iqidan wamosuli
macne loWinis xevs gamoivlida, amitom mouxSira iq nadiroba.
sparselebs ar ukvirdaT nadirobaze Seyvarebuli qarTveli sardlis
xSiri gasvla. am dros kaci dainaxa. mxedari sparseli iyo, anda,
sparseTidan modioda. icnes kidec erTmaneTi, Sahis sasaxlis karze
enaxaT. saakaZem TavisTan moixmo, magram kacma cxens maTraxi hkra da
gaqceva daapira. saakaZe aman daaeWva, gaekida, mxedari Seipyro da
gaCxrika. Sahis Sikriki aRmoCnda. SaTirs (Sahis macnes) werilic unaxa,
waikiTxa da gaognda. SaTirs iqve moaWra Tavi da damarxa. cxadi iyo:
movlenebs veRaraferi Seakavebda. Sahi yarCixa-xans kaxeTis amowyvetasa
da qarTlis ayras ubrZanebda, saakaZis moWril Tavsac sTxovda.
ajanyeba manam unda dawyebuliyo, sanam yizilbaSebi da maTi
sardali Sahis brZanebas miiRebdnen an vinme gaafrTxilebdaT Seqmnili
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. amitom banakSi dabrunebulma saakaZem ar gaamJRavna
16
Tavisi grZnobebi, araferi SeimCnia da ise mkacrad dauwyo darigeba
yarCixa-xans, TiTqos saqarTvelos dasja, qarTvelebis amowyveta mas
aranakleb swyuroda da eCqareboda, vidre yizilbaS xanebs.
mrCeveli iyo saakaZe yarCixa-xanisa da urCia: Seni jarebi kaxeTis
sxvadasxva kuTxeSi dagzavne, rom ajanyebis safrxe aviciloTo. daijera
xanma da gagzavna. amiT Tavisi Zalebi daqsaqsa da saakaZes dasaxuli
amocanis SesrulebaSi daexmara.
mouravma meore rCevac misca, aranakleb momgebiani TavisTvis:
qarTlis Tavadebi Sekribe da Sahis brZanebis Sesrulebis Sesaxeb
moelaparakeo, qarTlis mosaxleoba moamzadon asayrelad da sparseTSi
gadasasaxleblado. yarCixa-xanma esec gaakeTa. samagierod, saakaZem erTad
Sekrebil qarTvel Tavadebs saidumlod gaando Sahis namdvili ganzraxva
da SikrikisTvis warTmeuli werili waakiTxa. am saidumlo TaTbirze
moxvedrilma Tavadebma sabolood iwames misi, radgan TvalnaTliv
ixiles Sahis saSineli ganzraxva da saakaZis gulwrfeloba. amave
TaTbirze Sedga ajanyebis gegma. mters ver unda egrZno saakaZis Ralati,
amitom, dromde darCeboda sparselTa banakSi giorgi saakaZe, mas niSans
miscemdnen is Tavadebi, romlebic jars Sekrebdnen da daniSnul dros
daTqmul adgilze movidodnen. saakaZe banakis SigniT imoqmedebda da ise
daexmareboda qarTvelebs. SeTqmulebma erTgulebis fici dades, winaswar
gaatares zogi iseTi RonisZieba, rac gauadvilebdaT moqmedebas.
magaliTad, CamoiSores anduyafar amilaxvari, romelsac ver endobodnen,
radgan gamahmadianebulic iyo da coladac Sahis naTesavi _ yorCibaSis
asuli hyavda, simon mefis colisda. anduyafari safurclis WalaSi
Seipyres, colSvilianad Tergis xeobaSi waiyvanes da arSis cixeSi
gamoamwyvdies.
sparselTa banakSi giorgi saakaZesTan erTad, sxva qarTvelebic
imyofebodnen: giorgis vaJi _ avTandili, Tavadebi _ elia diasamiZe da
paata xerxeuliZe, saakaZis ganuyreli msaxuri papuna vaSayaSvili. yvela
eseni ubadlo meomrebi da Seudareblad mamaci adamianebi iyvnen. saakaZes
isinic daexmarebodnen banakSi dawyebul brZolaSi. muxranidan sparseTis
jarma adgili moinacvla da martyofis velze dabanakda. sword aq moxda
brZola 1625 wlis 25 marts (axali stiliT 7 aprils), xareba dRes.
martyofis brZola saqarTvelos istoriis gamorCeul movlenad iqca.
im RamiT yarCixa-xani mTavarsardlis banakSi isvenebda, misi vaJi _
imamverdi begic masTan iyo. martyofis veli mdumarebas moecva.
sparselTa banakSi myof 30 aTas yizilbaS meomars mSvidad eZina. banakSi
sul xuTi qarTveli iyo da maT gareTac aravin uSvebda, radgan saakaZes
ver endobodnen da garedan ufro did safrTxes igrZnobdnen, Tuki is
Tavisuflad imoZravebda mis qveyanaSi, vidre banakSi _ 30 aTasi
yizilbaSis gverdiT. samagierod, banaks gareT saakaZis colisZma, zurab
17
erisTavi daTareSobda, omSi iwvevda xalxs, qarTul laSqars krebda,
martyofis velze yizilbaSTa sisxlis dasanTxevad. albaT, saerTo
simSvideSi mxolod qarTvelebi ver daiZinebdnen, radgan maT icodnen, ra
mohyveboda ganTiads, maTi gulebi gamalebiT cemda yizilbaSebTan
samkvdro-sasicocxlo Sebmis Jams. ubralo misia xom ar hqondaT: am
xuTeuls _ giorgi saakaZes, avTandils, paata xerxeuliZes, elia
diasamiZes da papuna vaSayaSvils; Signidan una emoqmedaT da maTze
gadatydeboda omis dasawyisSi aelvebuli maxvili. an gaimarjvebdnen, an
_ vera. isini mzad iyvnen samkvdro-sasicocxlo SebmisaTvis. Relavdnen
da elodnen ciskars, romelsac sisxlis wvima unda mohyoloda.
ciskaric dadga.
gamayruebelma xmam, jaris yiJinam da iaraRis Cxarunma SeZra
myudroebaSi CaZiruli martyofis veli. es qarTvelTa jari moadga
yizilbaSTa banaks zurab erisTavis sardlobiT. dabneuli sparselebi
wamoxtnen da SeSinebuli kiTxulobdnen, ra moxda. yarCixa-xanic
gamoiWra karvidan da sardlebi ixmo. yvelani mividnen, maT Soris
saakaZec. Tormeti xani saxeldaxelod gamzadebuliyo sabrZolvelad.
gakvirvebuli Sescqerodnen da brZanebas elodnen yarCixa-xanisagan Sahis
erTguli xanebi: mohamed yuli-xani, ziad-oRli da sxvani. yarCixa-xani
instinqturad xvdeboda simarTles da giorgi saakaZes Sehyvira, Cqara
CamobrZandi cxenidan da Tqvi, ra xdebao. saakaZem ufro mSvdad uTxra: me
ki ara, Senc cxenze Sejeqi da jars mixede, mgoni Teimurazi modis
Tavisi jariTo. cxens moaxta yarCixa-xani, magram uzangSi erTi fexi rom
gahyo, meore aRar dascalda, saakaZem Subi aZgera da cxeni da kaci
erTad mokla. misma vaJma, avTandilma yarCixa-xanis Svili _ imamverdi-
begi gamoasalma sicocxles. saakaZis mxleblebma, simciris miuxedavad,
umeTaurod darCenil, dabneul da SeSinebul sparsTa jars musri
gaavles. sparsi mTavarsardlebic xmliT TavgaCexilebi dacvivdnen Zirs.
pirveli Setevis gmirebi swored saakaZis mxlebeli oTxeuli iyo.
saakaZem iusuf-xansac gaagdebina Tavi. ramdenime wuTSi sparselTa urdos
aRarc erTi sardali aRar hyavda cocxali, qarTvelebi uwyalod
Jletdnen momxdurT. yvelafrisaTvis iZiebdnen Surs, rac odiTgan
datexoda Tavs Cvens qveyanas mazdeanuri Tu mahmadianuri sparseTisagan.
mTeli dRe misdevdnen qarTveli meomrebi gaqceul mters da xocavdnen.
mustafa naimas cnobiT, sparselTa 30-aTasiani jaridan, mxolod
sami aTasma yizilbaSma uSvela Tavs gaqceviT, danarCenebi qarTvelebma
akuwes. maT mtris didZali iaraRi da qoneba Caigdes xelSi.
saakaZem sulis moTqmis saSualeba ar misca sparselebs. qarTvelebi
araCeulebriv simamaces iCendnen, Surs iZiebdnen mtrebze didi xnis
uRlisa da wamebisaTvis. saakaZes omis win TeimurazTanac hqonda kavSiri
dmyarebuli, kaxelebi mefis gareSe SeuerTdnen mas, mefe ki, dasavleT
18
saarTveloSi iyo, gonios cixeSi. ufro sworad, osmaleTSi. axla
erTiani saqarTvelos Zlieri suli da marjvena musravda mters.
martyofi sulierad da fizikurad Sekruli, RvTiuri ZaliT aRzevebuli
qarTvelebis gamarjvebis dResaswaulad iqca.
saakaZem sparselebisagan qarTvelTa sruli gaTavisuflebis gegma
Seadgina (Tumca, isic unda iTqvas, rom mis droSic da axlac, bevri
piqrobs, rom saakaZis mTavari mamoZravebeli, piraduli motivebi iyo). is
sparseTis batonobas da simon xanis mefobas miuReblad acxadebda.
xalxic, martyofis gamarjvebiT aRfrTovanebuli, mis azrs misdevda da
eTanxmeboda. mouravma colisZma, zurab erisTavi kaxeTSi gagzavna,
feiqar-xanis winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad; TviTon Tbilisisaken gaemarTa,
sadac simon mefe da misi mcveli sparselTa laSqari idga, swrafad
daikava dedaqalaqi da mis cixes alya Semoartya. simon mefe jer
aRjayalas, Semdeg ki SahTan gaiqca. saakaZeE kaxeTisken daiZra, raTa iq
myof zurab aragvis erisTavs SeerTeboda. saakaZem da qarTulma jarma
kaxeTSi Camosaxlebuli Turqmanebi amowyvita, aiRes feiqar-xanis yofili
rezidencia _ xornabujis cixe. damarcxebulma xanma kaxeTidan ojaxianad
gaqceva da Tavis gadarCena SeZlo. giorgi saakaZem da zurab erisTavma
feiqar-xans bardavamde misdies, ganja-yarabaRi aiRes da didi nadavliT
dabrundnen.
feiqar-xans, rodesac kaxeTis dasarbevad gzavnida, Sah-abasma Tavisi
`coli~ SerTo _ luarsab II-is da lela-TinaTini, romelic Zmis gamo
dasaja ase. 1622 wels, rodesac luarsabi astrabadis cixeSi TokiT
moaxrCves, arc qarTlis xseneba undoda Sah-abass da arc luarsabis
romelime mokeTisa. colic ganuteva da koWl, maxinj, kaxeTis
asaoxreblad gamogzavnil feiqar-xans gamoatana. qalisTvis es sasjeli
ufro Zneli iyo, vidre Cveulebrivi damcireba. mas sakuTari samSoblos
damaqcevarisaTvis colobac unda gaewia da megzurobac, kaxeTis
dedofali ki misi da, Teimurazis meuRle, xoreSani iyo. mefis ojaxs
pirvel rigSi eloda awiokeba da mrisxane samsjavro. saakaZes surda
daexsna lela da colisZmisTvis mieca, radgan misi meuRle sparseTSi
Sahma daitova da martyofis Semdeg misi dabruneba SeuZlebeli iyo.
yizilbaSma gaaswro zurab erisTavs, romelic ukan misdevda. sanam igi
dabrundeboda, saakaZem mtkvarze feiqar-xanisagan datovebuli
yizilbaSebi daatyveva `mravali qonebiT, iaraR-mowyobilobiT, uricxvi
msxvilfexa da wvrilfexa saqonliT~. qarTvelebi Semobrundnen da isev
xornabujs miaSures. cixidan gamovida sparseli cixisTavi, iaraRayrili,
gamoitana 50 sapalne abreSumi da, mraval simdidresTan erTad miarTva
gamarjvebul qarTvelebs.
mTeli kaxeTi saakaZis xelSi moeqca. qarTl-kaxeTi sruliad
gaiwminda yizilbaSTa jarisgan.
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saakaZem samcxeSic gagzavna laSqari, raTa axalcixe yizilbaSTa
xelidan gamoeglija. gonios cixeSi, am dros osmaleTs rom ekuTvnoda,
Teimuraz mefe ruseTs wasasvlelad emzadeboda. sulTnis daxmareba rom
ver miiRo, axla ruseTisgan eloda Svelas. am dros mouvida saakaZis
macne: mouravi gaerTianebuli qarTl-kaxeTis taxtze dajdomas
sTavazobda. es didi mniSvnelobis movlena iyo: qarTvel patriotTa
ocnebas saqarTvelos gaerTianebis Taobaze, frTebi esxmeboda, Tumca es
mxolod dasawyisi iqneboda am didi saqmisa.
gamarjvebuli sardali, faqtiurad, eris winamZRvrad iqca, magram
Wkvianma meomarma isic icoda, rom is ver iqneboda qarTl-kaxeTis
samefoTa legitimuri meTauri, taxti saqrTvelos yvela samefoSi
mxolod bagrationebs epyraT saukuneebis manZilze da es wesi
xelSeuxebeli iyo; amitom gagzavna Sikriki gonios cixeSi da ruseTSi
wasasvlelad samzadisSi myof Teimurazs kuTvnili taxtis dakaveba
SeuTvala. gaxarebulma Teimurazma samzadisi saswrafod qarTl-kaxeTSi
gamosamgzavreblad daiwyo. am dros amoqmeddnen moeneebi. saakaZis irgliv
arsebuli eWvebi martyofis omma gafanta, magram xalxi, vinc mis mimarT
undoblobas iCenda, bolomde mainc ver endoboda. maT Teimurazs
urCies, gadaedo ganzraxva, kvlav ruseTSi gamgzavrebuliyo, radgan
qarTl-kaxeTSi dabrunebiTa da saakaZis SeTavazebis miRebiT Tavs
daiRupavda. saakaZe ver Seegueboda mis gamefebas, radgan Tavad hqonda
mefobis ambicia, ubralod, misi Tavidan moSoreba surda, rogorc
kanonieri taxtis mflobelisa da es mowvevac imitom Caefiqrebina, rom
Teimurazis mokvla, misi samudamod CamoSoreba da taxtis dakaveba
surda.
Teimurazi jer dafiqrda, Semdeg ki, samSobloSi dabruneba arCia
da movlenebis Semdgom ganviTarebas daeloda. erTi sityviT, Tavi beds
miando da didi xnis unaxavi kaxeTisaken gaemarTa. saqarTvelos gulSi ki
kvlav brZolebi mimdinareobda. saakaZe Tbilisis mTavar cixes utevda,
sadac yizilbaSTa jari jer kidev idga. gaWirda am cixis mcvelTa
damarcxeba, radgan cixe saimedod iyo gamagrebuli. qarTvelma meomrebma
Taboris mTidan Tofebis sroliT da SeteviT aiRes e. w. `dabali cixe~,
nariyala ki kvlav magrad idga. giorgi saakaZem brZaneba gasca, rom
nariyalas wylis miwodeba Sewyvetoda. marTlac, kldeze gadmosuli
wyalsadinari Rarebi aSales da cixes wyali Seuwyda. qarTvelebi da
maTi sardali dRe-dReze cixis dacemas varaudobdnen, magram Ralatma
aqac iCina Tavi. gorelma vaWarma giorgi gorgijanaSvilma da Tbiliselma
moqalaqem _ garsia WanoaSvilma uRalates qarTvelebs; isini
megobrobdnen yizilbaS cixisTavs. ra Tqma unda, es megobroba
moRalateebs TavianTi gamdidrebis wyarod miaCndaT. amitom, wylis
Rarebi Cumad aRadgines da cixes wyali misces. saakaZis meomrebi cixis
20
irgvliv teritorias mudmivad aTvalierebdnen. rodesac gawyobili
Rarebi naxes, gakvirvebulebma mouravs moaxsenes. is mixvda, saqme
RalatTan hqonda. maSinve gamoiZia da simarTlec gaigo. moRalateTa
vinaobis dadgenisTanave, isini TavisTan ixmo. saakaZis brZanebiT,
WanoaSvils Tavi mokveTes, gorgijanaSvili ki Zelze gasves da qalaqis
quCebSi Camoatares.
saakaZis gamoZiebiT gairkva, rom garsia WanoaSvili yizilbaSTa
cixisTavis urTgulesi mokavSire iyo. isini SeTanxmebulni iyvnen, rom
mas TbilisSi momxdari yvela ambavi Seetyobinebina cixis ufrosisaTvis,
rasac garsia metad moxerxebulad da originalurad akeTebda: Tu
yizilbaSebisaTvis kargi ambebi xdeboda, WanoaSvili wiTlad
gamoewyoboda da ise daenaxveboda nariyaladan gadmomdgar
moTvalTvaleebs, Tu sparselebs raime safrTxe emuqrebodaT, Savebs
Caicvamda da amiT gaafrTxilebda. am gafrTxilebebis gamo, WanoaSvili
Ralats Seewira, gorgijanaSvili ki gadarCa. is quTaTelma episkoposma
ixsna; man giorgi saakaZes sTxova misi sicocxle, saakaZemac Seiwynara
quTaTelis Txovna, radgan SurisZiebaze metad, amjerad, ufro didi
politikuri mizani amoqmedebda.
male Teimuraz mefec moadga qarTls. saakaZe, qarTvel
didebulebTan erTad, mas mcxeTaSi miegeba. sparseTis siZulvili da
boRma mtris mimarT orive qarTvels _ mefesa da sardals _ zomaze
metad dagrovebodaT: erTs deda da sayvareli vaJebi moukla Sahma,
meores _ Svili. martyofis omisa da qarTvelebis ajanyebis ambavi
SahisaTvis SemaZrwunebeli Seiqna da saswrafod iZia Suri mZevlebze.
paata saakaZis moWrili Tavi mamas gamougzavna, raTa amiT mainc daetanja
moRalate gurji sardali. giorgi saakaZe, albaT, eloda aseT
dasasruls, sxva gagrZeleba SahTan mis urTierTobas ar mohyveboda,
magram gamwarda. didi Zalisxmeva gaswia, raTa Svilis sxeuli
moeZebninebina da daemarxa. manamde ki erTawmindaSi, saakaZeebis
sagvareulo samarxs miabares paatas mokveTili Tavi. male Tbiliselma
vaWrebma, evropeli misionerebis daxmarebiT, ipoves da wamoasvenes paatas
gvami sparseTidan saqarTveloSi da isic erTawmindis monasterSi
dakrZales.
pirad tkivilebs, ori qarTvelisaTvis, samSoblos gamo didi
wuxili da momavliT SeSfoTeba emateboda. Sahi maT ar apatiebda
martyofis epopeas, arc saqarTvelos daTmobda ase advilad, amitom
mxolod cudisa da saSinelis molodinSi unda yofiliyvnen. gana es
molodini ucxo iyo qarTvelebisaTvis? magram axla sul sxva iyo,
TiTqos TvalnaTliv moCanda mTidan daqanebuli vulkanis amonafrqvevi,
qarTl-kaxeTs rom unda mosdeboda cecxlian lavad. da mainc,
imdRevandeli gamarjvebiT datkbnen qarTvelebi, is izeimes sveticxovlis
21
didebul taZarSi, razec ukve didi xania ocnebobdnen: aRmosavleT
saqarTvelos gaerTianeba. es ki Teimurazis mefed kurTxevis
ceremonialiT dagvirgvinda. manamde igi kaxeTis mefed iyo nakurTxi.
amjerad, qarTl-kaxeTis mefed kurTxeva im ambionTan moxda, sadac
samefo gvirgvins gaerTianebuli saqarTvelos mefeebi idgamdnen da sadac
ganisvenebda bevri qarTveli monarqi, dawyebuli vaxtang gorgaslidan.
zeimobda qarTveli xalxi, romelsac uyvars zeimi da icis
sixaruliT ataceba, SeuZlia Wiris daviwyeba da mTlianad Tavmicema
dResaswaulisaTvis. man droebiT daiviwya sparseTis mrisxane Sahi, magram
Sahs ar daviwyebia saqarTvelo. igi gamalebuli emzadeboda
SurissaZieblad da am qveynis srulad gasacamtvereblad.
martyofze ufro didi marcxi Sah-abass ar axsovda, saakaZeze da
Teimurazze didi mteri aRar eguleboda, saqarTveloze saZulveli
qveyana da qarTvelebze moRalate xalxi veRar warmoedgina. arada,
manamde qarTvelebic uyvarda TiTqos, pativs scemda undilaZeebs _ mamasa
da Svilebs, qarTvel xanebs, Tavisi piradi gvardiis meTaurobas _
yulaRasarobasa da ispahanis taruRobas* mxolod maT andobda. axla
saqarTvelos siZulvili da SursZiebis grZnoba marTavda mxolod da
brZana: didi jari daZruliyo saqarTvelos asaoxreblad da am jars
saTaveSi misi uerTgulesi adamiani, siZe, cxenosani razmis ufrosi isa-
xan yorCibaSi Cadgomoda.
emzadeboda saakaZe da qarTl-kaxeTis laSqaric. axla mTavari
simSvidisa da erTianobis SenarCuneba iyo. qarTvelebis yvelaze didi
mteri, SeuTanxmebloba, saerTo enis gamounaxveloba iyo. pativmoyvare
aragvis erisTavma, saakaZis rCeviT, Teimuraz mefes sTxova asuli.
Teimurazi xmas ar iRebda, magram avobda dedofali xoreSani, luarsab
mefis da. giorgi saakaZisa da misi colisZmis rols ra daaviwyebda
qarTlis samefo taxtis damxobaSi. yovelSemTxvevaSi, qals veravin
daajerebda, rom misi Zmis sikvdili da qarTlis daqceva saakaZis da
zurab erisTavis kiserze ar ido. bolos mainc daiTanxmes.
marto qarTl-kaxeTis Zalebi iqneb verc moreodnen gaavebuli Sahis
gamogzavnil uzarmazar laSqars. amitom, qarTvelebma osmaleTis
momxrobac scades. martyofis gamarjvebis Semdeg saakaZem specialuri
Sikriki gagzavna TurqeTSi, xonTqars saCuqrebi gaugzavna da yizilbaSTa
mokveTili Tavebic miayola. xonTqars qarTvelebma Sah-abasis winaaRmdeg
laSqroba SesTavazes, saamisod dapirebasac iZleodnen: mTel Zalebs
gamoiyvandnen da osmalebTan erTad yizilbaSebs amowyvetdnen, Semdeg
sparseTSi SeiWrebodnen da Sahis Zlier xelisuflebas daamxobdnen.
osmaleTs samudamod CamoaSorebdnen did metoqes.
mazandaranSi mdgari Sah-abasi cecxls afrqvevda. iranis samxedro
Zliereba, romelic am dros zenitSi iyo, qarTvelebis xeliT ecemoda. am
22
periodis Turqi istorikosi _ ibrahim FfeCevi Seulamazeblad arqmevda
saxels martyofis velze sparselTa gancdil marcxs: `ormoci wlis
manZilze aseTi didi zarali Sahs jer ar mosvlia~,-o werda igi. es
ormoci weli ki marTlac saocari iyo sparseTis istoriaSi. Sah-abasma
sparsuli mxedrobis saxeli Sors gastyorcna da ise aaRorZina es
imJamad dacemuli qveyana, rom saSiS dampyroblad aqcia. misi eSinodaT
araTu axlo mezoblebs, aramed Soreulebsac, radgan, sadac Sevidoda,
yvelafers musrs avlebda da nacartutas tovebda. ai, aseTi qveyana da
misi Zlevamosili jariskacebi daamarcxes qarTvelebma da Tanac rogor,
msgavsi marcxi pirvelad ganacdevines!.. es iyo martyofis dideba
qarTvelebisaTvis, vaeba _ sparselebisaTvis. qarTvelobam uRalata Sahs,
mereda ra dros! rodesac abasi osmalebs ebrZoda. rac taxtze avida,
iqidan mokidebuli, Searyia osmaluri imperia, dasca misi dideba, waarTva
miwebi da saxeli, axla ki saqarTvelom gatexa, osmalebs gaukeTa saqme
iranelTa daxocviT. is ki arada, qarTvelebi osmalebTan amyarebdnen
kavSirs, osmalebs hpirdebodnen im sparseTis damarcxebas, visi nawilic,
Sahis rwmeniT, es qveyana _ qarTl-kaxeTi iyo.
ibrahim feCevi TurqebTan giorgi saakaZis mier wargzavnili
elCobis detalebsac gadmoscems Tavis TxzulebaSi. misgan vgebulobT,
rom osmaleTis didi veziri da aRmosavleTis jarebis serasqeri* hafiz-
faSa am dros, anu 1625 wlis zafxulSi diarbeqirSi* idga da baRdadze
gasalaSqreblad emzadeboda. giorgi saakaZem masTan mosalaparakeblad
wargzavnil delegacias Tavisi vaJi _ ioram saakaZe Cauyena saTaveSi.
elCobam osmalebs miarTva saCuqrebi da saakaZis werili, sadac qarTveli
sardali ityobineboda martyofis gamarjvebis Sesaxeb, nanatri drois
dadgomaze, rodesac osmalebs sparselTa javris amoyra SeeZloT, Tuki
qaTvelebTan erTad SeebrZolebodnen maT. saakaZe winadadebas iZleoda _
yoymanisa da dayovnebis gareSe, osmalTa jari daZruliyo ganja-yarabaRsa
da Sirvanisaken. misvlisTanave, es qveynebi uomrad daemorCilebodaT, ris
Semdegac, sul iolad moaxerxebdnen ardebilisa* da meShedis* aRebas da
yizilbaSTa mTeli qveynis simdidres Caigdebdnen xelSi. hafiz-faSam
saakaZis SemonaTvali ver gaiazra da gadamWreli pasuxic ver gasca.
istorikosi ibrahim feCevi mrCevlad axlda hafiz-faSas, urCia kidec _
daTanxmeboda giorgi saakaZis winadadebas, aseTi SemTxveva xelSi
aRarasodes Cagvivardebao, daujere saakaZes da jariT azerbaijanisken
gailaSqreo.
hafiz-faSa xonTqris morCili iyo, uTxra mrCevels: Cvenma didma
fadiSahma (ase uwodebdnen osmalebi TavianT xonTqars), Cven baRdadze
galaSqreba gvibrZana da ara Sirvansa da saqarTvelozeo. rac meti
arwmuna mrCevelma faSa, miT metad SeewinaaRmdega igi: TuU winaswar ara
var gamarjvebaSi darwmunebuli, ise verafer saqmes ver wamoviwyebo.
23
baRdads rom CaxvalT, gana darwmunebuli xarT, rom gaimarjvebT, omSi
sardali xmalsa da alahs unda miendos da ara winaswar akviatebul
azrebso, _ kvlav urCia mrCevelma. mTavarsardali mainc ar daeTanxma da
ibrahim feCevma ianiCarTa* meTaurs _ xusrev-aRas mimarTa TxovniT, iqneb
Sen gamoexmauro qaTvel sardals da Sirvanisken ilaSqroo. Man gaikvirva
hafiz-faSas mrCevlisa da istorikosis rCeva da gadaWriT uTxra: Cven
mTavarsardlis xelqveiTebi varT da rasac is gvibrZanebs, im davalebas
avasrulebTo.
Sah-abasma swrafad auRo alRo Seqmnil mdgomareobas, uzarmazari
jari Seyara da siZe _ isa-xan yorCibaSi Cauyena saTaveSi. Sirvanis xans,
adarbadaganisa da erevnis beglar-begebs ubrZana, Tavis jarebiT, isa-xans
gahyolodnen. isa-xanis TanaSemwe sardlebad Sahma daniSna Sirvanis
beglar-begi yazax-xan-Cerqezi, erevnis beglar-begi P_ amirgune-xani,
azerbaijanis beglar-begi _ Sahbende-xani da xosro-mirza daviTis Ze,
qarTveli bagrationi batoniSvili, ispahanis taruRa, giorgi saakaZis
gamozrdili da misi wyalobiT aRzevebuli Sahis karze. Sahi did
SurisZiebas amzadebda, qarTl-kaxeTs saSineli bedi eloda, axla ki
namdvilad amowydeboda qarTveloba, es teritoria sparsuli tomebis
sacxovrisad iqceoda. Tuki saSualebas miscemdnen, Sah-abasis jarebi
qarTvelobis saxsenebels amoagdebdnen, giorgi saakaZec sagangebod
daisjeboda. Aamitom, qarTveli sardali guldagul emzadeboda, atarebda
mravalgvar samxedro Tu administraciul RonisZiebas qveynis Tavdacvis
gasaZliereblad. zurab erisTavis qorwinebac, kaxeTis mefis, Teimurazis
asulze, qarTl-kaxeTis erTianobis gansamtkiceblad, Sinagani
gamTlianebisa da saSiSi mtris winaaRmdeg saerTo ZaliT
dapirispirebisaTvis iyo gamiznuli.
sparselebis Semosvlas qarTvelebi DdRe-dReze elodnen.
SurisZiebisaTvis Sahs drois dakargva ar uyvarda. qarTvelebic
emzadebodnen, 20 aTasiani jari Sekribes da kojor-tabaxmelas
midamoebSi dabanakdnen. Mtris Semosvlas aqedan elodnen. sparselTa 50
aTasiani jari marTlac male gamoCnda da qvemo veli daikava. ratomRac,
sparslebi ieriSis dawyebas ar Cqarobdnen.
Dda ai, marabdis cnobili brZolis wina periodi, qarTvel-
sparselTa omis preludia. Orive mxare sakuTar beds wyvetda, momavali
SerkinebisTvis emzadeboda. qarTvelma mxedarTmTavrebma samxedro TaTbiri
moiwvies, unda gadawyvetiliyo samxedro strategia da taqtika,
sparselTa grandiozul laSqarTan dapirispirebis detalebi. Cxadi iyo
brZolis siZnele, 20 aTasi _ 50 aTasis winaaRmdeg. SurisZiebiT
anTebulni, kargad gawvrTnilni, arcTu qarTvelebze naklebi
TavganwirviT mebrZoli sparselebi ra did safrTxes umzadebdnen
ornaxevarjer mcire, magram sakuTari qveynis gadarCenisaTvis mebrZol
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qarTvelobas!.. TaTbirs eswrebodnen: mefe Teimurazi, giorgi saakaZe,
zurab aragvis erisTavi, misi Zma _ daviT erisTavi, mowinave sadroSos,
qvemo qarTlis sardali _ baraTa baraTaSvili, giorgi saakaZis siZeebi:
iase qsnis erisTavi da Teimuraz muxran-batoni, am ukanasknelis Zma _
qaixosro muxran-batoni, aRaTang xerxeuliZe, baadur ciciSvili, kaxeTis
saxelovani gmiri _ daviT jandieri, manuCar aTabagi; sasuliero pirebi:
mroveli, alaverdeli, rusTveli, xarWaSneli. TaTbiri didxans
gagrZelda. TiTqmis yvela damswrem gamoTqva azri, wamoayena sakuTari
Tvalsazrisi, daisaxa miznebi da amocanebi momavali brZolis
warmatebisaTvis, iyo imedebic da gamoiTqva eWvebic. Uupirvelesi
yuradReba mainc saakaZis sityvas eTmoboda, radgan igi iyo gamocdili da
niWieri sardali, Sah-abasisa da misi jaris TvisebebSi kargad garkveuli,
qarTuli laSqris suli da guli. Mman Tqva: kargad vicnob Sah-abass,
vici, rasac warmoadgens misTvis saqarTvelo, yvelafers gaakeTebs mis
xelaxla dasaCoqeblad, did jars gamogzavnis, davelodoT, sanam mteri
TviTon ar gadmova Setevazeo.
ivnisis Tve iyo, didi papanaqeba idga, Tbilisi da misi Semogareni,
qarTli da kaxeTi, TiTqos, iwvoda. gansakuTrebuli sicxe qvemo qarTlSi
icis. maSinac ase iyo. swored amis gamo wamoayena saakaZem winadadeba,
marabdis veli dablaa, tafobSi, iq sicxe kidev ufro Zneli asatania,
qarTvelebs aseT pirobebSi brZola gagviWirdeba, yizilbaSebi ki sicxes
da papanaqebas SeCveulni arian, amitom brZolis velad nu avirCevT
marabdas, mters kojor-tabaxmelas viwroebSi SevebaT, iranelebs uWirT
aseT adgilebSi omi, ar miecemaT mTeli Zalebis gaSlisa da gamoyenebis
saSualeba. Cven jars mTebsa da xevebSi omi ar uWirs, amitom acileblad
vZlevT da gavimarjvebTo. giorgi saakaZes gansakuTrebiT qveiTi jaris
bedi adardebda. marabdis sicxian velze am jars gauWirdeboda
cxenosnebTan Serkineba, isini SesaZloa mTlianad amoxociliyvnen
yizilbaS cxenosnebTan brZolaSi. Aamitom saakaZe mtkiced iTxovda
kojor-tabaxmelaSi darCenas da brZolis aq gamarTvas.
saakaZes mxolod zogierTma moTaTbirem dauWira mxari. baadur
ciciSvilma maSinve Tanxmoba ganacxada, qveiTi jari, romelic
glexobisagan Sedgeba, srulad amogviwydeba da saqarTvelo uglexkacod
rogorRa iqnebao.
samwuxarod, giorgi saakaZisa da baadur ciciSvilis azrs meti
mxardamWeri ar aRmoaCnda. Yyvela danarCenma dauyovnebliv Setevaze
gadasvla moiTxova. sparselebi marabdis velze iyvnen dabanakebulni,
qarTvelebic kojor-tabaxmeladan iqiT unda wasuliyvnen. Tu Seteva male
ar daiwyeboda da lodinis taqtikas airCevdnen, jari daiSleboda da
saxlebSi wavid-wamovidodnen. simarTle am TvalsazrisSic iyo. damdgar
jars kveba undoda, furaJiT momarageba feodalur jars ar hqonda,
25
jariskacebi Sinidan wamoRebuli sagzliT ikvebebodnen. saWmeli
gamoeleodaT Tu ara, saSinel dReSi Cavardeboda jari.
zurab erisTavs saakaZis azri moewona, magram eWvic gamoTqva, ra
viciT, rom mteri maincdamainc Cvensken wamova, kojor-tabaxmelisken,
iqneb sxva gza airCios, amitom ajobebs, dros nu davkargavT, mters
davaswroT da pirdapir daveceT iq, sadac axla dgaso.
baraTa baraTaSvili gansakuTrebiT Sewuxebuli iyo, mteri mis
mamulSi idga da yvelafers anadgurebda (marabdis veli baraTaSvilebis
kuTvnileba iyo), amitom aCqarebda yvelas, jars nu davSliT, dros nu
vkargavT, xval diliTve daveceT mterso.
muxran-batonebsac brZolis dawyeba eCqarebodaT, laSqris Senaxvis
siZneleze saubrobdnen, Tu dros gavwelavT veRar daviWerT Cvens
mxedrebs da dagvefantebian, amitom Cven TviTon davSliT jars, aviyrebiT
da gageclebiTo.
kaxeli sardlebic mterze miiwevdnen, bevrjer dagvimarcxebia da
axlac davamarcxebTo, _ iqadnidnen, xval diliTve daviwyoT brZola da
sanam dacxebodes, movrCebiT kideco.
qsnis erisTavic saswrafod oms iTxovda.
manuCar aTabagic maT miemxro, _ saakaZisa da ciciSvilis
mowinaaRmdegeebs. misi mtkicebiT, oms yovelTvis igebs is, vinc uecrad
utevs da urtyams, moulodnelad da gabedulad, Tu qarTvelebic ase
moiqceodnen, aucileblad daamarcxebdnen yizilbaSebs. amitom aTabagma
Tqva, xval diliT, uTenia davesxaT mterso.
am adamianebis, qarTveli sardlobis ganwyoba, emTxveoda jaris
saerTo suliskveTebas. isini srulad iyvnen motivirebulni brZolis
dasawyebad, saomari cecxliT anTebulni, Tavs veRar ikavebdnen da
mtrisken miiwevdnen, dauyovnebliv iTxovdnen ieriSze gadasvlas.
samxedro TaTbirma ar moiwona saakaZis gegma. Ggadawyda, rom
brZola meore dRes, dilaadrian, 1625 wlis 1 ivliss dawyebuliyo.
mTavarsardlad ara brZolebSi gamocdil-gamobrZmedili da RvTiuri
niWiT sardlad dbadebuli giorgi saakaZe daadgines, aramed mefe
Teimurazi. Aasecaa: feodalur laSqars yovelTvis mefe sardlobda,
magram Tu es sardali poeti ufro iyo da gverdiT saakaZisnairi didi
mxedarTmTavari hyavda, xom SeiZleboda tradiciisa Tu ambiciis gverdze
gadadeba da movlenebis bunebriv kalapotSi moqceva! Mmagram amas didi
nebisyofa, sakuTar Tavze maRla dadgoma esaWiroeboda. Aamas ki
qarTvelebi iSviaTad axerxebdnen.
jari 30 ivnisis RamiT aiyara kojor-tabaxmelas midamoebidan da
ukun sibneleSi daiZra marabdisaken. mteric gafacicebiT eloda am
moments, qarTuli jaris velze Camotyuebaze ocnebobda. ra icoda, rom
qarTvelebi mtris mier dagebul xafangSi sakuTari nebiT Semohyofdnen
26
Tavs. iranelebi ukeTess ras inatrebdnen. Ra xSirad xdeboda ase
saqarTveloSi, erTmaneTis SuriT, sibriyviT, siZulviliT ise
aivsebodnen, rom qveynis moRalated, TiTqmis mtris mokavSired
gamodiodnen.
Mmarabdis velze iranelebs sangrebi aegoT, zarbaznebi daedgaT,
gamarTuli zarbaznebis ukan oTx rigad daeyenebiaT meTofeebi. meTofeTa
pirveli rigi cal fexze CaCoqiliyo, meore rigi fexze idga, mesame
cxenze iyo amxedrebuli, meoTxe ki aqlemebze mjdomi meTofeebisagan
Sedgeboda. Ees iyo mowinave jari, romlis sardlad amirgune-xani
daniSnes, simamacisaTvis `yviTel jiqad~ monaTluli.
centrs, romelsac yizilbaSTa jaris ZiriTadi birTvi qmnida, TviT
isa-xan yorCibaSi sardlobda. Mmarjvena flangs qarTveli xosro-mirza
edga sardlad, SemdegSi rostom mefe, yizilbaSuri wesiT gamefebuli da
bevri kargi qarTuli saqmis ganmaxorcielebelic, qristian meuRlesTan _
dedofal mariamTan erTad maSenebeli eklesiebisa, gzebisa da xidebisa.
marabdis velze ki sparsuli jaris erTi sardali, qarTuli sisxlis
damRvreli. am jarSive, mtris mxares ibrZoda bevri sxva qarTvelic,
samSoblodan Sors gazrdilebi Tu axlaxan gaqceulebi, iseTebi, rogorc
yaflan baraTaSvili iyo, baraTa baraTaSvilma rom amouwyvita mama-biZebi,
miitaca misi mamulebi. Yaflani sparseTSi gaqceuliyo da axla sparseTis
jars mohyoloda, piradi mtris _ baraTa baraTaSvilis pirispir idga.
piradma mtrobam is samSoblos mtrad aqcia.
memarcxene flangs sardlobda yazax-xan-Cerqezi. jerjerobiT arsad
Canda azerbaijanis beglar-begi Sah-ende-xani da misi mxedroba.
brZolis wina dRes, Teimuraz mefem, qarTuli jaris
mTavarsardalma, mzveravebi gagzavna mtris banakSi _ daviT jandieri da
aRaTang xerxeuliZe, cali Tvali rom dakargvodaT yizilbaSebTan
brZolaSi. jari mxiarulobda mefis amgvar gadawyvetilebaze, raRa
calTvala sardlebi daniSna mtris saTvalTvalodo.
mTeli Rame borgavda saomrad ganwyobili laSqari. Kkargad icoda
jarma, rom es brZola qarTvelebis yofna-aryofnis sakiTxs wyvetda,
amitom misi devizi iyo: gamarjveba an sikvdili. Ggadawyvites ziareba
mieRoT. 20 aTasiani laSqari idga ziarebis rigSi. maT win episkoposi,
mravali mRvdeli da beri damdgariyo, iaraRasxmulni iyvnen
samRvdelonic, radgan mtris simravle da misi Tanafardoba qarTul
jarTan, eklesiis msaxurT imis nebas ar aZlevda, rom dro mSvid
locvaSi gaetarebinaT da omis Sedegebs dalodebodnen. maTac unda aeRoT
iaraRi TanamoZmeTa dasaxmareblad, eris gadasarCenad.
jari mrovelma episkoposma _ domenti avaliSvilma aziara da
daloca, jvriTa da xmliT gadasaxa jvari. Ddaloca saqarTvelos
droSac, romelic aRaTang xerxeuliZis Zmas ebara. is iyo medroSe da
27
gverdiT Svidi vaJkaci edga, isinic misi Zmebi iyvnen. Ddiax, cxra Zma
xerxeuliZe, saqarTvelos gadasarCenad, dedisa da disgan dalocvilebi,
gamxnevebulni: saqarTvelos droSa miwaze ar daeces, Tu medroSe
mokvdes, momdevno Zmam aitacoso, Tu imasac umuxTlos bedma, mere
mesamem da ase manam, sanam ukanaskneli xerxeuliZe daecemodes. amasobaSi,
mteric amowydeba da saqarTvelos droSac ganuxrelad ifrialebs
qarTuli cis qveS. cxra Zma xerxeuliZe saqarTvelos istoris wminda
xatia, Cveni samSoblos wminda taZarSi dabrZanebuli. Aase cxra-cxra,
Svid-Svidi mravalSviliani ojaxebis Rirseuli wevri qarTvelebi
iRupebodnen mterTan brZolaSi, qarTveli eri isev mravldeboda, kvlav
izrdebodnen `algeTs lekvebi mglisani~ da mtris javrs iyridnen.
Tendeboda. Kkojridan dabla, marabdisken eSveboda qaruli jari.
mterma icoda, rom qarTvelebs am diliT unda daewyoT brZola. saidan
da rogor, amas mniSvneloba aRarc aqvs, radgan moeneebic bevri hyavdaT
da aseT did omSi msgavsi movlena gasakviri arc iyo. winaswar gaeTxaraT
sangrebi da jaric daewyoT. sangrebs ukan, miwayrilze zarbaznebi eyenaT.
jari ise ganelagebinaT, rom metad SeenarCunebiaT simtkice, mters
(qarTvelebs) susti rgoli ver epova maTi dacvis sistemaSi.
mefem da mTavarsardalma _ Teimurazma win cxenosnebi daayena, ukan
_ qveiTni. gariJraJze Seebnen qarTvelebi mters. Tofis misawvden
manZilamde frTxilad iares, mere ki farebi aifares, Subebi waigrZeles
da gaWenebuli cxenebiT mters miuxdnen. 12 aTasma Tofma da zarbazanma
iWeqa sparselTa sangrebidan, xSirma srolam da Tofis kvalma yvelaferi
dafara, qarTvelTa Seteva odnav Seaferxa, magram mainc ar Sedrknen
isini, swrafi srboliT SeiWrnen mtris banakSi da Tavzari dasces
sparselTa mewinave jarebs. mZlavri yiJiniT ekveTnen da Subebis
ZgerebiT Seangries sparsi mewinaveni.
brZolis epizodebs xatovnad gadmogvcems sparsi istorikosi _
iskander munSi. Mmisi naambobiT irkveva, rom amirgune-xanis mewinave
razmebma ver gauZles qarTveli cxenosnebis Tavbrudamxvev Setevas da
gatydnen. male xani mZimed daiWra da brZolis velidan gaiyvanes, misi
jari ki gaifanta. `mere qarTvelebi iseTive gaxurebuli xocviT, _
mogviTxrobs sparsi istorikosi, _ meTofeebis razmSi SiWrnen. maTi
dartymebisagan meTofeebis rigebic daingra.~ Semdeg qarTulma jarma
sparsuli jaris centrs Seutia. qarTvelebis simamacisagan
Tavzardacemuli mowinaaRmdegis marjvena da marcxena frTis jarebi
centrs ver mieSvelnen da gaiqcnen. qarTvelebma srulad akafes `yviTeli
jiqis ~ jarebi; amirgune-xanis gazrdili iyo manuCar aTabagi. Aaxla es
samcxeli didebuli qristes rjulsa da qarTvelobas icavda, cxendacxen
miuvarda gamzrdels, Tavgapobili gadmoagdo cxenidan. manuCars mamis
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mklavi gamohyoloda, manuCar-mustafasi, romelic Turqebs ebrZoda da
bevri `samamaconi znenic~ gamoeCina.
`namaqarTamo~, SesZaxa amirgune-xanma, rac niSnavda, armad Cemi
purio, _ ratom mklav, gana Cemi gazrdili ara xaro. cota Sercxva
kidec manuCars, xeli dauSva, yizilbaSebma rom gaitaces daWrili, xeli
ar gaunZrevia, ise acala. Semdeg mainc am Wrilobas Seewira xani.
marabdis veli TiTqos aduRda da gadmoduRda. zrialiT, yiJiniT,
kiviliTa da Cexvis xmebiT aivso. xan alah, ilallah!.. ismoda, xanac _
`qriste da saqarTvelo~. qarTvelebma arnaxuli simamace gamoiCines,
yvela lomgulad qceuliyo, yvela Tavganwirulad ibrZoda, samSoblo da
brZolis bedi sakuTar sicocxleze maRla daeyenebinaT. ibrZodnen
sardlebi, Tavadebi, aznaurebi, glexebi, berebi, saeklesio pirebi.
`CvenTan ars RmerTi, gaumarjos saqarTvelos~. Ees sityvebi odiTgan rom
ismoda da ismis mebrZoli qarTvelis bagidan, yvelaze xSirad gaismoda
marabdis sanaxebSi. Lomis gerbiani sparsuli droSebi zedized ecemodnen
gaxurebul miwaze. Aamayad frialebda xerxeuliZis xeliT aRmarTuli
gorgaslian-daviTian-Tamariani droSa.
giorgi saakaZe, maTalia mTavarsardali ar iyo, magram realurad is
gaxda brZolis suli da guli. Mmuzaradi moixada, raTa mters Cveneboda.
sparseTSi xom misi miTi adamianebs omis qarcecxlis simbolod
evlinebodaT, aSinebdaT da ukan axevinebdaT. Ffsiqologiurad Zlierad
zemoqmedebda qarTvelTa jarSi Camdgari saakaZe, romelic aTwleulebi
idga sparsuli jaris rigebSi da am qveynis mtrebs zaravda. Aaxla es
gmiri, sparseTis gmiri, qarTvelebis moTave da sparsTa mmusvreli
gamxdariyo, gamgelebuli ebrZoda saSiS mters, iq Cndeboda, sadac
yvelaze metad sWirdeboda misianebs, yizilbaSTa gamorCeul razmebs
arCevda, Seutevda da muxlCakecili eSveboda Zirs sparsuli razmi.
mteric mis mokvlas cdilobda. Mmisi TaviT, albaT, Sah-abasis winaSe
yvelaze metad SeiZleboda Tavmowonebac da jildos miRebac. Aamitom
iwevdnen misken, magram mis gaavebul mzeras da gaficxebul brZolas rom
Sexedavdnen, wamsve ixevdnen ukan.
sparsma meomarma esrola Tofi. saakaZe TiTqos gumaniT grZnobda
yvela Semotevas, zurgiT rom mdgariyo, maSinac ki, da elvisuswrafesi
reaqciiT iridebda mtris ganzraxvas. Aaxlac manam igrZno, sanam tyvia
mis sxeulamde moaRwevda, cxeni yalyze Seagdo da maRla atyorcnili
sxeuliT gadarCa tyviisgan, samagierod, cxeni davarda usulod miwaze.
ucxenod darCenil gmirs gverdiT mebrZolma _ lomi Crdilelma
sakuTari dauTmo. wamierad moaxta saakaZe da Tavisi cxenis mkvlels
daedevna, xmliT Camoagdo, moklulis cxeni Crdilels misca.
vefxviviT ibrZoda zurab aragvis erisTavic. brZolaSi daWriliyo,
magram aravis usmina, ar datova saomari veli.
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qarTvelebi, yizilbaSTa centrSi SeWrilni, saomari flangebisaken
gaiSalnen ormxriv saieriSod. Mtris vercerTma flangma ver SeZlo verc
TavisianTa miSveleba, verc qarTvelTa gaxelebuli ieriSebis mogerieba.
sparselebma marcxena flangze miitanes ieriSi, avTandil saakaZisa
da zurab aragvis erisTavis xelmZRvanelobiT. Aam flangs yazax-xan
Cerqezi meTaurobda. is qarTvelTa Semotevis siswrafem daabnia,
Tavzardacemuli garboda da jaric ukan misdevda. qarTvelebic daedevnen
TavianTi jariT. marabdis vels gadascildnen sparselebic da
qarTvelebic. Omis bedze amanac iqonia gavlena. iqneb, es aCqareba iyo
qarTvel meomarTa mxridan, mters ar unda gamodevnebodnen da jaris
mniSvnelovani nawili qarTuli laSqris birTvs ar unda CamoecilebinaT.
amiT qarTvelTa Zalebi dasustda.
Tumca, yizilbaSTa marjvena flangic Camoscilda brZolas. am
flangs gamahmadianebuli qarTveli _ xosro-mirza sardlobda. ratom
Sedrka Sahis sasaxelo gurji, aravin icis. iqneb, masac auRelda
ZarRvebSi qarTuli sisxli, saqarTvelo daenana da brZolis Sesawyvetad
sababic naxa _ jari ueWvel daRupvas gadaarCina. Ees qarTuli ocnebaa.
qarTvelebis sicocxle rogor SeeZlo gaewira qarTvel sardals, kargad
gamoCnda mis mier qsanze gamarTul brZolebSi, romelic marabdis oms
mohyva. magram mTavari `gadamrCeni~ sparseTis jarisa da marabdis velze
samarcxvino damarcxebis gamarjvebiT Semcvleli _ mTavarsardali isa-xan
yorCibaSi Seiqmna. Mman aarCia gansakuTrebulad SemarTebuli da mamaci
meomrebi da Rrma zurgSi gadavida, moieriSe qarTvelebs ki win daugdo
`orduvazari~. Ees iyo sadgomi, sadac inaxeboda sparselTa mTeli qoneba,
simdidre, fuli, saqoneli.
qarTvelebs, Tavi gamarjvebulad rom hqondaT dagulvebuli, bevri
aRar ufiqriaT, iaraRi dayares da am simdidres miesivnen. airivnen
sixarbiT avsilni, itacebdnen yvelafers, rasac waeweodnen: Zvirfas,
oqro-vercxliT mosevadebul xmal-xanjlebs, Tofebs, raxtebs*,
unagirebs, xalaTebs, kaba-jubaCebs da sxva.
jari erTbaSad moiSala, saxe dakarga, brZolis unari da SemarTeba
dauqveiTda, faqtiurad, mZarcvelTa banakad iqca.
sad iynen am dros jaris sardali Teimuraz mefe da giorgi
saakaZe? maT arc icodnen es ambavi. daWrili zurab erisTavic
sisxlisgan icleboda, erTis siZe iyo, meoris colisZma, amitom didi
mzrunvelobiT dastrialebdnen Tavze, qarTvelTa srul gamarjvebaSi
darwmunebulebs, eWvad ar hqondaT, rom omis beds rame Secvlida.
am dros erTbaSad, didi xmauriTa da zaTqiT SemoiWra marabdis
velze sparselTa axali Zalebi. Aazerbaijanis beglar-begi _ Sahbende-
xani, romelic manamde arsad Canda, dasvenebuli, srulad aRWurvili da
energiiT avsili ZalebiT modioda qarTvelTa winaaRmdeg. ismoda zurna-
30
dafebis, dudukebis, naRarebisa da dol-barbiTebis* gamayruebeli xmauri,
mahmadiani mebrZolebis yurTasmenis wamRebi yiJina.
ase, elvisuswrafesad Setrialda marabdis omis bediswera.
sam rigad wamovidnen yizilbaSebi: centrSi isa-xan yorCibaSi idga
Tavisi jariT, marjvniv _ Sahbende-xani da marcxniv _ xosro-mirza.
sparselebi brZolas maSin iwyebdnen, rodesac qarTvelebs ukve
damTavrebuli egonaT. TiTqmis daSlili qarTuli jariT, mainc
Tavgadakluli ibrZodnen, saarako iyo maTi gulovaneba. bZolis bedi
winaswar iyo cnobili, magram Tundac Rirseuli sikvdilisaTvis
Seerkinen mters qarTveli meomrebi.
mkerdSemusvrilebi daecnen calTvala raindebi _ daviT jandieri
da aRaTang xerxeuliZe, mklavmouRleli Teimuraz muxran-batoni. jarSi
maSinve gavrcelda es ambavi, Teimurazi mokleso, rom daiZaxes, yvelas
mefe egona mkvdari, am SemTxvevaSi ki _ mefis sikvdlis cnoba omis
dasasruls niSnavda. Ddakarga jarma rwmena da imedi, cxenosani jari
Semobrunda da gaiqca. Aamaod cdilobdnen Teimuraz mefe, giorgi saakaZe,
manuCar aTabagi da baadur ciciSvili gaqceulTa Sekavebas. Kkvlav ar
Candnen avTandil saakaZe da daviT erisTavi, adre gaqceul sparsel
jarebze mdevarni. Aarada, qarTul laSqars rogor sWirdeboda marabdis
velze maTi yofna. miyolebiT daecnen medroSe xerxeuliZeebi.
lomiviT ibrZoda TavSiSveli da sisxlSi mosvrili giorgi saakaZe.
ibrZoda mefe Teimurazi, rogorc gmiri da sardali, mamaci xelmwife. im
dRes man yvela iaraRi daamsxvria brZolaSi, beWdebic ki daemtvra
muStis ZgerebiT.
brZolaSi gamorCeuli iyo manuCar aTabagi da misi ymebic. tyviiT
ganigmirnen episkoposebi: rusTveli da xarWaSneli, daeca baadur
ciciSvilic.
ukanasknelma qarTveli Tavadaznaurobis cxenosanma razmma datova
brZolis veli da kojors miaSura TavSesafrad. meTofeTa aTaseuli
Seusies yizilbaSebma marabdis velze darCenilebs, sadac jer kidev
frialebda qarTuli droSa, magram rodesac ukanaskneli xerxeuliZe
daeca, cxra Zmidan bolo, droSac miwaze daenarcxa. brZolis velze
meomrebis deda da da mividnen, maT aswies dacemuli qarTuli droSa da
kvlav aafriales, magram amaod.…
cxra Zma xerxeuliZis gmirobas xotbas asxams qarTuli poezia.
lado asaTianis leqsSi vkiTxulobT, Tu ra tragizmi ido marabdis
gmirTa suliskveTebaSi, umxedrebod darCenil cxenTa WixvinSi:
`es gafrenili fafari, Tu mSobliuri nislia,
visia cxra bedauri, cxra daraxtuli visia?
saiT wavidnen vaJebi rad miatoves raSebi,
raSebi TamaS-TamaSa, omebSi naTamaSebi?!~
31
ase Seicvala didi gamarjveba marcxiT, qarTveli mxedrobis
aRzeveba _ dacemiT. Mmizezi? Mmizezi iyo daudevroba, sixarbe,
gauazrebloba da ZalTa dafantuloba.Mmagram sparseTi? Ggaimarjva ki
sisxlianma Sah-abasma?.. yvelasaTvis naTeli gaxda, rom saakaZis gegma
umjobesi iyo, magram saqmes veRaraferi gamoasworebda. Tavadebis
politikuri sibece-SezRuduloba da ambiciebi, feodaluri laSqris
udisciplinoba da cudi SeiaraReba iyo marabdaze qarTvelTa damarcxebis
umTavresi mizezi.
2 ivliss diliT, marabdis velze, daaxloebiT 23 aTasi mkvdari
esvena. Aqedan 14 aTasamde, sparseli iyo, 9 aTasamde _ qarTveli. es omi
gamarjvebad ar CauTvlia Sah-abass, arc qarTvelebs miuCneviaT Tavi
damarcxebulad. maT brZola gaagrZeles igi da imave dRes (2 ivliss)
Seebnen erTmaneTs kojor-tabaxmelas xevebSi. sparselebi Sida
qarTlisaken apirebdnen gaWras. giorgi saakaZem jari mcire razmebad
dayo da partizanuli brZolebi gaaCaRa. aTi DdRe-Rame akavebdnen
qarTveli meomrebi kojris tyeebSi yizilbaSebs. amasobaSi, qarTlis
mosaxleoba saimedo adgilebSi ixizneboda.
Tbilisis cixidan gamovidnen aq mdgari yizilbaSTa jariskacebi da
Tbilisis garSemo arsebul soflebs moedvnen. aaoxres lisi, saakaZis
kuTvnili sofeli. samoci meomriT SeebrZola lisSi moTareSe Svidas
yizilbaSs saakaZe da yvelani sicocxles ise gamoasalma, Tavad erTic ar
daRupvia samocidan.
amis Semdeg, giorgi saakaZe qarTlSi mimaval sparselTa jars
RarTiskarSi gadaudga da srulad amowyvita. jari qarTlSi saTareSod
da saZarcvavad midioda. Aamas garda, isa-xan yorCibaSs Sahisagan
specialuri davaleba hqonda: arSis cixidan unda daexsna misi
SviliSvili da siZe, anduyafar amilaxvari. Aanduyafari Sahis colisZmac
iyo. Tumca, vin aRar iyo Sahis colisZma Tu moyvare saqarTveloSi, misi
haramxana xom qarTveli qalebiT iyo savse!.. isa-xani qaliSvilis
gamoxsnisaTvis yvelafers akeTebda, am cbier adamians exerxeboda sxvebis
motyueba, ankesze advilad wamoagebda xolme pativmoyvareebs. axla zurab
aragvis erisTavs SeuCnda: xom ici, Sahs rogor uyvars SviliSvili (is
ki ara, me rogor miyvars qaliSvilio), Sahi aucileblad dagimadlebs,
wyalobas ar mogaklebs da aRarc Segrisxavso. Mman xom martyofisa da
marabdis omebSi namdvili TavganwirviT ibrZola da mravali yizilbaSi
gamoasalma sicocxles. zurab erisTavi mxolod erTma ramem moxibla
yorCibaSis winadadebaSi: sparseTis jari aragvis xeobaze gaivlida,
magram ukan qsnis xeobiT dabrundeboda. amasTan, aragvis xeobaSi xels
arafers axlebda. Mmagram ras izamda es jari qsnis xeobaSi, amis piroba
sparsel sardals ar miucia aragvis erisTavisTvis. manac ifiqra: Tuki
jari aaoxrebs qsnis saeriTavos, kidev ukeTesi, Cemi metoqe erisTavi
32
dasustdebao. Tanac, Sahis wyaloba axla namdvilad sWirdeboda saakaZis
Tanamoazresa da sparselTa dauZinebel mters.
arSamde, romelic Tergis xeobaSi mdebareobs, sparselebma wynarad
miaRwies, gaaTavisufles tyveebi da ukan dabrundnen, gadmolaxes
lomisis mTa da qsnis xeobaSi Camovidnen.
didi sisxlisRvra eloda qsans.
giorgi saakaZeE swored qsanze damdgariyo samxreTisaken momavali
mtris dasaxvedrad `iase qsnis erisTavi da qaixosro muxran-batonic
SeuerTdnen saakaZes TavianTi jarebiT. Mmouravs zurgs umagrebdnen
umcrosi colisZmebi _ daviTi da giorgi, romelTac ufrosi Zmis
saqcieli, saaragvoSi mtris SemoSveba, _ mosawonad ar miiCnies.
qarTvelebma sparselebi SuaSi moiqcies, ise amowyvites momavalni, rom
msgavsi gamarjveba jer arc Tqmuliyo. Qqsani wiTlad SeiReba da
sisxlisfrad dioda.
qarTvelebma tyved aiyvanes Sahbende-xani _ azerbaijanis beglar-
begi, romelmac qarTvelTa marcxiT daasrula qarTvelebis mier ukve
mogebuli marabdis omi. qarTvelebma tyve iqve aCexes.
yizilbaSTa meore sardali _ Sirvanis beglar-begi _ yazax-xan
Cerqezic Seipyres, mihgvares jer zurab erisTavs, Semdeg _ Teimurazs.
maT tyve dazoges, sasikvdilod ar gaimetes, pur-marili migviRia
misgano, _ ganacxades. Ddatyvevebulma xanma mcvelebi moisyida da gaiqca.
qsanze yvelaze metad qarTveli xosro-mirza ibrZoda qarTvelebis
winaaRmdeg. masSi bagrationTa sisxli qarTveli glexi qalis sisxls
Serwymoda. Dam Tavdadebas, TavzexelaRebul gmirobas Caagonebda. 12 aTasi
sparselisagan qsanze TiTqmis aRaravin darCeniliyo. xosro-mirzas da
giorgi saakaZis Setakeba yvelaze mZime iyo am brZolaSi. Dda rodesac
gaTaTrebulma qarTvelma moaxerxa saakaZis alyidan Tavis daRweva,
saakaZes didi devna ar dauwyia. SeRamebis bindSi SeZlo Sah-abasis
sayvarelma gurjma gaqceva da mTeli Ramis awyvetili WenebiT Cavida
TbilisSi, Tan Cauyvana yorCibaSs asuli, anduyafar amilaxvaris col-
Svili, riTac Zalze gaaxara sardali. Sah-abasis davaleba Sesrulebli
iyo, magram misi mTavari survili ver acxadda, ver amoZirkva qarTvelisa
da saqarTvelos saxsenebeli, qsanze uamravi sparseli mxedari Cawyda,
marabdis sisxli da boRma qarTvelebma gadaWarbebiT aiRes.
mtris araerTi razmis ganadgurebis Semdeg, sparsTa zaralma sul
60 aTas kacs miaRwia, rac iranis mTeli SeiaraRebuli Zalebis TiTqmis
naxevari iyo. es, faqtobrivad, Sah-abasis damarcxebas niSnavda. is
damarcxda, mTavari mizani ver aisrula, amitom ganzraxvaze xelis aReba
da ukandaxeva amjobina. Sahma qarTveli Tavadebis dayvaveba-daSoSmineba,
saCuqrebiTa da TanamdebobebiT maTi gulis mogeba scada da moaxerxa
kidec. boqaulTuxucesma qaixosro baraTaSvilma, romelic martyofisa da
33
marabdis omebSi saakaZis gverdiT idga, axla yizilbaSebs miarTva qvemo
qarTlis umniSvnelovanesi cixe-simagre birTvisi. samagierod, mas
yorCibaSma qvemo qarTlis spasalaroba uboZa, romelic manamde baraTa
baraTaSvils epyra. gaTaTrebuli qaixosro 1626 wels Tbilisis
mouravic gaxda. Ralati bevrma Caidina, magram sparselebi mainc gaxdnen
iZulebulni, daetovebinaT saqarTvelo. yorCibaSisTvis Zneli iyo aq
fexis myarad mokideba. misi siZe _ anduyafar amilaxvaric moulodnelad
gardaicvala. TiTqos borotebam uwia _ mcxeTis taZari rom gaZarcva da
mcxeTeli dekanozis mola-mueZiniT Secvla moindoma, swored im dros,
fexi daucda nariyaladan da suli aRar dahyolia. Ddaqvrivebuli
qaliSviliT da SviliSvilebiT gaemarTa yarabaRSi isa-xan yorCibaSi.
roca qsnis ambebi moaxsenes, Sah-abasma Tqva: namdvili gmiri da vaJkaci
mxolod xosro-mirza yofilao. xolo rodesac xosro-mirzac dabrunda
da anduyafar amilaxvaris ojaxi mouyvana, maSin Sahma brZana, amieridan
Cemi yular-aRasi* xosro mirza iqnebao. ispahanis taruRa ukve iyo es
mamaci qarTveli da meore Tanamdebobac, Tavisi uerTgulesi yulis jaris
ufrosobac mas misca Sahma. qarTvelebze gamwarebulma, isev qarTvelSi
hpova dasayrdeni.
1626 wels moxda bazaleTis brZola _ giorgi saakaZisa da
Teimurazis momxreebs Soris atexili samoqalaqo omi. saakaZem amaod
ibrZola, amaod scada osmaleTis daxmareba iranis sabolood dasamxobad.
verc saqarTvelo gaaerTiana da verc mteri mospo, radgan sparseTma
erTmaneTs aumxedra ori qarTvli: mefe Teimurazi _ didad tragikuli
pirovneba da saqarTvelos uniWieresi mxedarTmTavari, giorgi saakaZe.
bazaleTis omis Semdeg saakaZe samudamod gadaixewa saqarTvelodan.
1629 wels Sah-abasi mokvda.
imave wels, osmaleTSi giorgi saakaZec mokles.
sul male, xosro-mirza qarTl-kaxeTis mefe gaxda, mefe rostomis
saxelwodebiT. istoriaSi arcTu cudi saxeli darCa: meuRlesTan _
mariam dadianTan erTad, bevri kargi qarTuli saqme gaakeTa; aSenebda
eklesia-monastrebs, cixe-qalaqebs, aaRorZina qveynis ekonomika, mSvidoba
damyarda qarTl-kaxeTSi, Tumca qristianuli rjuli da erovnuli
tradiciebi Selaxa, Mmagram amas im dros maincdamanc aravin ganicdida,
ramdenime patrioti qarTvelis garda. is ki arada, Tavadaznaurobis didi
nawili baZavda mefes da sparsuli cxovrebis wess irCevda. aRaravin
ixsenebda marabdaze da qsanze mefisgan daRvril qarTul sisxls.
anderZic erTgulad Seusrules: sikvdilis Semdeg yumSi waasvenes da
Sah-abasis gverdiT dakrZales.
martyofi da marabda ki Cveni istoriis is fesvebia, romelic
qarTul miwaSia gadgmuli, qarTul sulsa da cnobierebas amagrebs da
momavlisaTvis sabrZolvelad ganawyobs Cveni qveynis Svilebs. istoria
34
gvaswavlis vis mivbaZoT, visgan ra gadmoviRoT, ras gavufrTxildeT da
ra faseulobebi gveZvirfasebodes. istoria imasac gvaswavlis, _ ra iyo
cudi da ra aRar unda gavimeoroT, ras SevebrZoloT...
martyofi da marabda saqarTvelos istoriis saukeTeso
gakveTilebia.
35
ganmartebiTi leqsikoni *
amasiis zavi _ qalaqi TurqeTSi, amasiis vilaieTis administraciuli
centri. 1555 wlis 29 maiss aq daido zavi iransa da TurqeTs Soris.
dampyroblebma amierkavkasia, maT Soris saqarTveloc gainawiles.
TurqeTs ergo imereTis samefo samegrelo-guriis samTavroebiT da
samcxe-saaTabagos dasavleTi nawili _ tao, SavSeTi, klarjeTi; irans _
qarTlisa da kaxeTis samefoebi da samcxe-saaTabagos aRmosavleTi
nawili, _ mtkvris auzi.
ardebili _ qalaqi iranSi, mdebareobs iranis Azerbaijanis aRmosavleT
nawilSi.
barbiTi _ aRmosavluri musikaluri simebiani sakravi.
diarbeqiri _ qalaqi TurqeTis samxreT aRmosavleT nawilSi, Tanamedrove
siriisa da erayis sazRvris siaxloves, diarbeqiris vilaieTis
administraciuli centri.
ianiCari _ Turquli sityvaa, niSnavs axal jars. osmaleTSi, XIV_XIX
saukuneebSi erqva privilegirebul qveiT jars, romelsac ZiriTadad
adgendnen bavSvobaSi tyved Cavardnili da gamahmadianebuli
qristianebisagan. ianiCarebi iyvnen qarTvelebic.
meShedi _ qalaqi iranSi, xorasnis ostanis (olqis) administraciuli
centri.
raxti _ cxenis aRkazmulobis nawilis _ aRviris morTuloba. aris
oqrosi an vercxlis.
renegati _ moRalate, gandgomili adamiani, romelmac uRalata Tavis
rwmenas da mowinaaRmdegis mxareze gadavida.
serasqeri _ Turquli sityvaa, osmaleTSi istoriul warsulSi erqva
armiis mTavarsardals, samxedro ministrs.
taruRi _ qalaqis Tavi iranSi.
yular-aRasi _ Sahis piradi gvardiis meTauri iranSi. Ees Tanamdeboba
Sah-abasis droidan ramdenime aTeuli wlis manZilze eWiraT qarTvel
sardlebs.
36
Ggamoyenebuli literatura da wyaroebi:
• platon ioseliani, didi mouravi, giorgi saakaZis cxovreba,
gamomcemloba `merani~, Tbilisi, 1973.
• niko berZeniSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis sakiTxebi, VI, 1973.
• n. berZeniSvili, i. javaxiSvili, s. janaSia, saqarTvelos istoria,
1948.
• v. gabaSvili, qarTuli feodaluri wyobileba XVI-XVII
saukuneebSi, 1958.
• f. gvritiSvili, narkvevebi saqarTvelos istoriidan, II, 1965.
• f. gorgijaniZe, istoria, s. kakabaZis gamocema, 1926.
• ioane batoniSvili, kalmasoba, II, 1948.
• ibrahim feCevis cnobebi saqarTvelosa da kavkasiis Sesaxeb, sergi
jiqias Targmani da mecnieruli gamocema, Tbilisi, 1964.
• ioseb tfileli, didmouraviani, 1939.
• saqarTvelos istoriis narkvevebi, IV, Tbilisi, 1973.
• saqarTvelos istoria, akad. s. janaSiasa da n. berZeniSvilis
redaqciiT, redaqtori g. meliqiSvili, 1980.
• T. natroSvili, maSriyiT maRribamde, Tbilisi, 1974.
• T. Jordania, qronikebi, II, 1897.
• l. sanikiZe, giorgi saakaZe, Tbilisi, 1988.
• j. Rvinjilia, giorgi saakaZis pirovneba, Tbilisi, 1980.
• n. Sengelia, mustafa naimis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tbilisi,
1979.
• g. jamburia, giorgi saakaZe, Tbilisi, 1964.
• m. svaniZe, saqarTvelo-osmaleTis urTierTobis istoriidan XVI-
XVII saukuneebSi, Tbilisi, 1971.