mistakes students make in positive communication presented by paul rafferty
TRANSCRIPT
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MISTAKES STUDENTS MAKEIN POSITIVE COMMUNICATIONPresented by Paul Rafferty
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PHONEMICS
• Phonemics is a branch of linguistic analysis involving the study of phonemes.
• Phonemes refers to the smallest linguistic unit of speech that can be used to make one word different from another word.
• The sounds represented by “c” and “b” are different phonemes, as in the words “cat” and “bat.”
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MISTAKES IN PHONEMIC DIFFERENCES
• Phonemic differences are not clearly defined (eg, short "i" and long /i/; voiced and unvoiced consonants /p/ and /b/, /t/ and /d/).
• Third person and plural "s" or "es" is not produced, nor are "-ed" regular endings.
• Intonation patterns are flat and dull.
• Word stress is ignored and therefore whole utterances sound robotic and monotonous.
• Continuous and simple aspects are very often confused. This gives rise to "I swimming three times a week" or "They are not here, they eat their lunch now, teacher".
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MISTAKES WITH VERBS & NOUNS
• Verb tenses are omitted, with a tendency to speak in the infinitive (eg, "I go next weekend").
• Auxiliary verbs, prepositions and pronouns are very often omitted altogether.
• Verb and noun forms are often confused (eg, "I breakfast Haddid").
• Complex sentences are rarely attempted.
• Features such as pausing and hesitation (well, erm, yeah, you know, etc) are lacking or Arabic equivalents are used, sounding strange to an English ear.
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MISTAKES IN STUDENT COMMUNICATION
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MISTAKES IN SPELLING
• Homophones (Words that sound alike but with different meanings and spellings), confusables, misrepresentation of vowel sounds,
• misrepresentation of consonant sounds, misapplication of spelling rules, silent letters, double letters and mispronunciation.
• aes ayes eyes
• bald balled bawled
• cellar seller
• dense dents
• ere err eyre air aire are ayr ayre heir
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BASIC SPELLING RULES
• No English word ends in ’v’ except spiv. Use ve instead.• • No English word ends in ’j’. Use ge or dge instead.• • No English word ends in ‘i’. Use y instead. Exceptions:
macaroni, spaghetti, vermicelli (Italian) and taxi (short for taxicab)• • The word endings ‘dge’, ‘tch’, may only be used after a
short vowel e.g. badge, hedge, lodge, fetch, Dutch, catch. Exceptions to this rule are: much, such, rich, which.
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SPELLING CONTINUED
• We double ‘l’, ‘f’, ‘s’ and ‘z’, after a single vowel at the end of a short word; e.g. call, tell, toss, miss, stiff, stuff, fizz, jazz.Exceptions to this spelling rule: us, bus, gas, if, of, this, yes, plus, nil, pal.• Two-syllable words that end with s.• Many words that end with s have the stress on the first
syllable, e.g, crisis, bonus, crocus, circus, litmus and fungus .... These follow the rule - only use one s at the end of the word.
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MISTAKES
I received jour letter – incorrect spellingWe know well this city – incorrect word order
Always I am happy here – incorrect word order
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UNDERSTANDING WRITING MISTAKES
• ESL students who wish to write well need help in understanding and avoiding mistakes in their writing. There are 4 main types of mistake in written language: spelling, punctuation, grammar and usage.
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PUNCTUATION
• Punctuation mistakes: ESL students need to learn certain aspects of the English punctuation system, such as the way to punctuate direct speech.
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• English spelling is irregular and even many native-speaker adults have difficulties with it.
• Would you like your students to write a great paper for one of your classes? If so, proper punctuation is a must.
• Your students have to really want to learn new vocabulary if they’re going to succeed.
• The next time your students have to write an essay, take a moment to look over their sentences and structure.
spelling punctuation
usagegrammar
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ORATTENDING TODAY’S PRESENTATION
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