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Al-Jahra School 1 Ministry of Education Al-Jahra Educational Area Al-Jahra Int.School For Girls Remedial Ex. / 9 th Grade 1 st Term / 1 st Period I - Vocabulary A ) Choose the correct answers from a , b c and d: - 1- All the audience are ……….……………and silent . a)basic b) tense c) active d) absent 2-Try to …………………..fully when you take your exams. a) concentrate b) breed c) recruit d)label 3- The actors bow ……………………. at the end of the play. a) loudly b) rarely c) dramatically d) ornately 4 -I like the spectacle of the………………………. . a) runway b) waterfall c) script d) patience 5- " Independence day" is really a ……………..movie. a) royal b) massive c) thrilling d) expressive II -Structure 1- The present simple tense: Form: He, She, It :( Verb + s). I, They , We, You :( Verb without s ( Inf .)) Key Words: ( often, sometimes, usually, frequently-never-rarely-seldom-every - always) The present simple tense expresses ( facts and permanent situations or habits)

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Page 1: Ministry of Education Al-Jahra Educational Area Al-Jahra ... · Al-Jahra School 5 Used to Used to+ infinitive: to talk about actions done in the past not now anymore. Examples: I

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Ministry of EducationAl-Jahra Educational AreaAl-Jahra Int.School For Girls

Remedial Ex. / 9 thGrade 1st Term / 1st Period

I - Vocabulary

A ) Choose the correct answers from a , b c and d: -

1- All the audience are ……….……………and silent .a)basic b) tense c) active d) absent

2-Try to …………………..fully when you take your exams.

a) concentrate b) breed c) recruit d)label

3- The actors bow ……………………. at the end of the play.

a) loudly b) rarely c) dramatically d) ornately

4 -I like the spectacle of the………………………. .

a) runway b) waterfall c) script d) patience

5- " Independence day" is really a ……………..movie.

a) royal b) massive c) thrilling d) expressive

II-Structure

1- The present simple tense:

Form: He, She, It :( Verb + s).

I, They , We, You :( Verb without s ( Inf .))

Key Words: ( often, sometimes, usually, frequently-never-rarely-seldom-every

- always)

The present simple tense expresses ( facts and permanent situations or habits)

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Examples:

* The sun shines at the east. ( Fact )

* Cows give us milk. ( Fact )

* Mr. Ali is my teacher. ( Permanent situation)

* I take the bus every day. ( Habit )

Ex: Correct the verbs between brackets :

1- My friend usually ( go ) to the club.…………………………………………………..…………………………………. ..

) heavy things .2-They sometimes ( carry…….…………………………….…………….……………………………………. ..

.Wood ( float ) on water3-.………………………………………………..……………………………………. ..

4-My father always ( help) poor people.…………………………………………………….………………………………….

Do as required between brackets :

5- Hoda studies chemistry at the university . ( Ask a question )………………………………………………..………………………………………

6- She goes to the circus every day . ( Make negative )

…………………………………………………………………………………….…..

2- The past simple tense:

Form: the second conjugation of the verb.

It expresses an action completed in the past.

Key Words: (Last, yesterday, ago, previously, in the past , before , after)

Examples:

* Ali travelled to Dubai last year.

* They built a flyover in our city five months ago.

* I visited my uncle yesterday.

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Ex: Correct the verbs between brackets :

1- The teacher ( explain )…………………. the lesson yesterday .He (use to) …………….…… live in a small house in the past .2-

3- My family and I ( go) …………………to Al -Khairan last week.4- Where …………you (spend) ………………your summer holiday last week ?

-Correct the verbs between brackets :*

5- He ( speak)……….. …………. to me in a rude way yesterday.

………………………………….…..………………………………………………….. .

6-She (understand)………………..……. what her mother said.

…………………………………….………........……………………………………… .

7- Previously, there ( be ) …………………a villa on this street.

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

)continuous), ( past simple( Past-3

(While)

( was, were + v ing ), ( The second conjugation of the verb)

Examples:

While I was driving , a deer crossed the road suddenly.

While we were studying, the electricity went off.

Exercise:

Correct the following verbs in brackets:

1- While I ( revise) my science lessons, I fell asleep.……………………………………….………..……………………………………………2- While Ahmed was playing, his friend Nader ( come )………………………………….………………...…………………………………………3- We met Abrar while we (run).

………………………………………………………...…………………………………..

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( past simple), ( past continuous) or ( past simple ) or ( past perfect) + When

Examples:

- When Omar fell off his bike, his mother was watching him.

- When I arrived at the airport, the plane was leaving.

- When I came home, my uncle had left.

Correct the following verbs in brackets :

I – I ( think)………..…. about my English homework when I had an idea for a story.

2 -Amal ( have )……………… dinner when the doorbell rang.

4-The second conditional ( If ):

It expresses an imaginary situations in the present that can never change or a wishat the present that can never be achieved.

If ( Clause ) , ( Clause )Past simple , would + infinitive

Examples:

If I had a car, I would be happy.

If I saw Amjed, I would say hi.

If The great Giovanni lost his footing, he would fall into the torrent.

Correct the verbs between brackets :

1- If the kids( make)……………..… much noise, their father would punish them.2- If I had a lot of money, I………….……..………… ( go ) everywhere.3- If you learned to speak Spanish, you ( live)…………………… in Spain.

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Used to

Used to+ infinitive : to talk about actions done in the past not now anymore.

Examples:

I used to play tennis at college but not now anymore.

When he was young, he used to be fat but now he is very slim.

Used to + infinitive ( negative )→ didn’t use to + infinitive

In the past , people didn’t use to live in big villas.

In the past , Nasser didn’t use to be lazy.

Do as shown between brackets:-

1- Our ancestors used to have computers in the past. ( Make negative)

……………………………………………………………………………….…………

2- When I was a child, I used to live by the coast. (Ask a question )

…………………………………………………………………………………………

3- People used to send e-mails to each other in the past. ( Make negative )

……………………………………………………………………………………… ..

III- Language functions

For suggestion:-

(Let's ……, Shall we…? , How about+ gerund? ,What about+ gerund ? ,Why don’t we + infinitive? )

Write what you would you say in the following situations:

1-Your friend says " I 'm really fed up and bored."

……………………………………………………………………………………………

2- Your friend doesn’t know how to spend his free time.

………………………………………………………………...………………………….

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For expressing opinions:

( I think it 's……., in my opinion /personally, I think ……, in my point of view…..,

the way I see it …………………)

Write what you would you say in the following situations:

1- Your sister bought a new dress.

………………………………………………………………….………………………..

2- Your friend asks for your opinion about going to the circus.

…………………………………………………………………..……………………….

QuestionsSet Book-VI

Answer the following questions:

1- Why is it fun to go to the circus?

…………………………………………………….…………………………………………

2- How can you make your life more interesting?

………………………………….………………………………………………………….

3- When do some people let their nerves show?

……………………………………………………………………………………………….

4- Do you think letting nerves out is a good thing? Why?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Unit One Lessons 3 - 4

I- Vocabulary

A) Choose the correct answer from a ,b ,c or d:

1- Folktales are………………………….from one generation to another

a ) Passed down b) groaned c) pursued d) fawned upon

2- Shakespeare's plays ………………..…………….. lots of moral lessons.

a )groan b) convey c) pursue d) flee

3-The criminal was trying to ………………….. when the police came.

a) flee b) pursue c) bind up d) fawn upon

4-When I came to the place of the accident, A nurse was………… the injured driver.

a) groaning b) binding up c) pursuing d) moaning

5- Before Islam, people used to have …………………………..

a) plots b) scripts c) slaves d) characters

6- On my way back home yesterday, I bumped into an injured dog that

was……… ………….in pain.

a) cascading b) recruiting c) moaning d) pursuing

Set Book Questions-II

*Answer the following questions:

1- Do you like reading folktales? Why? Why not?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

2- Are there any of Kuwaiti folktales? Mention some of them.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Unit One Lessons 5 - 6

I - Vocabulary

A) Choose the correct answer from a ,b ,c or d:

1- Our prophet Muhammed showed a great…………………………. .

a) wisdom b) nerve c) quilt d) joke

2- He has a great sense of humour. He always tells …………………

a) jokes b) lullaby c) folklore d) quilts

3-" An apple a day, keeps the doctor away" is a very famous……….

a)Lullaby b) joke c) proverb d) folk

4- Reem is trying to translate some English …………………..into Arabic.

a)proverbs b) conflicts c) waterfalls d) quilts

5- He is very smart. He likes to solve …………………………… .

a) proverbs b) riddles c) quilts d)jokes

7- There are ……………….books at the library. You can pick whatever you like.

a) numerous b) thrilling c) expressive d) joyous

8- When I was a baby, my mom used to sing me a………………………. .

a) riddle b) lullaby c) riddle d) proverb

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II- Structure

The present simple active and passive:

Ali opens the door. (S - V - O )

The door is opened. ( by Ali ) ( Passive, we started the statement with the Object)

Steps to change from Active into passive:

Start with the object.

Put Verb to Be in the same tense of the statement (am. is .are .was. were)

Put the main verb in the past participle form.

You can put the agent or the subject preceded by (by)

Put the rest of the statement.

Change into passive:

1- Rashid plants a tree in the garden every year.

……………………………………………………………….…………………………… .

2- The carpenter mends the broken chairs.

……………………………………………………………..…………………………….. .

Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:

1- Folktales…………….down and retold from one generation to another.

a) were passed b) am passed c) is passed d) are passed

2- Pizza …………………….. when someone orders it.

a) am delivered b) are delivered c) are delivering d) is delivered

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Language functions-III

*Write what you would you say in the following situations:

1-Your friend asks you about her new I-Pad.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

2- You came late to school late.

………………………………………………………………...………………………….

3- You saw an old woman carrying a heavy bag.

……………………………………………………………………………………………

Set Book Questions-IV

*Answer the following questions:

1- Can you think of different kinds of folklore in Kuwait?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

2- Is there any type of folklore in your house? Mention some.

………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Unit two / Lessons 1&2

I- Vocabulary

A) Choose the correct answer from a ,b ,c or d:

1--Yesterday, the police …………………..the criminals who fled to the mountains.

a)chattered b) captured c) sentenced d)revised

2- A good story teller needs to know when to speak…….………and when to whisper

a )perhaps b) loudly c) ornately d) quickly

3-Don’t ask me about farming because I 'm not a ………….…….…..farmer.

a) numerous b) expressive c) professional d)basic.

4- I 'm sorry . I don’t want to go to the cinema tonight. I am not in a good ………… .

a) mood b) script c) conflict d) whisper

5- It is not a secret. You don’t have to ……………….. .

a) revise b) whisper c) capture d)document

6- A good story should have a strong ………………………among characters.

a) conflict b) mood c) riddle d) proverb

7-My mom always tells us stories without a ………… She has a very strong memory.

a) conflict b) joke c) script d)myth

8- Good people always have …………..………. for the poor.

a) sympathy b) tip c) riddle d) script

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Structure-II

Possibility , ability:

* Use could to describe general possibility or ability in the past;

I could answer all the questions in the test.

I couldn’t go to the concert because I didn’t have a ticket.

* Use was / wasn’t able to ; were / weren’t able to or managed to

To say someone was or wasn’t in a position to do something;

After my father broke his leg , he wasn’t able to drive for two months.

I managed to stay awake until midnight last night.

A )Choose the correct answer from a, b, c or d:

1-We lightened the candles last night so that we ……..………….…see in the dark.

a) managed b) weren’t able to c) could d) wasn’t able to

2- Did you ……………………to find your lost passport and wallet?

a) manage b) could c) able to d) can

3- I ……………….…enter the concert without a ticket.

a) didn’t manage b) wasn’t able c) couldn’t d) weren’t able to

4-When I was young, I ……………..do exactly the same things that I can do now.

a) can b) wasn’t able to c) managed d) were able to

* Use "Have to " to express strong obligation when it comes from someone else.

Ex : The officers have to wear uniforms.

* Use " must " to express strong obligation when it comes from you.

Ex : I must go home . My mother is waiting for me.

* Use " should " to express mild obligation or giving advice.

Ex : You should study hard .

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B ) Choose the correct answers from a, b , c or d:

1- We ……………….wear the school uniform at school.

a) have to b) have c) should d) has

2 -You ……………………run. We still have much time.

A )must b) have to c) don’t have to d) has to

3- We ………………..….do our homework daily.

a) has to b) have to c) mustn’t d) have

4- Muslims …………….………pray five times every day.

a) must b) mustn’t c) don’t have to d) have

III-Set Book Questions

A )Answer the following questions:-

1- What skills are needed to tell a story aloud?

………………………………….…..………………………………………………………

2- Which qualities are needed to be a good writer?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

3- Do you think that we can learn from traditional stories? Why?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Unit two / Lessons 3 - 4

Vocabulary-I

A ) Choose the correct answers from a, b , c or d:

1-I am going to the library to do a…………………….….about Ibn Sina.

a )research b) background c) tip d) neighborhood

2- He is collecting information about Hiroshima . He is an……………….……….

a) neighborhood b) oral historian c) research d) background

3- History ……………….………serious events happen in the world.

a) associates b) documents c) conveys d) whispers

4- I live in a good district . My …………………..…..is very quiet.

a) research b) background c) neighbourhood d) tip

5- Ahmed Zewail has a great family………………….…………..

a) background b) research c) oral historian d) tip

6- Muslims do lots of things …………………….… with Sacrifice Feast.

a) document b) label c) associated d) captured

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II- Structure

* Use ( had better) to give strong advice

Ex : You had better hurry up , or you will be late.

* Use ( ought to ) to advise people to do things = should

Ex : We ought to leave soon. It's quite late.

A )* Choose the correct word from a, b ,c or d:

1-You …….start studying . The exam is next week.

a ) have b) ought c) had better d) has

2-You ……………to get an umbrella. It 's getting cloudy.

a) ought b) has c) had d) had better

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III-Set Book Questions

A)Answer the following questions:

1- Do you like to write about your family tradition? Why?

………………………………….……………………………………………………………

2- Is it important to record and document real-life stories? Why?

……………………………….………………………………………………………………

Unit two / Lessons 5 - 6

VocabularyA ) Choose the correct word from a, b ,c or d:

1-Fish and rice are the ………………..…… food in Kuwait.

a) expressive b) basic c) active d) loud

2-Every story should have a ……………………… .

a) plot b) personality c) appearance d) runway.

3-Nobody knows where she is now , ………………………. she is sick.

a) perhaps b) loudly c) ornately d) quickly

4- She bought a good handbag of high………….………….. .

a )Personality b) quality c) conflict d) setting

5-Amal is very popular in the school as she has a charismatic …………………

a)Setting b) personality c) conflict d) plot

6- She works as a stylist. She has a wonderful…………………….

a) setting b) plot c) conflict d) appearance

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Structure-II

A )Choose the correct answer from a, b ,c or d:

1- Nabeel did the best in his job so he ………………..get high position .

a) couldn’t b) was able to c) were able to d) managed

2- I…………………..……enter the concert without the tickets.

a)Wasn’t able b) didn’t manage c) couldn’t d) weren’t able to

3- When I was young, I …..…………..…do exactly the same things that I can d now.

a) can b) was able to c) managed d) able

4- It was raining heavily outside but I was …………………………..arrive on time.

a) able to b) couldn’t c) managed to d) could

B )Do as required between brackets :

1- I managed to get an umbrella when it rained . ( Make negative)

…………………………………………………………………………………………….

2- I was able to travel to Italy when I was young. ( Make negative)

................................................................................................................................

3- She could answer the difficult question. ( Make negative)

…………………………………………….……………………………………………

4- Finally ! could play tennis in Al Ahly. ( Make negative)

……………………………………………………………………………………………..

III-Set Book Questions

A )Answer the following questions:

1- How do the best stories end ?

…………………………..………………………………………………………………

2- Why do difficulties make a story more interesting?

……………………………………………………………………………………………

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2-1Lessonsthree /Unit

Vocabulary-I

A )Choose the correct answer from a, b ,c or d:

1-The weather is very bad and the wind …………..strongly everywhere.

a) blows b) captures c) revises d) recruits

2-The oil company is …………………….now people.

a) blowing b) recruiting c) chasing d) pursuing

3-The……………………protects the driver from the strong rush of air.

a) tail b) pilot c) windshield d) research

4- A successful …………….…….can fly a plane through a terrible storm.

a) driver b)biker c) pilot d) swimmer

5- She looks great. She has a ……………..………appearance.

a) royal b) essential c) expressive d) basic

6- Farmers are…………………… their sheep .

a)chasing away b) flying c) blowing d) recruiting

7- Khalid used to walk in the ………..…………….sunshine everyday.

a) bright b) royal c) dull d) dark

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II-Structure

Present Continuous-1

)am, is , are + v ing(:Form

)Now, look , listen, at the moment, watch out(Key words:

es changing situations and trendsexpressThe present continuous-1

Ex - More and more people are spending their money on mobiles.

ctions happening now or around nowA-2

are studying their lessons now .– TheyEx

:the verbs between bracketsCorrectA )

1-Watch out! The car (come)………………..…….. .2-Listen! The lion( moan)………………………….and groaning loudly.

3-Look! A robber ( climb) …………….……..up the Bank wall.

2-The past continuous:

Form: (was , were +v ing)

Key words: it's used with ( when, while, as and just as).

Ex (1)* We were getting close to the town when suddenly it rained.

Ex (2)* While we were walking , he started to cry again.

It 's used for background action or description:

Ex * The cat was sleeping on the sofa.

It's used to talk about actions in progress at a certain time in the past.

Ex * Faten was watching a film at 6 yesterday morning

A )Correct the verbs between brackets :

1- When I saw my teacher , she ( cross )…………………… the street .

2- Ali (play)……………………tennis when he heard the explosion.

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Reported speech

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A )Complete/ reported speech:

1-Dana ,"I will be able to see you tomorrow."

Dana said ……….………..……………………………………….……………

2-Marwa said," My party is wonderful."

Marwa said ……….……………………………………….…………………….

3- Salman said," I go to the beach every Friday."

Salman said…………………………………….……………………………….

I went to the women market yesterday, '' said my mother4- "

My mother said…………………………………………………………………….

5- Rania said " I like fruit and vegetables".

Rania said ………………………………………………………………………….

III- Set book questions

A )Answer the following questions:

1- Would you like to be a pilot? Why? Why not?

……..………………………..…………………………………………………………

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Unit three / Lessons 3 - 4

Vocabulary-IA )Choose the correct answer from a, b ,c or d:

1-The celebration of the graduation day was very…………….… . Everybody likes it.

a) Joyous b) basic c) bad d) sad

2- People go to the country to ……………..……..

a) blow b) relax c) derive d) surround

3- Trees and flowers ……………..…..this house , so it looks very beautiful.

a) blow b) derive c) surround d) relax

4- After praying to God , Man feel great…………….

a) sadness b) satisfaction c) script d) commerce

5- A holiday is a special day ………………………..a special event.

a) marking b) blowing c) deriving d) relaxing

6-The word Holiday ……………….the two words holy and day.

a) marks b) derives c) relaxes d) blows

7- The Holly book of Muslims is …………………….

a) solemn b) basic c) essential d) joyous

II-Set book questions

A )Answer the following questions:

1-Do you like holidays? Why?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

2- In your point of view, what's the best way to spend a holiday?

………………………………………………………………………………………………

3-How do we usually remember holidays?………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Unit three / Lessons 5 - 6

Vocabulary-I

A )Choose the correct answer from a, b ,c or d:

1-He is a very lazy student. He ……..comes to school early .

a) always b) rarely c) loudly d) ornately

2-Kuwait's ……..depends on petroleum and natural gas.

a)Nursery b) economy c) script d) custom

3- The desert is a natural ….………………..for camels.

a)fusion b) runway c) habitat d) economy

4-My child is 4 years old , so he will go to the ………… this year.

a)commerce b) nursery c) economy d) habitat

Language functions-II

A )Write what you would you say in the following situations:

1- Your friend says "Africa is an interesting place to visit."

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2- Your friend suggests going to Kubar Island at the weekend.

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III- Set Book Questions

A ) Answer the following questions:

1- Would you like to visit Malaysia? Why? Why not?

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Writing

"Folklore is a part of our daily life. We can find it everywhere " .Write an email oftwo paragraphs to your friend Julia telling her about Folklore , its meaning andKuwaiti folklore.

These guide words may help you.

Meaning of folklore: Folklore- folk - lore - knowledge - expression

Kuwaiti folklore: jokes – oral – material – decoration – folktales

Before you write, plan your writing first

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Writing

"A holiday is a time to relax and enjoy yourself" . In about (10) sentences writea report of two paragraphs about holidays, its meaning and ways to spend it. Theseguide words may help you.

The meaning and types of holiday:

holiday- derives - holy- day- delightful

The places and ways to spend a holiday:

gardens - send flowers- countryside-play games-relax

Before you write your paragraphs, plan your writing first

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Comprehension

Read this passage , then answer the questions below :

Some people are always starting arguments. They often have very littleknowledge of whatever is being discussed, but this doesn't matter. They have strongview. Anyway, there's no point in getting into discussion with such people like thesebecause you can never come to any conclusion . On the other hand ,there are somepeople who just can't make up their minds about anything by themselves . Theyfrequently ask the advice of their friends and then do the opposite of what theirfriends have suggested . Indeed they are so obstinate .

My younger brother Tom is such a person . He can never decide what to doand is always asking my opinion . I try to help him as much as I can ,but he nevertakes my advice . Yesterday, however, I answered his question in a different way ."Look " he said , showing me a letter , "What do you think I ought to do ?"The letterwas to offer him a job . It seemed to be an excellent opportunity for a young engineer. Tom would be sent to Africa to work and they would pay very well , besides hewould be able to travel and visit many interesting places free of charge ."What doyou think , Bill ? he asked ,"Should I go? If I were to accept the job , I'd have to stayin Africa for two years . I might have to stay longer , but it would be a wonderfulexperience for me. What should I do? "Don't go !" I told him ."You'd be veryunhappy".'' Don't go?'' He looked very surprised at my answer .As you probablyguesses , Tom accepted the offer .I don't know if it had occurred to him that I actuallywanted him to take the job.

A) choose the correct answer from a, b , c or d :

1-The best title for the passage is ……..…………………… .a) Tom and Bill b) Going to Africa c) People who start argument d)The jungles

2- The main idea of this passage is …………………........... .a) Starting arguments b) Obstinate people do the opposite of your advicec) Some people have little knowledge . d) Africa

3- The word " frequently" in line ( 6 ) means …………………….. .a) anytime b) often c) two times d) never

B)Answer the following questions :7- How long is Tom going to stay in Africa ?…………………………………………………………………………………………………..8- What kind of person is Tom?…………………………………………………………………………………………………..9- Do you always take pieces of advice from other?…………………………………………………………………………………………………..

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Reading ComprehensionRead the following passage then answer the questions below :With the birth of the big cities and their exploding population has become the problem ofgetting rid of their wastes. Many people believe that these cities will eventually burythemselves in their own rubbish unless something is done, and done quickly. The worriesabout land pollution, shortage of natural resources (especially wood and oil), increasing costs

Recyclablerecycling.of raw materials and growing unemployment all point to one solution:waste falls into seven basic groups: paper, glass, plastics, metals, rags, bones and organicmatter. The first five groups can be recycled to produce similar products a second time.Organic matter can be used to feed animals or used as fertilizer. Bones produce fat, gelatinand calcium which can be used in animal feed or to make filters.Among the many advantages of recycling are: saving valuable natural resources, preventingland pollution, saving manufacturers' money, creating a lot of jobs. For recycling to be asuccess it needs the support of the government in supplying areas for dumping, sorting and

needs experts toItoperate.-persuade the public to corecycling and to launch a campaign tofind suitable people or companies to recycle each material. All the way along the line, fromthe collector to the seller of the recycled product, there has to be an acceptable income. In thisway, meeting this demand is easier in the developing world, where people are on lowerincomes, than in developed countries where expectations of reward are higher .

A)Choose the correct answers from a, b, c or d : -

1. The best title for this passage could be …………………….. .a. The importance of recycling. b. The dangers of rubbish.c. The growth of cities. d- Seas and oceans

means ……………………………… .Recycling2.a. throwing bones b. using raw materials.c. changing rubbish into products. d- collecting rubbish to fire.

in the second paragraph refers to ………………………………… .ItThe pronoun-3a. rubbish b. recycling c. products d- the government

-:)Answer the following questionsB

4- What are the advantages of recycling ?……………………………………………………………………………. .5- Why does recycling need experts?………………………………………………………………………….. .66 –– WWhhaatt aarree the recyclable waste seven basic groups ??…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………....