Mineral status of Soil, Feed and

Fodder for Dairy Animals in different Agro-climatic Zones in INDIA

Mayank Tandon

National Dairy Research InstituteKarnal, Haryana

Soil Plant

Animal

Relationship

Minerals Required by the Dairy Animal (Under wood, 1981)

MACRO Minerals: Calcium, Phosphorus,

Magnesium, Sodium,

Potassium, Chlorine, Sulphur

MICRO Minerals: Iron, Zinc, Copper, Cobalt,

Iodine, Manganese,

Molybdenum, Chromium,

Fluorine, Selenium

Recently added in list: Arsenic, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium,

Tin, Aluminium, Lead & Rubidium.

FUNCTIONS AND REQUIRMENT (Georgievskii etal.,1982)

Mineral Function Requirement

Calcium Structural (bone, teeth, cartilage), Acid- Base balance, Vit-D, Signaling, Enzymes

Maintenance:17g/d,

Milk:2.3g/L

Phosphorus Structural (bone, teeth), ATP, Oxidation of CHO, Nucleic acids,

Phospho-proteins, phospho-lipid

Maintenance:14g/d,

Milk:2g/L

Magnesium Bone matrix, teeth, soft tissues, various enzymes,

5g/100kg B.Wt.

Or 0.5% of DMI

Cont…. ( Mc Donald et al., 1999)

Sodium Acid base balance, pH, Nerve function, Na-K pump,

0.5% of DMI

Potassium Acid base balance, Osmotic pressure, Na-K pump

0.2% of DM

Chlorine Associated with Na-K With Na

Sulphur Amino acids, Vitamins, hormone, enzymes, structural(hair, wool, hoof)

0.2% of DMI

Micro Minerals

Iron Haemoglobin,O2-CO2 transport 500mg/d-400kg

Zinc Various enzymes, 40 mg/kg DMI

Cont….

Copper Hb, enzymes, melanin, wool, Ceruloplasmin

5-7mg/kg DM

Cobalt Vit B12, 0.05-0.07mg/kg DM

Iodine Thyroid, T3,T4; 0.1mg/kg DM

Manganese Enzymes, transport of A As 16-36mg/kg DM

Molybdenum Xanthine oxidase, --

Chromium Glucose utilization --

Fluorine Teeth, bone, --

Selenium Se-AAs, Glutathion peroxidase --0.2-0.3 ppm

Some Metallo Enzymes in Animals (Georgievskii etal.,1982)

S.No Enzymes Metal 1 Monoamine oxidase Cu

2 Uricase Cu

3 Cytochrome oxidase Cu

4 NADH-dehydrogenase Fe

5 Succinate dehydrogenase Fe

6 Aldehyde oxidase Fe, Mo

7 Pyruvate carboxylase Mn

8 Xanthine oxidase Mo

9 Carbonic anhydrase Zn

10 Carboxy peptidase A & B Zn

11 Alcohol dehydrogenase Zn

12 Gultathion peroxidase Se

Emerging Nutrient Deficiencies in soils as a Result of Increased Food Production (Swarup & Ganeshamurthy, 1998)

Year 1950 1960 70 80 1990 2000

Food Production

50mt 70mt 108 112 172 209mt

Emerging

Nutrient

Deficiencies

?

N N N N N N

Fe Fe Fe Fe Fe

P P P P

Zn Zn Zn Zn

K K K K

S S S

Mn Mn Mn

B B

?

Region-wise Fertilizer Use, Nutrient Removal and Gap(kg/ha) (Swarup & Ganeshamurthy, 1998)

S.No Region Use Removal Gap

1 Western Himalayan R 51 97 -46

2 Eastern Himalayan R 18 71 -55

3 Lower Gangatic Plains R 81 129 -48

4 Middle Gangatic Plains R 83 116 -33

5 Upper Gangatic Plains R 93 170 -77

6 Trans Gangatic Plains R 120 183 -63

7 Eastern Plateau Hill R 23 83 -60

8 Central Plateau Hill R 30 118 -88

Cont…

9 Western Plateau Hill R 38 94 -57

10 Southern Plateau Hill R 73 123 -50

11 East Coast Plains & Hill 156 46 -

12 West Coast Plains & Hill 76 127 -51

13 Gujarat Plains & Hill 66 87 -21

14 Western Dry R 6 33 -27

15 The Islands R - - -

ALL INDIA 62 117 -55

Different Agro-climatic Zones

•Are 15 :Planning Commission (1992), GOI

•Broadly are 5(4): Eastern,Western,Northern,

Southern, (Central)

Extent of Soil Micronutrient deficiency in Various States of India (Singh, 2001)

States No. of soil samples

Percent Sample Deficient (PSD)

Zn Cu Fe Mn

AP 8158 49.4 <1 3 1

Assam 2165 34.0 <1 2 20

Bihar 19214 54.0 3 6 2

Delhi 201 20.0 - - -

Gujarat 30152 23.8 4 8 4

Haryana 21848 60.5 2 20 4

Cont……(Indian soils ranged: 0.2-6.9mg(0.87) Zn, 0.1-8.2mg(2.1) Cu, 0.8-196mg(19) Fe, 0.2-118mg(21) Mn/kg soil)

States No. of soil samples

Zn Cu Fe Mn

HP 155 42.0 0 27 5

J&K 93 12.0 - - -

Karnataka 27860 72.0 5 35 17

Kerala 650 34.0 3 <1 0

MP 32867 43.9 <1 7 -

Maharastra 515 86.0 0 24 0

Meghalaya 95 57.0 2 0 23

Cont… (Singh, 2001)

States No. of soil samples

Zn Cu Fe Mn

Orissa 16040 54.0 - 0 0

Pondichery 4108 8.0 4 2 3

Punjab 16483 48.1 1 14 2

Rajasthan 183 21.0 - - -

Tamil Nadu 28087 58.4 6 17 6

UP 26126 45.7 1 6 3

West Bengal 6547 36.0 0 0 3

All India 251660 49.0 3 12 5

Available SULPHUR in soils (Biswas, etal.,2004)

States No. of Samples Low (<10mg/kg)

Medium 10-20mg/kg

High (>20mg/kg)

UP 6250 49 38 13

MP 2000 33 54 12

Gujarat 3016 33 29 38

Bihar 600 26 30 44

Jharkhand 809 51 31 18

West Bengal 4500 43 34 23

AP 1880 56 34 10

Karnataka 1730 43 32 25

Tamil Nadu 1716 26 41 33

PHOSPHORUS fertility status of soils of Indian stats (Motsara, 2002)

States No. of Samples % Low Medium % High

Assam 30,154 27 36 38

Arunachal P 1,984 61 38 1

Manipur 4,528 76 36 12

Meghalaya 3,785 52 36 12

Mizoram 4,800 68 19 13

Nagaland 20,007 80 20 -

Orissa 2,51,196 59 28 13

Tripura 6,083 54 23 23

West Bengal 44,274 34 27 39

Gujarat 1,76,955 41 54 5

Goa 23,000 44 30 26

Cont.. PHOSPHORUS

States No. of Samples % Low Medium % High

MP 1,38,553 39 38 23

Maharashtra 93,142 86 12 2

Haryana 2,73,459 81 18 1

HP 60,997 36 35 29

J&K 39,470 72 24 4

Punjab 3,48,096 29 49 22

UP 8,07,424 71 26 3

Andhra P 3,12,521 57 29 14

A&N Islands 8,111 96 4 -

karnataka 3,17,213 31 48 21

kerla 1,72,613 18 29 53

Pondicherry 19,622 94 6 -

Tamil Nadu 4,91,657 24 41 35

ALL INDIA 36,50,004 42 38 20

•INDIA Soils are Deficient :

42 % P, 40 % S

47 % Zn, 4.8 % Cu,

11.5 % Fe, 4 % Mn,

20 % B, 18 % Mo

(Tripathi, 2003; Motsara, 2002; Biswas, et al., 2004)

Specification for Mineral Mixture Type I and Type II: BIS S.No Specification Type I Type II

1 Moisture, % By mass, max 5 5

2 Calcium, % by mass, min 18 23

3 Phosphorus, % by mass, min 9 12

4 Magnesium, % by mass 5 6.5

5 Salt, % by mass, min 22 without

6 Iron, % of mass, min 0.4 0.5

7 Iodine, % of mass, min 0.02 0.026

8 Copper, min 0.06 0.077

9 Manganese, min 0.1 0.12

10 Cobalt, min 0.009 0.012

11 Fluorine, max 0.05 0.07

12 Zinc, min 0.3 0.38

13 Sulphur, max 0.4 0.5

14 AIA, % by mass, max 3 2.5

Supplements for Animals (Chopra, 2005)

Compound Minerals present

Calcium carbonate 40 % Ca

Lime stone powder 38.5 % Ca

Calcite powder 39 % Ca

Dolomite stone 22.3 % Ca 12.8 % Mg

Di calcium phosphate 23.3 % Ca 18.5 % P

Magnesium carbonate 21- 28 % Mg

Magnesium oxide 54 –60 % Mg

Magnesium sulphate 9.8 – 17 % Mg

Zinc carbonate 52 % Zn

Zinc chloride 48 % Zn

Zinc sulphate 22- 36 % Zn

cont…………… Supplements for animals

Compound Minerals present

Potassium Iodide 69 % I

Calcium iodate 63 % I

Copper sulphate 25 % Cu

Cupric chloride 37.25 % cu

Cobalt sulphate 21 % Co

Cobalt chloride 24.7 % Co

Ferrous sulphate 26 – 30 % Fe

Sodium chloride 39 % Na 51 % Cl

Mineral status of Feeds and Fodder in Northern Region of India (mean values)

Feed Ca % P % Fe ppm Cu ppm Zn ppm Mn ppm Refe..

Critical Level <0.30 0.25 <50 <8 30 40

Panipat-Haryana

Dry roughages 0.44 0.10 572 15.38 17.92 34.13 Yadav, et al.,

2002Green roughages 0.75 0.29 405 22.17 30.66 44.65

Concentrate 0.43 0.68 280 22.17 35.15 50.08

Hisar ( Haryana) Lall et al., 1993Green roughages 1.30 0.43 239 22 32 34

Rohtak (Haryana)

Dry roughages 0.19 0.09 7.76 2.3 22.6 27.7 Mann, et al.,

2003Green roughages 0.66 0.22 236.5 5.21 18.19 51.62

Rewari (Haryana)

Dry roughages 0.34 0.19 215-468 7-13 16-31 67-71 Yadav, et al.,

2002Green roughages 0.53 0.66 227 40 82 175

Concentrate .09-0.6 0.50 66-371 7-24 22-41 27-79

Cont.. Northern

Feed Ca % P % Fe ppm Cu ppm Zn ppm Mn ppm Refe..

Critical Level <0.30 0.25 <50 <8 30 40

Jind (Haryana) Yadav and

Khirwar, 2005

Dry roughage 282-323 8.1-20 14.8-33 22.9-45.7

Bareilly (UP)

Bedi and

Khan, 1989Dry roughages 178 9.53 9.07 76.86

Green roughage 434.5 12.8 27.77 36.14

Agra (UP)

Fodder 288.33 10.47 33.18

Aligarh (UP)

Kumar et al.,

2005Fodder 312.78 12.22 29.4

Hathras(UP)

Fodder 269.33 10.29 24.45

Mathura (UP)

Fodder 334.89 14.76 27.67

Himanchal Pre Chaudhuri, 1981Grasses 339.9 8.18 31.74 77.09

Feed Ca % P % Fe ppm Cu ppm Zn ppm Mn ppm Refe..

Critical Level <0.30 0.25 <50 <8 30 40

Pudraprayag (utt

Sharma and

Joshi,

2004

Fodder - - 67.12 7.13 26.12

Pauri (uttranchal

Fodder - - 71.47 8.31 21.94

New Tehri (uttran

Fodder - - 84.39 8.91 27.14

Chamoli (uttran

Fodder - - 59.35 7.67 23.17

Dehradun

Fodder - - 62.14 8.14 24.34

Almora (uttran) Sawhney et al., 1973Dry roughages - - 131.77 9.0 45

Green roughage - - 663.6 15.0 58.9

Cont…. Northern

Mineral content of Feeds and Fodder in Western Region

Feed Ca % P % Fe ppm Cu ppm Zn ppm Mn ppm Refe..

Critical Level <0.30 0.25 <50 <8 30 40

Bundelkhand-MP Singh et al.,

2005Forages 0.55 0.2 250 7.0 25.5 45.5

Kota (Rajasthan)

Dry roughages 0.81 0.09 339.42 6.67 26.09 62.17 Garg, et al.,

2003Green roughages 1.08 0.21 616.55 9.97 26.28 55.88

Concentrate 0.65 0.56 419.0 14.62 47.66 69.59

Udaipur (Raj.)

Dry roughages 0.4 0.1 250 5.8 26.06 66.58 Garg et al.,

2004Green roughages 1.0 0.25 360 11.6 27.6 70.69

Concentrate 0.76 1.11 828.77 25.89 106 105.8

Junagarh Gujarat

Dry roughages 0.81 0.10 - - -- - Garg et al.,

2002Green roughages 0.61 0.20 - - - -

Concentrate 0.40 0.38 - - - -

Cont… WesternFeed Ca % P % Fe ppm Cu ppm Zn ppm Mn ppm Refe..

Critical Level <0.30 0.25 <50 <8 30 40

Mehsana (Guj.)

Dry roughages 0.28 0.13 250.0 7.26 12.71 39.0 Garg et al.,

1999Green roughages 0.72 0.30 402.4 17.59 24.27 92.29

Concentrate 0.13 0.51 306.73 17.76 42.53 52.98

Kutch (Guj.)

Dry roughages 0.45 0.17 639.5 6.10 29.1 60.1 Garg et al.,

2004Green roughages 0.89 0.24 602.5 9.20 35.8 62.8

Dahod & Panchmahal

Dry roughages - - 208.95 4.55 13.18 25.90 Garg et al.,

2003Green roughages - - 463.71 6.26 19.21 47.18

Concentrate - - 449.9 13.54 42.08 43.66

Mineral content of Feeds and Fodder in Southern Region

Feed Ca % P % Fe ppm Cu ppm Zn ppm Mn ppm Refe..

Critical Level <0.30 0.25 <50 <8 30 40

Eastern & Southern dry zone (Karnataka) Gowda

et al.,

2001Dry roughages 0.7 0.24 429 11 41 -

Green roughages 1.08 0.47 1449 19.85 137.5 -

Concentrate 1.01 0.36 1244 19.0 66.17 -

Central dry zone

(Karnataka)

Dry roughages 0.64 0.21 513 15.74 28.33 - Gowda

et al.,

2002Green roughages 1.23 0.41 1550 39.62 67.09 -

Concentrate 0.41 1.45 1344 13.01 56.70 -

Hill Zone (Karnataka

Dry roughages 0.62 0.18 216 7.35 10.9 - Gowda

et al.,

2002Green roughages 0.64 0.37 373 19.05 24.22 -

Concentrate 0.32 1.66 346.6 14.6 47.6 -

Cont…. SouthernFeed Ca % P % Fe ppm Cu ppm Zn ppm Mn ppm Refe..

Critical Level <0.30 0.25 <50 <8 30 40

Southern transition zone

(karnataka) Ramana

et al.,

2000Dry roughages 0.46 0.17 217 8.33 7.33 -

Green roughages 0.63 0.46 503 19 24.71 -

Concentrate 0.59 1.52 474 14.75 50.5 -

NE transition

Zone (karnataka)

Ramana

et al.,

2001Dry roughages 0.37 0.17 745 9.97 58.33 -

Green roughages 0.99 0.52 2099 35.78 124.5 -

Concentrate 0.25 0.64 1976 17.63 60 -

Mineral content of Feeds and Fodder in Eastern Region

Feed Ca % P % Fe ppm Cu ppm Zn ppm Mn ppm Refe..

Critical Level <0.30 0.25 <50 <8 30 40

Purulia (W B) Samanta &

Samanta,

2002Dry roughages 0.15 0.10 481.6 10.6 33.3 22.2

Concentrate 0.53 1.07 327.6 31.86 50.9 174.6

Midnapore-WB Das et al.,

1997Grasses - - 86.5 28.54 48.5 282.3

Shrubs - - 1624 28.30 49.20 235.4

Coastal saline zone (WB) Samanta &

Samanta,

2002

Dry roughages 0.15 0.06 360.31 9.4 32.9 289.1

Concentrate 1.09 1.67 253.03 14.04 66.23 218.3

Hill zone (WB)

Forages 0.39 0.16 369.5 7.75 48.4 44.1 Das et al.,

2003Concentrate 0.97 1.41 450.9 31.11 38.15 111.3

Cont… Eastern Feed Ca % P % Fe ppm Cu ppm Zn ppm Mn ppm Refe..

Critical Level <0.30 0.25 <50 <8 30 40

Darjeeling

Dry roughages 0.29 0.11 229.50 8.43 40.75 25.19 Das et al.,

2003Green roughages 0.50 0.20 510.89 7.06 56.05 62.99

Concentrate 0.53 1.05 351.80 20.81 58.85 78.93

Meghalaya Saha et al.,

1997Natural forages 1.00 0.12 723 7 - 148

Concentrate 0.39 0.78 245 4 - 112

Manipur Saha et al.,

1997Natural forages 0.97 0.22 356 10 34 235

Nagaland Saha et al.,

1997Natural forages 1.40 0.14 256 12 - 367

Concentrate 0.38 0.53 - - - -

Tripura Datt et al., 2004Dry forages 0.45 0.16 201 6.33 35 126

Cultivated fodder 0.91 0.36 140 8.30 50.0 91

Cont…. Eastern Feed Ca % P % Fe ppm Cu ppm Zn ppm Mn ppm Refe..

Critical Level <0.30 0.25 <50 <8 30 40

Tripura Datt et al., 2004

Concentrate 0.45 0.79 70.0 13.58 35 72

Kamrup (Assam)

Dry forages 0.34 0.25 88.11 7.53 27.54 224.58 Kalita et al.,

2003Green forages 0.35 0.20 149.70 14.44 32.96 136.16

concentrates 0.17 0.12 245.83 8.70 53.34 47.30

Mandira farm

(Assam) Baruah et al.,

2000Pasture forages 0.32 0.10 311.24 11 60.24 31.26

Assam Saha et al.,

1997Natural forages 0.77 0.16 242 8 - 172

Concentrates 0.24 0.74 21 5 - 54

Other Minerals MAGNESIUM: (<0.20% of DM)

• Gujarat: Mg levels in feed stuffs is adequate( 0.39%) (Garg, 2002)• Roughages are poor to moderate in NE and Karnataka. (Saha et al., 1997; Gowda et al;2002) • Haryana and Punjab are also poor to good. (Singhal and Mudgal, 1984; Chopra and Hooda, 2002) SULPHUR: (<0.20% of DM)

• Rajasthan; Grains(0.16), Straws(0.13) are low. (Garg et al., 2003)• Gujarat is normal to good (0.18-0.4) (Garg, 2002)

COBALT: (0.1ppm)

• Adequate Cobalt in Northern and Western Region

(Singh and Chhabra, 1994; Garg et al., 1999) • Assam forages contain less. (Barauh et al., 1999)

• In Haryana almost all the cultivated fodders, grasses and tree leaves contain Appreciable amount of Cobalt

• (Singhal and Mudgal, 1984)

IODINE: (0.05-0.8 ppm)

• In, India hilly regions of Himalayas and Vindhyachal and

Northern region is deficient. (Pailan and Singhal, 2003)

• In Haryana I status is as; Soil ( 0.10 ppm on DM), Berseem (0.70), Oats, ( 0.9), Jowar (0.67), Maize (1.1), Wheat straw (1.24)and

Water (0.003 ppm) (Chopra et al., 2003)

SELENIUM: (0.2-0.3 ppm) Gujarat is well above (0.2-0.8 ppm) (Patel and Mehta, 1970)

Punjab high (up to 6.6 ppm) (Dhillon, 1972)

Haryana, Punjab and Western UP in normal to high (Degnala) (Datt and Chhabra, 2004)

CHROMIUM ( 0.2 – 4.5 ppm)

Chromium were present in a few fodders but the tree leaves were free from it (Haryana) (Singhal and Mudgal, 1984) CADMIUMIn Haryana agro-industrial byproducts, fodders, grasses and tree leaves were either free or had very low level (Singhal and Mudgal, 1984)

REGIONS Minerals deficient in feeds

Northern Ca , P , Mg, Zn ,Cu, Mn, I,

Western Ca, P, S, Cu, Zn,

Southern Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Zn,

Eastern Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co,

Summery based on above slides for mineral deficiencies

CONCLUSION

REGIONS Minerals deficient in feeds

Northern Ca , P , Mg, Zn ,Cu, Mn, I,

Western Ca, P, S, Cu, Zn,

Southern Ca, P, Mg, Cu, Zn,

Eastern Ca, P, Mg, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co,

Yes, there is need of Area Specific Mineral Mixtures.

S.No Specification Type I Type II Recommended

1 Moisture, % By mass, max 5 5 ---

2 Calcium, % by mass, min 18 23 Y

3 Phosphorus, % by mass, min 9 12 Y

4 Magnesium, % by mass 5 6.5 Y

5 Salt, % by mass, min 22 without ---

6 Iron, % of mass, min 0.4 0.5 ---

7 Iodine, % of mass, min 0.02 0.026 Y

8 Copper, min 0.06 0.077 Y

9 Manganese, min 0.1 0.12 Y

10 Cobalt, min 0.009 0.012 ---

11 Fluorine, max 0.05 0.07 ---

12 Zinc, min 0.3 0.38 Y

13 Sulphur, max 0.4 0.5 ---

14 AIA, % by mass, max 3 2.5 ---

Mineral mixture for Northern Region.

Mineral mixture for Western Region.

S.No Specification Type I Type II Recommended

1 Moisture, % By mass, max 5 5 ---

2 Calcium, % by mass, min 18 23 Y

3 Phosphorus, % by mass, min 9 12 Y

4 Magnesium, % by mass 5 6.5 ---

5 Salt, % by mass, min 22 without ---

6 Iron, % of mass, min 0.4 0.5 ---

7 Iodine, % of mass, min 0.02 0.026 ---

8 Copper, min 0.06 0.077 Y

9 Manganese, min 0.1 0.12 ---

10 Cobalt, min 0.009 0.012 ---

11 Fluorine, max 0.05 0.07 ---

12 Zinc, min 0.3 0.38 Y

13 Sulphur, max 0.4 0.5 Y

14 AIA, % by mass, max 3 2.5 ---

Mineral mixture for Southern Region.S.No Specification Type I Type II Recommended

1 Moisture, % By mass, max 5 5 ----

2 Calcium, % by mass, min 18 23 Y

3 Phosphorus, % by mass, min 9 12 Y

4 Magnesium, % by mass 5 6.5 Y

5 Salt, % by mass, min 22 without ----

6 Iron, % of mass, min 0.4 0.5 ----

7 Iodine, % of mass, min 0.02 0.026 ----

8 Copper, min 0.06 0.077 Y

9 Manganese, min 0.1 0.12 ---

10 Cobalt, min 0.009 0.012 ----

11 Fluorine, max 0.05 0.07 ---

12 Zinc, min 0.3 0.38 Y

13 Sulphur, max 0.4 0.5 ---

14 AIA, % by mass, max 3 2.5 ----

Mineral mixture for Eastern Region.

S.No Specification Type I Type II Recommended

1 Moisture, % By mass, max 5 5 ----

2 Calcium, % by mass, min 18 23 Y

3 Phosphorus, % by mass, min 9 12 Y

4 Magnesium, % by mass 5 6.5 Y

5 Salt, % by mass, min 22 without ---

6 Iron, % of mass, min 0.4 0.5 ---

7 Iodine, % of mass, min 0.02 0.026 ---

8 Copper, min 0.06 0.077 Y

9 Manganese, min 0.1 0.12 Y

10 Cobalt, min 0.009 0.012 Y

11 Fluorine, max 0.05 0.07 ---

12 Zinc, min 0.3 0.38 Y

13 Sulphur, max 0.4 0.5 ---

14 AIA, % by mass, max 3 2.5 ----

THANK YOU.