mineral nitrogen content in the soil and winter wheat ...4)tomas/97_4_tomas_str3.pdfmineral nitrogen...

ISSN 1392-3196 ŽEMDIRBYSTĖ=AGRICULTURE Vol.97,No.4(2010) 23

ISSN 1392-3196 Žemdirbystė=Agriculture,vol.97,No.4(2010),p.23–36UDK631.84+631.874:631.582:[633.11“324”:631.559

Mineral nitrogen content in the soil and winter wheat productivity as influenced by the pre-crop grass species and their management

DanguolėNEMEIKŠIENĖ1,AušraARLAUSKIENĖ1,AlvyraŠLEPETIENĖ2,JurgitaCESEVIČIENĖ2,StanislavaMAIKŠTĖNIENĖ1

1JoniškėlisExperimentalStationoftheLithuanianResearchCentreforAgricultureandForestryJoniškėlis,Pasvalysdistr.,LithuaniaE-mail:[email protected],LithuanianResearchCentreforAgricultureandForestryInstituto1,Akademija,Kėdainiaidistr.,LithuaniaE-mail:[email protected]

Abstract Thecurrentpaperpresentstheeffectsofperennialgrasses(Trifolium pratense L.,Medicago sativa L.,xFestulolium) asprecedingcropsforwinterwheatandtheirabovegroundbiomassmanagementmethods(removedfromthefield,mixed,mulched)onmineralnitrogen(Ninorg)contentanddynamicsinthesoilaswellasonwinterwheatgrainyieldandqualityunderorganicfarmingconditions.FieldexperimentswerecarriedoutattheJoniškėlisExperimentalStationoftheLithuanianInstituteofAgriculture(LIA)onanEndocalcari-Endohypogleyic Cambisol(CMg-n-w-can).ChemicalanalysesweredoneattheLIA’sLaboratoryofChemicalResearch.Experimentalevidenceindicatedthatundermixedmanagementoftheabovegroundbiomassofredcloverandlucerne,whentheherbageofthefirstcuthadbeenusedasforageandthatofthesecondandthirdcutsasgreenmanure,thesoilreceived208.0–215.8kgha-1ofnitrogen.Whenalltheherbagehadbeenusedasgreenmanure(mulchingmethod),thesoilreceived266.6–298.0kgha-1ofnitrogen.Thecontentofsymbioticallyfixednitrogeninthebiomassoflegumesaccountedforthelargestshare(60.8–83.6%)ofthetotalnitrogencontent,accumulatedinthebiomass.IncorporationofthebiomassofperennialgrassesinfluencedanincreaseinNinorgcontentinthesoillateintheautumnandwas1.2–2.0timesor9.6–39.0kgha-1highercomparedtothatpriortotheploughinginofgrasses. Inspring, inmostcases, thecontentofNinorg in thesoil (having removed theherbageyieldorhavingmulchedalltheherbage)tendedtodecreasecomparedwiththatmeasuredlateintheautumn.ThehighestNinorgcontentwasidentifiedhavingusedmixedmanagementoftheabovegroundbiomassoflegumesorhavingmulchedallbiomassoflegumesandthatoflegume/festuloliummixture.Winterwheat grain yield depended on theNinorg content in the soil late in the autumn and early inspring(r=0.632,r=0.783respectively;P>0.05).Festuloliumanditsmixtureswithlegumesaspre-cropsreducedwinterwheatyieldcomparedwithredclover.Theapplicationofthetotalabovegroundbiomassasgreenmanure(mulching)increasedthegrainyieldbyapproximately0.62tha-1,whilepartoftheabovegroundbiomassappliedasgreenmanure(mixedmanagement)increasedthegrainyieldby0.30tha-1,comparedtothetreatmentwiththetotalherbageyieldremovedfromthefield.Proteinandglutencontentinorganicallygrownwinterwheatgrainaswellassedimentationindexsignificantlydependedontheperennialgrasspre-cropspeciesandtheabovegroundbiomassmanagementmethod.Theseparametersimprovedwhenwheathadbeengrownafteralegumepre-cropandperennialgrasseshadbeenusedasgreenmanure.Mixedmanagementforcloverandmulchingforlucernewerefoundtobethepracticesthatsecuredahigherconcentrationofproteininwinterwheatgrain.

Keywords:perennialgrasses,greenmanure,Ninorg,winterwheatyield,grainquality.

24Mineral nitrogen content in the soil and winter wheat productivity as influenced by the pre-crop grass

species and their management

IntroductionIn recent years, the application of theEU

andnationalsupportaidsaswellasconsumers’in-terestinsafefood,havestimulatedthedevelopmentoforganicfarminginLithuania.Therefore,itisim-portant to satisfy consumers’ expectations andof-ferhealthyproductsofthehighestquality.Organicfarming,unlikeconventionalfarming,hascomplexrelationshipsbetweendifferent componentsof theagro-systemandthequantityandqualityoftheendproducts depend on the functioning of the entiresystem (Watson et al., 2002). German research-ershavereported that thebaseoforganicfarmingshouldhavemulti-structuralcompositionwithlegu-mes(N2fixation–83kgha

-1peryear),cattle(den-sity–1.4LUha-1)andproduction,orientedtowardstheclosedcycleofnutrientcirculation(Kustermannet al., 2010). Organic farming with appropriatemanagementsustainedsoilfertility,augmentedsoilC(36%increase),enhancedNretention(50%de-crease in nitrateN leaching) and improvedNuseefficiency,compared toconventionalor integratedfarming(Snappetal.,2010).

SomeresearcherssuggestthatlegumesthatcansupportbiologicalN2fixation,offeramoreen-vironmentally sound and sustainable source of Nto cropping systems (Jensen, Hauggaard-Nielsen,2003;Herridgeetal.,2008).Manyresearchershaveindicatedthatonetoneofbiomassofdrylegumes(abovegroundandunderground)canapproximatelybind 30–40 kg of nitrogen from the air (Peopleset al.,2009).Thisisoneofthemainnitrogensourcesin organic farms. Perennial legume grasses over-take grain legumes by nitrogen fixation from theatmosphere, increaseproductivityof crop rotationplants,and improvesoilproperties (Watsonetal.,2002).Hence,theapplicationofbiomassofperen-nial legumes in stockless organic farming, whoseareaisgrowing,hasbeenlimited.Thegreatestchal-lengeforsuchfarmsismanagementofthenutrientsupply (Watson et al., 2002).One of the nitrogensourcesforcroprotationplantsistheabovegroundbiomassusedasgreenmanure(Watsonetal.,2002;Arlauskienė,Maikštėnienė,2005).

Withinthesequenceofcropsfromlegumesto non-legumes, it is important to assess the syn-chronicfeaturesofnitrogenreleasefromtheincor-poratedcrops’ residuesorgreenmanureandneedfor nitrogen of cultivated crops (Crews, Peoples,2005). The intensity of the incorporated biomassmineralization is indicated by mineral nitrogen(Ninorg) content and dynamics in soil.The amountof nitrate accumulated in the soil during legumecropping is susceptible toagronomicmanagement

(Connoretal.,2010).TogetherwithanincreaseinNinorgcontentinthesoil,theyieldofcropsincreases(Crews,Peoples,2005).Thesummarizeddataevi-dencedthatcropscanassimilate4–33%ofnitrogenfromlegumeresiduesduringthefirstyear(Peoplesetal.,2009).Micro-organismsalsoimmobilizepartof nitrogen (8.2–10.6%of totalN accumulated inbiomass)fromtheresiduesoflegumes;nitrogenbe-comesavailableforplantsafterthewheatanthesisgrowthstage(Mayeretal.,2003).

TheN content of grain grownwithoutNfertiliser was highly significantly related to thereservesofavailableNinthesoil.Growingcere-alsinaleguminouslivingmulchbicroppingcouldpotentiallyreducetheneedforsyntheticinputsincerealproductionwhilepreventinglossesofnutri-entsandincreasingsoilbiologicalactivity(Burkeetal.,1998).Theproteincontentisapurelyquan-titativeanalysisthatmayormaynotbeindicativeofproteinquality.Thequalityofproteincomplexinviewofbakingutilisationispartlycharacterisedbyglutenquantity andquality andZeleny’s sedi-mentationtest.

Researchdataontheeffectoflegumeresi-dues,incorporatedintosoilaswellasabovegroundbiomass on nitrogen leaching are controversial.Comparedwithintensiveapplicationofmineralnit-rogenfertilisers,inclusionofperenniallegumesintoacroprotationreducestheriskofnitrogenleaching.StudiesthathavesimultaneouslycomparedthefateofbothsourcesofNsuggestthatinrain-fedagricul-tures,cropsrecovermoreNfrommineralfertiliser,butahigherproportionofthelegumeNisretainedinthesoil(Crews,Peoples,2005).However,thefind-ingsofforeignandLithuanianresearchersindicatethatincorporationofbiomassoflegumesforwinterwheatcanleadtomineralnitrogenleachingduringthe period of autumn–winter–early spring, due toarapidmineralizationofbiomass,richinnitrogen(Mayeretal.,2003;Tripolskaja,Šidlauskas,2010).Austrianscientistssuggestthatundertheconditionsofwarmerandlongerautumn,Ninorgcontentinthe0–150cmsoillayercanreach100–200kgha-1(Fart-hoferetal.,2003).Studies,carriedoutinLithuaniaonasandyloamLuvisol, indicatedthatincorpora-tion of greenmanure (lupine or clover aftermath)for winter cereals increased the decompositionrateoforganicmatterandnitrogenleachingtothesubsoil(25–100cm)inOctoberandNovemberbyonaverage24–63%,compared to stubbleplough-ing in (Tripolskaja, 2005). In heavy-textured soil,incorporationofaftermathofperennialgrasses(lu-cerneandclover)asgreenmanuredidnotincreaseNinorgcontentinthe0–40soillayerinspring,how-


ever,asignificantgrainyieldincreasewasobtained(Arlauskienė,Maikštėnienė,2005).Thisenablesustopresume thatmineralizationof incorporatedor-ganicmanuresinclayloamsoilsisslower.

This article dealswith the application ofthebiomassofperenniallegumesasgreenmanureusingthemulchtechnology.Theabovegroundbio-massofperennial legumes ismulched in thesoilsurface2–4timespergrowingseason.Theherba-ge iscut,choppedandspread inorder touse thebiologic nitrogen, bound by legumes more effi-ciently,and toprotect theenvironment frompol-lution (Farthofer et al., 2003). Chopped biomassof nitrogen-rich legumes rapidlymineralises, thereleasednitrogenisboundbyintensivelygrowingperennial grasses or is incorporated into the soilorganicmatter (Schäfer et al., 2001),which pre-ventsitfrombeingleached.Thepresentstudywasaimed toanalyzetheeffectsofperenniallegumesandtheirabovegroundbiomass,managedasgreenmanureonthechangeofsoilNinorgaswellastheimpactonwinterwheatgrainyieldandqualityun-derorganicfarmingconditions.

Materials and methodsSite and soil. Experimentswerecarriedout

during 2007–2009 at the LIA’s Joniškėlis Experi-mentalStationonanEndocalcari-Endohypogleyic Cambisol (CMg-n-w-can), with a texture of clayloam (clay particles <0.002 mm in Ap horizon0–30cmmakeup27.0%),onsiltyclaywithdeeperlyingsandyloam.Parentalrockislimnoglacialclayonmorenic clay loam at the depth of 70–80 cm.Bulkdensityoftheploughlayeris1.5Mgm-3,totalporosity41–43%,air-filledporosity15–17%.Agro-chemicalcharacteristicsoftheploughlayer:pHKCl – 6.4,mobileP2O5andK2O–154and224mgkg

-1ofsoilrespectively,Ntotal–0.135%,Corg –1.68%.SoilandplantanalysesweredoneattheLaboratoryofChemicalResearchatLIA.

Experimental design and field management. Researchwasconductedinthefollowingsequenceofthecroprotation:barley+undersownperennialgrasses→perennialgrasses→winterwheat.FactorA:perennialgrasses:1)redclover(Trifolium pra-tense L.) (control, aboveground biomass removedfromthefield),2)mixtureofredcloverandfestu-lolium(xFestulolium),3)lucerne(Medicago sativa L.),4)mixtureoflucerneandfestulolium,5)festu-lolium.FactorB:managementmethodsof above-ground biomass of perennial grasses: 1) removedfromthefield,2)mixedmanagement,3)mulching.

Inthefirstexperimentalyear(2007),springbarley(Hordeum vulgareL.,cv.‘Ula’)wasunder-

sownwithperennialgrassesincompliancewiththeexperimental design: red clover (cv. ‘Vyliai’, at aseedrateof7.5millionha-1),lucerne(cv.‘Birutė’,ataseedrateof7.5millionha-1),intergenerichybridfestulolium(cv.‘Punia’,ataseedrateof6.2millionha-1)andmixturesofbothlegumegrasseswithfes-tulolium(seedrateratiooflegumetograss2:1).Inthefirsttreatment(B1)ofapplicationoftheabove-groundbiomassofperennialgrasses,thegrasswascut twice at thebeginningofflowering:on10062008and25082008andremovedfromfield.Inthesecond treatment (B2), the aboveground biomasswasusedundermixedmanagement:thefirstgrasswascutatthebeginningofflowering(10062008)and removed from the field, the second and thirdcutsweretakenduringperennialgrassinflorescencegrowthstage(17072008,12082008)andmulchedonthesoilsurface.Inthethirdtreatment(B3),thegrasswascutevery30–40daysfour times(12052008, 13 06 2008, 11 07 2008, 12 08 2008) andmulchedonthesoilsurface.Abovegroundbiomassforgreenmanurewascutbyaself-propelledmow-er,equippedwithamulchingdevice,thenchoppedandevenlyspreadontheplot.InthesecondhalfofAugust,theplotsofalltreatmentswerediskedand2weekslaterwereploughedatthe25cmdepth.Be-foresowing,thefieldwascultivatedandharrowedatthesametime.Winterwheat(Triticum aestivumL.,cv.‘Tauras’)wassownataseedrateof220kg ha-1.Organicwheatcultivationtechnologywasapplied.

Soil analyses.Soilsamplesforthedetermi-nationofNinorg(N-NH4+N-NO3)contentwerecol-lectedfromthe0–60cmlayerbeforeploughinginofperennialgrasses(28082008),lateintheautumn(12 11 2008), early in spring after resumption ofwheatgrowth(08042009)andafterwheatharvest-ing(11082009).Ninorgwasdetermined:N-NH4byspectrophotometricmethod,N-NO3 by ionometricmethod(ISO/TS14256-1:2033).

Plant analyses.After eachcut, theabove-groundbiomassofperennialgrasseswasweighed.To determine the root macro-fraction biomass ofplants,monoliths0.25x0.25x0.24minsizeweredug out in the plots of each treatment replicatedthree times (Лапинскене, 1986). The roots werewashed,dried,andair-dryweightwasdetermined.Samplesoftheabovegroundandundergroundbio-massweretakenforthedeterminationofdrymatter(driedtoaconstantweightat105ºC),nitrogenandorganiccarbon.Elementaranalyzer“VarioEL”and“Carry50”wereusedforthedeterminationofnitro-genandcarboninbiomass.Havingdeterminednit-rogenconcentration in thebiomass,wecalculatedthe amount of nitrogen, incorporated into the soil



(kgha-1).Nitrogencontent(N2kgha-1)fixedfrom

theatmosphere in legumebiomasswascalculatedusingthemethodofdifferenceaccordingtothefol-lowingformula:N2=Nlegumes – Nfestulolium(Herridgeetal.,2008).

Grain quality analyses. Grainproteincon-tentindrymatterwascalculatedbymultiplyingthecorresponding totalnitrogen(byKjeldahl)contentbyafactor5.7(LSTENISO20483)usingasemi-automatedNanalyser“Kjeltecsystem1002”(“FossTecator” AB, Sweden). Sedimentation value wasmeasured byZeleny (LST ISO5529).Wet glutenquantity (reportedona14%grainmoisturebasis)wasextractedfromthewholemealflourinanau-tomatedglutenwasherandglutenindexdeterminedbyPerten (LST1571 identical to ICC155; “Glu-tomatic2100”, “Centrifuge2015”, “Perten Instru-ments”,Sweden).Fallingnumber(α-amylaseactiv-ity) was determined according to Hagberg-Pertenmethod(LSTISO3093),withthe“FallingNumber1500”(“PertenInstruments”,Sweden).

Weather conditions. In 2008, during theplant growing season (May–August), the averagedaily air temperature and precipitation rate variedalittlecomparedtotheannualaverage,exceptforMay,whichwasdry(precipitationlevelby32.7mmlower) andAugust, which was wet (precipitationlevelby48.6mmhigher).Perennialgrassesgrewwell.Dryweather(precipitationlevel6.5mm)set-tledinSeptember.Themonth’saveragedailytem-peraturewasby0.6ºClowercomparedtotheannualaverage.Therefore,wheat,sownafterploughinginof grasses, emerged and developed slowly. Octo-berwaswarmer andwet (temperaturewashigherby1.8ºC, precipitation rate exceeded annual levelby29.3mm).Highprecipitationduringthisperiod(dailyprecipitationrateof29.5mm)mighthavein-fluencedmigration of nutrients from incorporatedgreenmanure intodeepersoil layers. In2009, thewinterwaswarmercomparedtotheannualaverage:thetemperatureduringallmonthswasby1.8–2.5ºChigherthantheannualaverage.Thehighestprecipi-tationwas recorded inDecember.Marchwaswetandcold.LastdaysofMarchhadapositivedailyairtemperature,whichwasbelow+5ºC.Vegetationofwinterwheatwasresumed.ItwaswarmeranddryerinApril andMay, the period when winter wheatreachestilleringandaccumulatesdrymatterduringtheprocessof intensivegrowth.Averagedailyairtemperaturewasby2.2and0.6ºChigherthanannu-alaverage;precipitationrateduringthetwomonthswas47.6mmlower.JuneandJulywerewarmandwithexcessivehumidity(precipitationrate80.9and107.6mm,respectively);thementionedabovefac-torsinfluencedwinterwheatyield.Repetitiveshow-

eryrainsoccurredinJuly;whichmighthavebeenresponsibleforthelowerqualityofwinterwheat.

Results and discussionNitrogen content. The content of nitro-

gen incorporated into the soil was significantlydependenton thespeciesofperennialgrassesandaboveground biomass management method. Thesoil receivedthehighestnitrogencontentwith theploughed in biomass of pure legumes (Table 1).Cultivationoflegumesinmixtureswithfestuloliumtendedtoreducethenitrogencontent,incorporatedinto thesoil.Significantly(3.2and3.4 times) lessnitrogenwasincorporatedintothesoilwiththebio-mass of pure festulolium compared to red cloverandlucerne,respectively.

When the aboveground biomass of redclover had been used undermixedmanagement,the total amount of nitrogen incorporated was215.8 kg ha-1,whileduringtheprocessofmulching–298.0kgha-1N,respectively8.5and11.7timesmore, compared to the plot with removed herb-age.With the aboveground biomass of red cloverandfestuloliummixtureusedundermixedmanage-mentandmulching,thesoilreceivedlessnitrogencompared topure redclover swardwith the samemanagementoftheabovegroundbiomass.Lucerne,duringthefirstyearofcultivation,formedagreaterrootbiomass,thoughtheabovegroundbiomassin-creasedmorerapidlyonlyduringthesecondhalfofsummer.Asaresult,afterlucernecultivation,thein-corporatednitrogencontentwaslowercomparedtothatafterredclover.Moreover,theeffectofthebio-massmanagementmethodsontheincorporatednit-rogencontentwasdifferent.Whentheabovegroundbiomass of lucerne had been used under mixedmanagement,thetotalincorporatedNcontentwas208.0kgha-1,whileinmulchingtreatment266.6kgha-1N,orrespectively2.1and2.7timesmorethanin thetreatmentswithallherbageyieldof lucerneremovedfromthefield.Cultivationoflucerne/fes-tuloliummixturesanduseoftheirabovegroundbio-massundermixedmanagementinfluencedthefact,that thesoil receivedby36.2 kg ha-1 lessnitrogen,whileaftermulchingby14.9kgha-1morecomparedtopurelucerneswardwiththesamemanagementoftheabovegroundbiomass.When theabovegroundbiomassoffestuloliumhadbeenusedundermixedmanagement and mulched, the soil received 63.8and81.4kgha-1,or2.8and3.6timesmorenitrogen,respectively,comparedwith the treatmentwithallfestuloliumherbageremovedfromthefield.How-ever,thetotalnitrogen,accumulatedinfestuloliumbiomass,wasremovedfromthesoil.


Table 1.Nitrogencontent, incorporatedintothesoilwiththebiomassofperennialgrassesandbiomassC:Nratio

JoniškėlisExperimentalStation,2008

Perennialgrasses(factorA)

Managementmethodsofperennialgrasses(factorB)removalfromfield mixed mulching

Nkgha-1 C:N N

kgha-1 C:N Nkgha-1 C:N

RCundergroundbiomass 25.4 26.4 67.4 21.9 44.3 20.6abovegroundbiomass 148.4 18.1 253.7 17.1

RC+Fundergroundbiomass 35.5 43.9 43.0 33.7 39.2 36.2abovegroundbiomass 113.6 25.6 219.1 22.5

Lundergroundbiomass 99.5 24.5 59.0 28.0 51.6 28.7abovegroundbiomass 149.0 16.6 215.0 14.8

L+Fundergroundbiomass 79.6 42.6 51.0 44.3 86.4 38.5abovegroundbiomass 120.8 25.0 195.1 23.3

Fundergroundbiomass 22.5 83.2 32.8 79.9 26.0 71.8abovegroundbiomass 31.0 36.1 55.4 43.1

Note.RC– redclover,F–festulolium,RC+F–redclover+festulolium,L–lucerne,L+F–lucerne+festulolium.

Carbon to nitrogen (C:N) ratio, which isan indicator, describingmineralizationofbiomassof perennial grasses, incorporated into soil, wasdependentonthespeciesandplantpart.Plantrootbiomass analysis indicates that the highest C:Nratio was in festulolium (71.8–83.2), the lowestin pure legume (red clover 20.6–26.4 and lucerne24.5–28.7) roots, irrespective of the abovegroundbiomass management methods. Some researchers(Mölleretal.,2008) suggest thatnitrogencontentinthebiomassofplants,cultivatedinmixtureswithlegumes,increased,whileC:Nratiooftherootbio-massdecreased.TheC:Nratioofredclovermulchwas17.1–18.1andthatoflucernemulch14.8–16.6.When thementioned legumeshadbeencultivatedinmixtureswith festulolium, theC:N ratioof theherbagemulchincreased.Thisratiointhemulchoffestuloliumwasthehighest(36.1–43.1).

Summarizeddata indicate that lucernean-nuallyfixesfrom300to600kgha-1,redcloverfrom150to300kgha-1ofsymbioticnitrogenintheirtotalbiomass(Lapinskas,2008).Experiments,conductedonamoderatelyheavyloamCambisol,indicatethatoneha oflucernecanfix245kgha-1ofatmosphericnitrogenperyear,whileredcloverupto254kgha-1 (Kadžiulienė, 2001). Our research evidence sug-geststhatsymbioticnitrogencontent,fixedfromtheairbyredcloverwas:iftheabovegroundbiomasswas removed fromfield–137.9kgha-1, ifmixedmanagementwasapplied–182.4kgha-1,ifmulch-ingwasapplied–191.4kgha-1;meanwhilelucerne–206.5,204.4and251.9kgha-1,respectively.De-

pendingontheabovegroundbiomassmanagementmethod,symbioticnitrogen(N2)fixationefficiencyinredcloverbiomasswas60.8–83.4%, in lucerne68.1–83.6%.Assessment ofmanagementmethodsof the aboveground biomass of perennial grassesshowedthatthesymbioticnitrogencontentinplantbiomasswasthehighestwhenmulchingofperen-niallegumeshadbeenused.Hence,thismethodofthe aboveground biomass management cannot beassessedunambiguously, because reoccurring per-ennialgrassescouldusemineralizednitrogenfrompreviouslyspreadmulch.AccordingtoHatchetal.(2007), mulching of the aboveground biomass ofclover/grassledtoreductionofrelativepartoffixednitrogeninbiomass.

Dynamics of Ninorg change.At the end ofsummer, prior to the grass swards ploughing, thecontent ofNinorg was not high (27.1–40.6 kg ha

-1)

inthesoillayer0–60cm,whileitshighest contentwasinredcloverandlucernecultivationtreatments(Table2).

Whenlegumeswerecultivatedinmixtureswithfestulolium,Ninorgtendedtodecrease.Signifi-cantlyloweramountofNinorgwasfoundafterfestu-lolium,i.e.byonaverage25.1%lesscomparedtothatinthesoilafterredcloversward.Comparisonofindividualperennialgrasses’managementmeth-odsrevealedthatifthewholeabovegroundbiomasshadbeenmulchedinthesoilsurface,Ninorgtendedtoincrease (except for theplotsof redclover),com-paredtotherespectivedatawhenherbagehadbeenremovedfromthefield.



Table 2.TheamountofNinorginthe0–60cmsoillayerasaffectedbyperennialgrassspeciesandabovegroundbiomassmanagement methodsbeforegrassswardsploughing



Managementmethodsofperennialgrasses(factorB)

removalfromfield mixed mulching

Ninorg kgha-1 NO3/NH4



RC 40.6 3.2 43.2 2.6 38.1 3.2

RC+F 33.8 2.9 41.2 1.8* 37.7 1.7*

L 34.5 2.7 37.8 2.6 38.5 4.8*

L+F 33.9 2.6 35.3 2.7 38.6 3.4

F 27.1* 2.3 33.6 1.9* 30.6 2.3

LSD05A 5.79 0.67

LSD05B 4.48 0.52

LSD05AB 10.03 1.15

Notes.RC–redclover,F–festulolium,RC+F–redclover+festulolium,L–lucerne,L+F–lucerne+festulolium.*–significantatp<0.05.

The nitrate to ammonium nitrogen ratio(NO3/NH4)inthesoilwassignificantlyinfluencedby thespeciesofperennialgrasses,biomassman-agementmethodandinteractionbetweenthesefac-tors. Averaged data indicated significantly lowerNO3 / NH4 ratio when festulolium as well as itsmixtureswith redcloverhadbeencultivated.Thelowest ratio was recorded when the abovegroundbiomasshadbeenusedundermixedmanagement,whilewhen ithadbeenmulched,an increasewasobserved.Thehighest nitrate (NO3) nitrogen con-tentaccumulatedinthesoilwhenlucerneherbagebiomasshadbeenmulched.

Winter wheat was sown after perennialgrasses’ ploughing in. Late in the autumn (mid-November), Ninorg was measured in the 0–60 cmsoil layer and the findings indicated that its con-tentincreasedby1.2–2.0timesor9.6–39.0kgha-1,compared to Ninorg content determined at the endofAugust (Table3).Thehighest increase inNinorg content,comparedtothatbeforeperennialgrasses’ploughing in, was recorded: when herbage yieldhadbeen removed from thefield–after legumes;abovegroundbiomasshadbeenusedundermixedmanagement–aftermixtureoffestuloliumandleg-ume;theabovegroundbiomasshadbeenmulched–inalltreatmentsoflegumesandtheirmixtureswithfestulolium.ResearchwasperformedonasiltloamgleyicCambisolanditindicatedthatthemostinten-sivedecompositionduringthefirstthreemonthsoc-

curredintheplantresiduescontainingmorenitrogen(Veličkaetal.,2006).Thedataconsiderablyvariedbetween the treatments and replications, thereforeonlythetrendsofchangewereidentified.Literaturesourcesindicatethatnitrogencontentleacheddur-ingtheautumnperioddependsontheprecipitationandsoiltypeandfertilitymanagement,andrangesfrom4.2–12kgha-1inthesoilwithahighclaycon-tent(20–60%)(Smithetal.,1998)to30–70kgha-1 (Thomsenetal.,1993)insandysoils.

Averaged data show that the lowest Ninorg contentinthesoilwasafterfestulolium39.6kgha-1,i.e.33.7%or37.2%lessthanafterredcloverorlu-cerne.Whenallabovegroundherbagebiomasshadbeen removed from thefield, the amount ofNinorg varied in a similar way to that obtained prior toploughingofgrasses(increasedafterlegumecrops),butwhenithadbeenusedforgreenmanureNinorg contentdiffered.Ifpartoftheabovegroundbiomassofperennialgrasseshadbeenusedasgreenmanure(mixedmanagement),thehighestNinorgcontentwasmeasured after red clover or itsmixturewith fes-tulolium.Whenallabovegroundbiomasshadbeenmulched,thehighestNinorgcontentaccumulatedaf-terlucerneanditsmixturewithfestulolium.Whenallabovegroundbiomassofperennialgrasses,men-tionedabove,hadbeenusedundermixedmanage-ment,Ninorgcontentwasthelowestcomparedtothatunderothermanagementmethods.


Table 3.TheamountofNinorginthe0–60cmsoillayerinautumnasinfluencedbyperennialgrassspeciesandabovegroundbiomassmanagementmethods





Ninorgkgha-1

differ-ence¹kgha-1

NO3/NH4Ninorg kgha-1

differ-ence¹kgha-1

NO3/NH4Ninorgkgha-1

differ-ence¹kgha-1

NO3/NH4

RC 69.4 28.8 4.7 50.5 7.3 3.5 59.1 21.0 4.0

RC+F 43.4 9.6 2.9 69.2 27.9 5.6 68.7 31.0 7.6*

L 66.5 32.0 5.2 45.1 6.3 3.3 77.4 39.0 7.1

L+F 52.9 19.0 3.2 49.1 13.7 3.8 72.6 33.9 6.5

F 34.1 7.0 2.3 38.9 5.3 3.4 45.7 14.9 3.7

LSD05A 20.52 17.77 1.60

LSD05B 15.89 13.76 1.24

LSD05AB 35.53 30.77 2.77

Notes.RC–redclover,F–festulolium,RC+F–redclover+festulolium,L–lucerne,L+F–lucerne+festulolium.*–significantatp<0.05.¹–difference,comparedtothedatapriortotheploughinginofgrasses(28082008).

WithincreasingNinorgcontentinthesoil,therelative part of nitrate nitrogen increased inmostcases.TheNO3 /NH4ratio in thesoilwassignifi-cantly influenced by themethods of abovegroundbiomass management. Average data indicate thatthis ratio increased from 3.7 when herbage yieldhad been removed from the field to 5.8when allabovegroundbiomasshadbeenmulched.Thehigh-estnitratenitrogencontentwasobservedwhenredclover/festulolium, lucerne/festulolium as well asaboveground biomass of lucerne had been man-agedasmulch;thelowest–afterfestulolium(irre-spectiveoftheabovegroundbiomassmanagementmethods).

Inspring,theamountofNinorginthe0–60 cmsoillayerreduced(4.6–22.5%)inmostcases,com-pared to its status in the autumn (Table 4). ThegreatestreductioninNinorgcontentwasnotedinthetreatmentswith the highestNO3 toNH4 ratio andthe highest nitrate nitrogen content in the autumn(exceptfortheplotwithincorporatedmulchoflu-cerne and festulolium mixture. Similar researchconductedinDenmarkshowedthatmulch,incorpo-ratedintoalight-texturedsoilincreasedtheriskofnitrogenleachingduringtheautumn-winterperiod(Olesen et al., 2009). Tripolskaja and Šidlauskas(2010) have indicated, that incorporation of redclover biomass as greenmanure in a sandy loamLuvisolsignificantlyincreasednitrogenleachinginspring(52.4%),andsummer(52.0%)comparedtotheplotwithoutorganicmanure.

Nevertheless,thechangeinNinorgcontentinthesoilwassignificantlyinfluencedbythespeciesofperennialgrassesandtheabovegroundbiomassmanagementmethod.ComparisonofperennialgrassspeciesevidencedsignificantlylowerNinorgcontentinthesoilaftercultivationoffestulolium(onaver-age 16.2 kg ha-1 or 29.1% lower) and itsmixturewithredclover(8.8kgha-1or15.9%lower),com-paredtopureredclover.Averageddataindicatethatthe effect of red clover, lucerne and theirmixturewithfestuloliumonNinorgcontentwassimilar.Whenall abovegroundbiomassof perennial grasseshadbeenusedasgreenmanure(mulching),Ninorgcon-tentinthesoilsignificantlyincreased(byonaver-age13.4kgha-1or30.5%).Whenonlypartoftheabovegroundbiomasshadbeenusedasgreenma-nure(mixedmanagement),Ninorgcontentincreased(byonaverage6.2kgha-1or14.2%),comparedtotheplotwithallherbageyieldofperennialgrassesremovedfromthefield.

TheNO3 toNH4ratiointhesoilinspringdeclinedfrom2.3–7.6to1.5–3.7comparedtothatintheautumn.Incorporationofmulchofallperennialgrasses (except for red clover/festulolium sward)hadaneffectonincreaseofnitratecontentinNinorg structure compared to the other aboveground bio-massmanagementmethods.The lowestNO3 con-tentaccumulatedinthesoilafterfestuloliumherb-ageyieldhadbeenremovedfromthefieldorwhenpart of it had been used as greenmanure (mixedmanagement)comparedtothecontroltreatment.



Table 4.TheamountofNinorginthe0–60cmsoillayerinspringasinfluencedbyperennialgrassspeciesandabovegroundbiomassmanagementmethods





Ninorg kgha-1

differ-ence¹kgha-1


differ-ence¹kgha-1


differ-ence¹kgha-1

NO3/NH4

RC 49.3 −20.1 2.9 60.3 9.8 2.7 57.3 −1.9 3.5

RC+F 43.1 −0.3 2.2 46.7 −22.4 2.5 50.5 −18.2 2.3

L 46.4 −20.1 2.5 53.8 8.7 2.4 64.2 −13.3 3.7

L+F 43.4 −9.5 2.2 52.7 3.7 2.3 70.3* −2.3 3.7

F 37.1 4.0 1.5* 37.0 −1.9 1.7* 44.1 −1.5 2.3

LSD05A 8.76 22.19 0.59

LSD05B 6.79 17.19 0.46

LSD05AB 15.17 38.43 1.02

Notes.RC–redclover,F–festulolium,RC+F–redclover+festulolium,L–lucerne,L+F–lucerne+festulolium.*–significantatp<0.05.¹–difference,comparedtothedatalateintheautumn(12112009).

Table 5.TheamountofNinorg in the0–60cmsoil layer afterwinterwheatharvestingas influencedbyperennialgrassspeciesandabovegroundbiomassmanagementmethods





Ninorgkgha-1

differ-ence¹ kgha-1

NO3/NH4Ninorgkgha-1

differ-ence¹kgha-1

NO3/NH4Ninorgkgha-1

differ-ence¹kgha-1

NO3/NH4

RC 51.3 2.0 1.0 42.1 –18.2 1.0 52.2 –5.0 1.1

RC+F 47.2 4.0 1.3 46.3 –0.4 1.2 41.2 –9.2 1.3

L 51.9 5.4 1.1 42.7 –11.1 1.0 51.0 –13.2 1.0

L+F 50.5 7.2 1.0 43.8 1.0 0.9 51.8 –18.5 1.1

F 50.2 13.1 1.0 47.6 10.6 1.1 42.1 –2.0 1.3

LSD05A 10.05 14.29 0.23

LSD05B 7.78 11.07 0.18

LSD05AB 17.40 24.76 0.40

Notes.RC–redclover,F–festulolium,RC+F–redclover+festulolium,L–lucerne,L+F–lucerne+festulolium.¹–difference,comparedtothedataearlyinspring(08042009).

After winter wheat harvesting, soil Ninorg content in the 0–60 cm layer, compared to thatin early spring, was a little higher when herbageyieldofperennialgrasseshadbeenremovedfrom

thefield.Whenthebiomasshadbeenmanagedasmulch,theNinorgcontentwaslower,andwhenithadbeen used under mixed management Ninorg varied(Table5).


After winter wheat harvesting, soil Ninorg content was significantly influenced by the man-agementmethods of the aboveground biomass ofperennialgrasses.SoilNinorgcontentwas42.1–52.2kgha-1andvariedalittlebetweentreatments.Thehighestcontentofplant-availablenitrogenwasafterpurelegumesandlucerne/festulolium.Comparisonof the management methods of perennial grassesevidencedthatwhenallabovegroundbiomasshadbeenused forgreenmanureorundermixedman-agementNinorgreduced,comparedtoitsstatusintheplots,whereallherbageyieldofperennialgrasseshadbeenremoved.Theobtaineddataindicatethatafterharvestingofwinterwheat, thenitratenitro-gencontentwassignificantlylower,NO3 /NH4ratiochangedfrom1.5–3.7(inspring) to0.9–1.3(afterharvesting)andvarieda littlebetween treatments.WinterwheatexhibitedbetterassimilationofNinorg,accumulatedinthesoil,becauseoflongergrowingseasonandlengthofrootsto2.2m;moreover,much

Notes.RC–redclover,F–festulolium,RC+F–redclover+festulolium,L–lucerne,L+F–lucerne+festulolium.LSD05A=0.500,LSD05B=0.387,LSD05AB=0.865;*–significantatp<0.05,**–significantatp<0.01.

Figure.Thegrainyieldofwinterwheatasinfluencedbyperennialgrassspeciesandabovegroundbiomassmanagementmethods


lessofNinorgmigratestodeeperlayers(Thorup-Kris-tensenetal.,2009).

Winter wheat yield. The productivity ofwinter wheat was significantly influenced by thepre-crops–perennialgrassesaswellastheirabove-groundbiomassmanagementmethod.Comparisonofvariousperennialgrasses,usedaspre-crops,re-vealedthatwinterwheatgrainyieldwasthelowestafterfestulolium,significantlybyonaverage55.0%or2.92tha-1lowercomparedtothatafterredclover(Fig.).Applicationoftheirabovegroundbiomassasgreenmanuredidnotincreasegrainyieldappreci-ably.The highest grain yieldwas producedwhenwinter wheat had been cultivated after legumes.Legume/festulolium swards reducedwinter wheatyield:redclover/festuloliumbyonaverage27.3%or1.45tha-1andlucerne/festuloliumbyonaverage26.6%or1.11 t ha-1, compared to respectivepurelegumesward.

Averageddataindicatedthatapplicationofall herbage of perennial grasses as green manure(mulching)significantlyincreasedthegrainyieldby16.1%or0.62tha-1.Whenpartoftheabovegroundbiomasshadbeenusedasgreenmanure(mixedma-nagement),thegrainyieldtendedtoincrease,thein-creaseamountedtoonaverage7.7%or0.30tha-1,compared to the treatmentwhere all herbage hadbeenremovedfromthefield.Norwegianresearchessuggest thatwith the application of greenmanure

for mulch (legume/non-legume) no significant in-creaseinspringbarleygrainyieldwasobtained(Frø-seth et al., 2008), meanwhile German researcherspoint out that red clover/grassmulch significantlyincreasedwheatgrainyieldby5.5%,comparedtothetreatmentswhereallherbagehadbeenremovedfromthefield(Dreymannetal.,2003).Theefficien-cyofnitrogenapplicationfromlegume/festuloliummulchvariedfrom14%to39%withthelowestva-lueonthecoarsesandysoil(Olesenetal.,2009).



The highestwinterwheat grain yieldwasproducedwhen the crophadbeen cultivated afterred clover with aboveground biomass used undermixed management or mulched. The grain yieldincreasewas by 0.72 and 0.71 t ha-1 respectively,higher compared to that in the control plot.Afterlucernepre-crop, thewheatgrainyieldwas lower(0.37 t ha-1)thanthatafterredclover.ItmighthavebeeninfluencedbyhigherrootbiomassanditsC:Nratio.Thisfact influencedslowermineralizationoforganic matter and reduced Ninorg accumulation inthe soil (except for aboveground biomass mulch-ing), compared to red clover.After lucerne sward,the greatest wheat grain yield increase was ob-tainedwhentheabovegroundbiomasswasusedformulch.

Whentheabovegroundbiomassofredclo-ver/festuloliumwasusedundermixedmanagementor mulched, the grain yield increased, but not asmuchas in the treatmentswhere itwascultivatedafterredcloverwithallherbageremovedfromthefield.When the aboveground biomass of lucerne/festuloliumhadbeenusedasgreenmanure,espe-ciallywhenallof itwasusedasmulch, thegrainyieldincreasedandwassimilartothatafterlucernewithherbageyieldremovedfromthefield.

Winter wheat grain yield significantly(P > 0.05) correlatedwith soil inorganic nitrogencontent.GrainyieldrelationshipwithNinorgcontent

inspringafterresumptionofwinterwheatvegeta-tionwasstrong(r=0.783),withNinorgdeterminedlate in the autumn the relationship was moderate(r=0.632).TherewasnorelationshipbetweenthegrainyieldandNinorgdeterminedafterwinterwheatharvesting.

Grain quality.Itisdifficulttoestimatethebaking potential of wheat samples with a proteincontentbelow12%becausedoughmixingproper-tiesarenon-linear(Fowler,Kovacs,2004).Ourre-searchevidencedthatwinterwheatgrainharvestedin2009accumulated10.4–11.9%proteinindrymat-ter, its sedimentation indexwas20.5–28.0mlandtheglutencontentwas9.1–18.8%ona14%grainmoisturebasis(Table6).Accumulationofproteininwinterwheatgrainsignificantlydependedonperen-nialgrass speciesandabovegroundbiomassman-agement method. Better values were determinedforwheat grain indirect parameters, characterizingbread-makingquality–highervaluesofcrudepro-tein(0.3–0.5%unit),wetglutencontent(3.0–3.1%unit)andhighervaluesofthesedimentationindexbyZeleny(2.6–4.4ml),whentheabovegroundbiomassofherbagehadbeenusedundermixedmanagementorallofitwasmulched,comparedwithgraincha-racteristics,whenherbagehadbeen removed fromthe field. Moreover, the grain quality was higherwhenwheat had been cultivated aftermonocrops,especiallylegume(cloverandlucerne)swards.

Table 6.Winterwheatgrainproteincontent,sedimentationandwetglutencontentasinfluencedbyperennialgrassspeciesandabovegroundbiomassmanagementmethods





protein%sedimen-tationml

wetgluten% protein%

sedimen-tationml

wetgluten% protein%

sedimen-tationml

wetgluten%

RC 10.6 20.9 11.3 11.3** 28.0** 18.0** 11.4** 24.3 16.3

RC+F 10.4 20.5 9.1 10.5 23.5 15.5 10.6 22.9 15.0

L 10.8 22.8 14.8 11.3* 27.0** 17.7 11.9** 25.0 18.8**

L+F 11.2* 21.5 14.6 11.1 26.6** 16.1 11.2* 24.5 18.8**

F 11.0 20.9 17.0 11.2* 23.5 14.9 11.3** 22.6 13.8

LSD05A 0.28 2.82 3.70

LSD05B 0.22 2.18 2.87

LSD05AB 0.48 4.88 6.41

Notes.RC–redclover,F–festulolium,RC+F–redclover+festulolium,L–lucerne,L+F–lucerne+festulolium.*–significantatp<0.05,**–atp<0.01.


Depending on the pre-crop, the highestprotein content inwinterwheat grainwas havingusedredcloverbiomassundermixedmanagementandmulching and that of lucerne onlymulching.Analysis of individual quality parameters showedthat sedimentation index in grain increased moresignificantlywiththeapplicationofthemixedman-agement,whileforproteinandglutencontentwithmulchingoftheabovegroundbiomass.

Differentpre-cropsofperennialgrassesandtheirmanagementmethodsdidnothaveanysignifi-cant effect onwheat gluten quality.The variationrangeofglutenindex,describingglutenquality,wasverynarrow,from93to99units(Table7).Thisin-dicatesthatthetestedcultivarhadglutenwithverystrongpropertiesandcouldbeacceptableforbreadmaking.

Table 7.Winterwheatgrain glutenindexand fallingnumber asinfluenced byperennialgrassspeciesandabovegroundbiomassmanagementmethods





glutenindex(GI)unit

fallingnumbersec

glutenindex(GI)unit

fallingnumbersec

glutenindex(GI)unit

fallingnumbersec

RC 96.5 361 94.5 365 95.0 364

RC+F 99.3 346 96.3 359 93.5 364

L 95.5 359 93.5 358 95.5 373

L+F 94.5 352 93.3 353 96.3 381

F 93.5 343 94.0 354 94.5 338

LSD05A 2.05 20.3

LSD05B 1.58 15.3

LSD05AB 3.54 35.1

Notes.RC–redclover,F–festulolium,RC+F–redclover+festulolium,L–lucerne,L+F–lucerne+festulolium.*–significantatp<0.05,**–atp<0.01.

Anotherimportantwheatgrainqualitypa-rameter, falling number, indicates the activity ofα-amylase,whichisrelatedwithbiochemicalgraingerminationprocesses.Wheatgrainwith a fallingnumberbelow220secondshasalimiteduse(LTS1524).The activity of α-amylase significantly de-pendedontheweatherconditions,delayedharvest,cultivarpropertiesandgrainbiology,aswellasonfertilisationrate.Thefallingnumberofwheatwhichcouldintakehighercontentofnitrogenwashigherthan thatwhen lowerNintakewasused(Kindredetal.,2005;Cesevičienė,Mašauskienė,2007).Fall-ingnumberwasgenerallyhigh(357s)andtendedtoincrease(from348to361seconds)withincreas-ingabovegroundbiomassapplication.However,nosignificantchanges in thefallingnumberresultingfromthepre-croporabovegroundbiomassmanage-mentmethodwereestablished.

Conclusions1.Withtheabovegroundbiomassofredclo-

verandlucerneusedundermixedmanagement,thesoilreceived215.8and208.0kgha-1ofnitrogen,re-spectively,whileinthemulchingtreatments–298.0and266.6kgha-1,respectively.Symbioticallyfixednitrogencontentinthebiomassoflegumesaccount-edforthelargestshare(60.8–83.6%)ofthetotalnit-rogencontent, accumulated in thebiomass.Whenlegumemulchhadbeenusedasgreenmanure, itsC:Nratiowas the lowestandmorefavourableforamorerapiddecomposition(14.8–18.1)comparedwiththatoffestuloliummulch(C:N–36.1–43.1).

2.Lateintheautumn,afterperennialgrass-es, theamountNinorg in thesoilwas1.2–2.0 timesor9.6–39.0kgha-1highercomparedtothatpresentinthesoilpriortotheswardploughing.Inspring,Ninorgcontentinthe0–60cmsoillayerinmostcas-es tended todecreasecompared to that late in theautumn.Nevertheless,when all aboveground bio-



massofperennialgrasseshadbeenusedasgreenmanure(mulching),theamountofNinorginthesoilwassignificantlyhigher(byonaverage13.4kgha-1 or30.5%);whenithadbeenusedundermixedman-agementNinorgcontenttendedtoincreasecomparedwiththetreatmentswithallherbageremovedfromthefield.

3.Festuloliumand itsmixtureswith legu-mesaspre-cropreducedwinterwheatgrainyield,comparedwithredclover.Applicationofallabove-groundbiomassofperennialgrassesasgreenma-nure(mulching)increasedgrainyieldbyonaverage0.62tha-1;whenpartoftheabovegroundbiomasshad been used as green manure (mixed manage-ment)–by0.30tha-1,comparedwiththetreatmentswithherbage removed from thefield.Thehighestwinterwheatyieldwasobtainedwhenithadbeencultivatedafterredcloveranditsabovegroundbio-mass had been used undermixedmanagement orwhenall abovegroundbiomasshadbeenmulched(5.55and5.54tha-1,respectively)aswellasafterlucerne when all aboveground biomass had beenmulched(5.58tha-1).

4.Betterproteinandglutencontent inor-ganicallygrownwinterwheatgrainaswellassedi-mentation index were achieved when wheat hadbeen cultivated after legume pre-crops and whenperennialgrasseswereusedasgreenmanure.Thehighestproteinaccumulationinwinterwheatgrainwasrecordedinthetreatmentswiththeuseoftheaboveground biomass of red clover under mixedmanagementandlucernemulching.

Received12112010Accepted06122010

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ISSN 1392-3196 Žemdirbystė=Agriculture,vol.97,No.4(2010),p.23–36UDK631.84+631.874:631.582:[633.11“324”:631.559

Mineralinio azoto kiekis dirvožemyje ir žieminių kviečių produktyvumas priklausomai nuo daugiamečių žolių priešsėlio rūšies ir jų naudojimo

D.Nemeikšienė1,A.Arlauskienė1,A.Šlepetienė2,J.Cesevičienė2,S.Maikštėnienė1

1LietuvosagrariniųirmiškųmokslocentroJoniškėliobandymųstotis2LietuvosagrariniųirmiškųmokslocentroŽemdirbystėsinstitutas

Santrauka

Straipsnyjepateiktidaugiamečiųžolių(Trifolium pratense L.,Medicago sativa L.,xFestulolium)kaipjavųpriešsėliųirjųantžeminėsmasėsnaudojimo(derliuibeižaliajaitrąšai)įtakaNmin.kiekiuiirdina-mikaidirvožemyje, žieminiųkviečiųgrūdųderliuibeikokybeiekologinioūkininkavimosąlygomis.LaukobandymaivykdytiLietuvosžemdirbystėsinstituto(LŽI)Joniškėliobandymųstotyjegiliaukar-bonatingamegiliauglėjiškamerudžemyje(RDg4-k2),Endocalcari-Endohypogleyic Cambisol(CMg-n-w-can), cheminės analizės atliktos LŽICheminių tyrimų laboratorijoje.Nustatyta, kad raudonųjųdobilųirmėlynžiedžiųliucernųantžeminęmasępanaudojuskombinuotai(pirmopjovimožolę–derliui,antroirtrečio–žaliajaitrąšai),išvisoįterptaatitinkamai215,8ir208,0kgha-1,ovisąžaliajaitrąšai–atitinkamai298,0ir266,6kgha-1azoto.Ankštiniųžoliųbiomasėjesimbiotinisazotassudarėdidžiąjądalį(60,8–83,6%)visobiomasėjesukauptoazotokiekio.DaugiamečiųžoliųbiomasėsįterpimasvėlairudenįdirvožemyjepadidinoNmin.kiekį.Jisbuvo1,2–2,0karto,arba9,6–39,0kgha

1,didesnis,palygintisubuvusiupriešžoliųužarimą.PavasarįNmin.kiekisdaugeliuatvejų(žolėsderliųišvežusišlaukoarbavisąmulčiavus)turėjotendencijąmažėti,palygintisugautuvėlairudenį.DidžiausiasNmin.kiekisnusta-tytasankštiniųžoliųantžeminęmasępanaudojuskombinuotaiarbavisąankštiniųirankštiniųbeierai-činsvidriųmišiniųbiomasęmulčiavus.ŽieminiųkviečiųderliuspriklausėnuoNmin.kiekiodirvožemyjevėlairudenįirankstipavasarį(atitinkamair=0,632,r=0,783;P>0,05).Eraičinsvidriųpriešsėlisirjųmišiniaisuankštinėmisžolėmisžieminiųkviečiųgrūdųderliųmažino,palygintisuraudonųjųdobilųpriešsėliu.Visosantžeminėsmasėsžaliajaitrąšaipanaudojimas(mulčiavimas)derliųpadidinoviduti-niškai0,62tha-1,ožaliajaitrąšaipanaudojusdalįantžeminėsmasės(kombinuotasbūdas)–0,30 t ha-1,palyginti,kaivisasžolėsderliusišvežtasišlauko.Ekologiškaiišaugintųžieminiųkviečiųgrūdųbalty-mųirglitimokiekisbeisedimentacijosindeksasišesmėspriklausėnuodaugiamečiųžoliųpriešsėliorūšiesirjųantžeminėsmasėspanaudojimobūdo.Šierodikliaipagerėjo,kaikviečiaibuvoaugintiati-tinkamaipoankštiniųžoliųpriešsėlioirkaidaugiametėsžolėspanaudotosžaliajaitrąšai.Nustatyta,kaddidesniamžieminiųkviečiųgrūdųbaltyminiųmedžiagųkiekiuisukauptitinkamesnisdobilamstaikytaskombinuotas,liucernoms–mulčiometodas.

Reikšminiaižodžiai:daugiametėsžolės,žaliojitrąša,Nmin.,žieminiųkviečiųgrūdųderliusirkokybė.

mineral nitrogen content in the soil and winter wheat ...4)tomas/97_4_tomas_str3.pdfmineral nitrogen...

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