military history 15 canada and war in the modern era history15.pdf · "russo-japanese...

LOCALLY DEVELOPED

COURSE

MILITARY HISTORY 15 CANADA AND WAR IN THE MODERN ERA

September 2008

Expires August 2009

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Produced for Edmonton Public Schools by: David Duke, Ph.D Brian Gobbet, MA Rod MacLeod, Ph.D. Galen Perras, Ph.D. ©2002 Edmonton School District No. 7 ©2003 Revised ©2008 Revised Permission for reproduction of any portion of this document for any purpose must be obtained in writing from the Edmonton School District No. 7.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents ............................................................................................. i Course Description ............................................................................................ 1 Course Objectives ............................................................................................ 1 Projected Enrolment ............................................................................................ 1 Special Facilities or Equipment Necessary........................................................................ 1 Identification of Controversial or Sensitive Course Components ..................................... 1 Resources ............................................................................................ 1 Overlap with Provincial Curriculum.................................................................................. 2 Assessment ............................................................................................ 2 Specific Outcomes ............................................................................................ 3 A. An Introduction to the Age of Modern War.................................................................3 Unit I: The Influence of Technology Unit II: The Mass Warfare Phenomena B. The Riel Rebellions ..................................................................................................7 Unit I: Canada's Westward Expansion Unit II: Aboriginal Resistance Unit III: Role of the Citizen Militia C. War and Empire ................................................................................................11 Unit I: Competing Canadian Nationalisms D. World War I ................................................................................................13 Unit I: Origins of the Conflict Unit II: Canada's Entry and Contribution Unit III: The Home Front Unit IV: Conscription E. Vimy Ridge ...................................... .........................................................19 Unit I: The Battle for Vimy Ridge F. War and Remembrance...............................................................................................21 Unit I: The Human Costs of Conflict G. The Road to War ................................................................................................24 Unit I: Revisionism and Fascism Unit II: Canada's Department of External Affairs Unit III: North American Isolationism Unit IV: Canadian Rearmament

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H. World War II ................................................................................................31 Unit I: Canada's Entry into the Conflict Unit II: Defence Ties with the United States Unit III: The Air War Unit IV: Naval War in the North Atlantic Unit V: Hong Kong and Dieppe Unit VI: The Canadian Army in Europe Unit VII: The Valour and the Horror Controversy Unit VIII: The Prisoner of War Experience I. The Role of Women ................................................................................................46 J. The Cold War ................................................................................................47 K. Peacekeeping ................................................................................................49 Unit I: The Suez Crisis and Lester Pearson Unit II: Commitment and Frustration L. War and Citizenship ................................................................................................52 Unit I: Oka and the Maintenance of Civil Order Unit II: Changing Perceptions of the Military Over the Century Unit III: Present and Future Canadian Defence Needs General Bibliography ................................................................................................56

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MILITARY HISTORY 15 CANADA AND WAR IN THE MODERN ERA

Course Description: In 75 classroom hours, this course introduces students to a study of Canada and War in the Modern Era, that is, from the Riel Rebellions of the late Nineteenth Century though to the present post Cold War years. A heavy emphasis is placed on Canada's military and civilian contributions to the two world wars and the efforts to recover from those great conflicts, the Cold War confrontation with the Communist bloc, and peacekeeping. Course Objectives: Students will: • gain an understanding of some of the principal issues that shaped Canada's military history

from the late Nineteenth Century to the present day • gain practical research, analysis, writing, and presentation skills • understand the nature of historiographic debate • understand the historiographic debate of select issues in Modern Canadian Military History • understand how historical events relate to contemporary issues Projected Enrolment: The projected enrolment will be one class at Vimy Ridge Academy every second year. (May 2008) Special Facilities or Equipment Necessary: No special facilities or equipment is required. Identification of Controversial or Sensitive Course Components: There is no requirement for any sensitive or controversial material for the objectives of this course to be fully achieved.

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Resources The core student text for Military History 15 is Douglas S. Davis’ Canadians and Conflict prepared specifically for this course and available from Edmonton Public Schools Overlap with Provincial Curriculum: At this time there is not significant overlap with Provincial courses. Assessment: Each part of Military History 15, Canada and War in the Modern Era should receive equal weighting.

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PART A: AN INTRODUCTION TO THE AGE OF MODERN WAR SPECIFIC OUTCOMES Unit I: The Influence of Technology A. Knowledge Goals: Students will:

• be able to identify the major military technological trends starting in the nineteenth century

• be able to trace the use of technology — railways, machine guns, artillery, and naval propulsion — in late nineteenth and early twentieth century conflicts

• be able to discuss the problems military leaders had in understanding the new technologies

B. Possible Classroom Topics: 1. Railways and the telegraph in the American Civil War and Germany's wars in the

nineteenth century. 2. Naval warfare and the transitions from wood and sail to steel and engines. 3. Men against fire: machine guns, indirect artillery, and the creation of fire zones. 4. World War One foretold? The Russio-Japanese War, 1904–05.

C. Student Readings: Davis, Douglas S., Canadians and Conflict, Edmonton, Edmonton Public Schools, 2001, pp.

1-24 Lt.-Col. John A. English, "The Great War 1914–18: The 'Riddle of the Trenches'," Canadian

Defence Quarterly, 15 (Autumn 1985), pp. 41–47. Martin Van Creveld, "Technology and War I: to 1945," in Charles Townshend, ed., The

Oxford Illustrated History of Modern War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 175–193.

D. Teacher Resources: 1. Sample Maps/Overheads:

"Dreadnought-Class battleships" photograph in Townshend, The Oxford Illustrated History of Modern War, 77.

"French Machine-Gun Crew" painting in Ellis, The Social History of the Machine Gun, 112.

"HMS Dreadnought" photograph in Hough, Dreadnought, 19. "Machine-Gun Patent" illustration in Ellis, The Social History of the Machine Gun, 12. "Monitor-Merrimac Duel" photograph in Padfield, Guns at Sea, 184. "Napoleon at the Battle of Wagram" photograph in Townshend, The Oxford Illustrated

History of Modern War, 6. "Pre-Dreadnought Battleship" photograph in Hough, Dreadnought, 6. "Russo-Japanese War" photographs in Connaughton, The War of the Rising Sun and

Tumbling Bear, following 167. "Union Military Railroad Locomotives" photograph in Townshend, The Oxford

Illustrated History of Modern War, 73.

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2. Audio-Visual Resources: "Keeping the Old Game Alive," (NFB, 1983, 56 minutes)

E. Secondary Resources:

J.G. Armstrong, "A Gunner in Manchuria: Canada Observes the Russo-Japanese War," Canadian Defence Quarterly, 12 (Spring 1983), pp. 37–44.

Brian Bond, War and Society in Europe, 1870–1970 (New York: Oxford University Press), 1986.

Bernard Brodie and M. Fawn, From Crossbow to H-Bomb (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1962.

I.F. Clarke, Voices Prophesying War, 1763–1984 (London: Oxford University Press, 1966). R.M. Connaughton, The War of the Rising Sun and Tumbling Bear: A Military History of the

Russo-Japanese War 1904–05 (London: Routledge, 1988). Larry J. Daniel, Cannoneers in Grey: The Field Artillery of the Army of Tennessee, 1861–

1865 (Birmingham: The University of Alabama Press, 1984). Modris Eckstein, Rites of Spring (New York: Bantam Books, 1990). John Ellis, The Social History of the Machine Gun (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University

Press, 1986). John Fuller, Troop Morale and Popular Culture in the British and Dominion Armies 1914–

18 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991). Eric Hobsbawm, The Age of Empire 1865–1914 (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1987). Richard Hough, Dreadnought: A History of the Modern Battleship (New York: Macmillan,

1964). Michael Howard, War in European History (New York: Oxford University Press, 1976). ——, "Men Against Fire: The Doctrine of the Offensive in 1914," in Peter Paret, ed., Makers

of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), pp. 510–526.

John Keegan, Soldiers: A History of Men in Battle (New York: Elisabeth Sifton Books, 1986).

Bruce W. Menning, Bayonets Before Bullets: The Imperial Russian Army, 1861–1914 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1992), Chapter 5.

Roy Meredith and Arthur Meredith, Mr. Lincoln's Military Railroads (New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1979).

A.J.A. Morris, The Scaremongers: The Advocacy of War and Rearmament 1896–1914 (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1984).

Peter Padfield, Guns at Sea (London: Hugh Evelyn, 1973). Bryan Ranft, ed., Technical Change and British Naval Policy 1860–1939 (Hodder and

Stoughton, 1977). Clark Reynolds, Command of the Sea: The History and Strategy of Maritime Empires.

Volume Two: Since 1815 (Malabar: Robert E. Krieger Publishing, 1983). F. Possible Student Activities:

1. Consult the Canadian Forces College "United States Civil War" website: http://www.cfcsc.dnd.ca/links/milhist/usciv.html

2. Consult the Library of Congress "Selected Civil War Photographs" website:

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http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cwphome.html

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Unit II: The Mass Warfare Phenomena A. Knowledge Goals: Students will:

• understand the rise of the mass war phenomena in the French Revolution and Napoleonic period

• understand the influence of modern nationalism in the nineteenth century • understand the complex interaction between nationalism and technological change

B. Possible Classroom Topics:

1. Mass armies, the French Revolution, and Napoleonic warfare. 2. The American Civil War 3. The Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) and civilian resistance. 4. European peacetime conscription.

C. Student Readings:

Davis, Douglas S., Canadians and Conflict, Edmonton, Edmonton Public Schools, 2001, pp. 1-24

Peter Paret, "Napoleon and the Revolution in War," in Paret, Makers of Modern Strategy, pp.123–142.

D. Teaching Resources:

1. Sample Maps/Overheads: "The Battlefield" photograph, in Townshend, The Oxford Illustrated History of Modern

War, p. 105. "Infantry Scenes" photographs in Townshend, The Oxford Illustrated History of Modern

War, 79. "Theatre of War 1904–5" map in Connaughton, The War of the Rising Sun and Tumbling

Bear, xii. 2. Audio-Visual Resources:

Ken Burns, "The Civil War" (8 parts, 16 hours, Public Broadcasting System) "The Civil War" (National Geographic Society, 3 filmstrips, 35mm)

E. Secondary Reading:

Larry H. Addington, The Patterns of War Since the Eighteenth Century (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994), Chapters One to Five.

Bond, War and Society in Europe, 1870–1970. Edward Hagerman, The American Civil War and the Origins of Modern Warfare: Ideas,

Organization, and Field Command (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988). Howard, War in European History. John Keegan, The Face of Battle: A Study of Agincourt, Waterloo and the Somme

(Harmondsworth: Penguin Books, 1978). W.H. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force and Society Since 1000

A.D. (New York: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1984).

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Phillip Shaw Paludan, A People's Contest: The Union and Civil War, 1861–1865 (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996).

Gunther Rothenberg, The Art of Warfare in the Age of Napoleon (Bloomington: Indiana

University Press, 1978). Townshend, The Oxford Illustrated History of Modern War, Chapters 1 to 10 and 15 to 18. Martin Van Creveld, The Transformation of War (New York: The Free Press, 1991).

F. Possible Student Activities: 1. War game a Civil War battle. 2. Read Abraham Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address."

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PART B: THE RIEL REBELLIONS Unit I: Canada’s Westward Expansion A: Knowledge Goals: Students will:

• understand how the economics of the fur trade minimized conflict between Europeans and first nations in Western Canada in the two centuries before 1870

• understand how the new technology of railways and telegraphs made a transcontinental nation possible

• understand how Canada planned to organize and govern its new western territories B. Possible Classroom Topics:

1. Discussion of the differences between westward expansion in the US and Canada. 2. Confederation as a foundation for western expansion. 3. Look at how the Canadian government planned to use the North West Mounted Police as

an alternative to military occupation of the prairies. C. Student Readings:


"Testimony of Sir George Simpson before the Parliamentary Select Committee on the Hudson's Bay Company, 26 February and 2 March, 1857," and "Testimony of the Right Rev. David Anderson before the Parliamentary Select Committee on the HBC, 4 June, 1857," in Lewis G. Thomas, ed., The Prairie West to 1905: A Canadian Sourcebook (Toronto: Oxford, 1975).

"Report of Lieutenant-Colonel Patrick Robertson-Ross," excerpts, Canada, Sessional Papers, 1873.

S.W. Horrall, "Sir John A. Macdonald and the Mounted Police Force for the North West Territories," Canadian Historical Review, 53, (June 1972), pp. 179–200.

D. Teacher Resources:

1. Sample Maps/Overheads: "Indian Territories of the Prairie West ca 1820," in G. Friesen, The Canadian Prairies: A

History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987). "Fur Trade Posts of the West," in Friesen, The Canadian Prairies: A History.

2. Audio-Visual Resources: "Age of the Buffalo" (NFB, 1964). "David Thompson: The Great Mapmaker" (NFB, 1964). "A Second Transcontinental Nation" (NFB, 1969). "The Great March" (GAPC Productions, 1998).

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E. Secondary Readings: Gerhard J. Ens, Homeland to Hinterland: The Changing Worlds of the Red River Metis in the

Nineteenth Century (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996). R.C. Macleod, The North West Mounted Police and Law Enforcement 1873 to 1905

(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1976). John S. Milloy, The Plains Cree: Trade, Diplomacy and War, 1790 to 1870 (Winnipeg:

University of Manitoba Press, 1988). D. Owram, Promise of Eden: The Canadian Expansionist Movement and the Idea of the West (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1980). Arthur J. Ray, Indians in the Fur Trade: Their Role as Hunters, Trappers and Middlemen in

the Lands Southwest of Hudson Bay (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1974). F. Possible Student Activities:

1. Visit Fort Edmonton Park 2. Visit the Aboriginal Gallery, Provincial Museum of Alberta

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Unit II: Aboriginal Resistance A. Knowledge Goals: Students will:

• understand the aims of Louis Riel and his followers and those of the Canadian government in the winter of 1869–70

• understand what both parties thought they were getting from the Indian treaties negotiated in the west after 1870, especially Treaty 6 and Treaty 7

• understand how the political and military circumstances of 1885 differed from those of 1870 for both groups

B. Possible Classroom Topics: 1. The transportation routes between Canada and Red River in 1869. 2. The lists of rights generated by Riel and his council that formed the basis for the

negotiations leading to the Manitoba Act. 3. The survey system used on the Prairies and how it conflicted with traditional Métis

patterns of land use. 4. The treaty negotiations on the prairies and how reserves were created and assigned. 5. Riel's provisional government created in the spring of 1885 and how it differed from the

Red River situation.

C. Student Readings: Davis, Douglas S., Canadians and Conflict, Edmonton, Edmonton Public Schools, 2001, pp. 27-44 Ron Bourgeault and Tom Flanagan, "A Debate: Louis Riel, Hero of His People or Villain of

History?" NeWest Review, April/May 1998. Excerpts from W.L. Morton, ed., Alexander Begg's Red River Journal (Toronto: Champlain

Society, 1969), December 1969–March 1870. Friesen, The Canadian Prairies: A History, pp. 137–149.


"The Indian Treaties 1871-1877" in G.F.G. Stanley, The Birth of Western Canada: A History of the Riel Rebellions (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1960) p. 210.

"The Red River Settlement," in Friesen, The Canadian Prairies: A History. 2. Audio-Visual Resources: "Gabriel Dumont" (Great North Productions, 1998). E. Secondary Readings:

Hugh Dempsey, Crowfoot: Chief of the Blackfoot (Edmonton: Hurtig, 1972) T. Flanagan, Louis 'David' Riel: Prophet of the New World (Toronto: University of Toronto

Press, 1979) R.C. Macleod, The North West Mounted Police and Law Enforcement, 1873–1905 (Toronto:

University of Toronto Press, 1976). J.R. Miller, Skyscrapers Hide the Heavens: A History of Indian-White Relations in Canada

(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989) W.L. Morton, Manitoba: A History Stanley, The Birth of Western Canada: A History of the Riel Rebellions.

F. Possible Student Activities: 1. Visit the St. Albert Museum

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2. Role-playing: re-enact the negotiations for Treaty 6 and 7

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Unit III: Role of the Citizen Militia A. Knowledge Goals: Students will:

• understand the difference between the Militia and a professional army in 19th century Canada

• understand the elements necessary to supply and maintain an army in the field • understand the importance of the railway and telegraph to the Canadian military effort in

1885 B. Possible Classroom Topics:

1. The British military withdrawal from Canada and the beginnings of our own military organization.

2. The traditional military organization of the Métis based on the buffalo hunt. 3. Weapons used by both sides in 1885. 4. The trial and execution of Louis Riel.



Excerpts from the Diary of Richard Scougall Cassels 1885, in R.C. Macleod, ed., Reminiscences of a Bungle by One of the Bunglers and Two Other North West Rebellion Diaries (Edmonton: University of Alberta Press, 1983).

Chapter 14, "Decision at Batoche," Bob Beal and Rod Macleod, Prairie Fire: The 1885 North West Rebellion (Edmonton: Hurtig, 1984).

G.F.G. Stanley, trans., "Gabriel Dumont's Account of the North West Rebellion, 1885," Canadian Historical Review, 30, (September 1949), pp. 249–269.


1. Sample Maps/Overheads: "Batoche Area" in Beal and Macleod, Prairie Fire: The 1885 North West Rebellion, p.

259. "The 1885 North-West Uprising" in Friesen, The Canadian Prairies: A History.

2. Audio-Visual Resources: "Batoche" (History Channel, 1998). Canada's Visual History, Vol. 71, "The North West Rebellion of 1885." "Sam Steele" (Great North Productions, 1998).

E. Secondary Readings: Beal and Macleod, Prairie Fire: The 1885 North West Rebellion. Desmond Morton, The Last War Drum: The North West Campaign of 1885 (Toronto,

Hakkert, 1972). George Woodcock, Gabriel Dumont: The Métis Chief and His Lost World (Edmonton,

Hurtig, 1975)

F. Possible Student Activities: 1. Map the route of the Alberta Field Force in 1885. 2. Visit some of the 1885 battle sites, especially Cut Knife and Batoche.

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PART C: WAR AND EMPIRE Unit I: Competing Canadian Nationalisms A. Knowledge and Skills Goals: Students will:

• understand the role of Britain in defining Canadian policies and national identities • understand the expansion of state authority • understand competing versions of Canadian nationalism


1. British authority and the Northwest Coast. 2. Canada and the American Civil War. 3. The Boer War. 4. Alaskan boundary dispute. 5. The birth of the Royal Canadian Navy. 6. Competing Canadian nationalisms: Laurier vs. Bourassa.



Henri Bourassa, "The French-Canadian in the British Empire," in Carl Berger, ed., Imperialism and Nationalism, 1884–1914, (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1969), pp. 66–73.

René Chartrand, "Spanish Nootka," Horizon Canada 2, 17 (June 1985), pp. 385–391. Tina Loo, "The Grouse Creek 'War'," The Beaver, 70 (August/September 1990), pp. 24–33.


"British Columbia and Canadian Claims, 1884-1902" in Penlington, Alaska Boundary Dispute, 26–29.

"If the Small Person is No Longer Restrained" in Penlington, Alaska Boundary Dispute, 47.

"John Bull" in Penlington, Alaska Boundary Dispute, 73. "Decision of the Alaskan Boundary Tribunal" in Penlington, Alaska Boundary Dispute,

101. "American Eagle" in Penlington, Alaska Boundary Dispute, 114.

2. Visual Resources: To be determined E. Secondary Readings:

Michael Bliss, Right Honourable Men: The Descent of Canadian Politics from Macdonald to Mulroney (Toronto: Harper Collins, 1995), Chapter 2.

R.C. Brown and Ramsey Cook, Canada, 1896–1921: A Nation Transformed (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1974), pp. 26–48.*

Douglas Cole, "Canada's Nationalist Imperialists," Journal of Canadian Studies, 5 (August 1970), pp. 44–49.

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Terry Cook, "George R. Parkin and the Concept of Britannic Idealism," Journal of Canadian Studies, 10 (August 1975), pp. 15–31.

Gwynne Dyer and Tina Viljoen, The Defense of Canada (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1990), Chapters 8 and 9.*

Alvin Finkel and Margaret Conrad, History of the Canadian Peoples: 1867 to the Present (2nd Edition) (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1998), pp. 58–65.*

R. Douglas Francis, et al., Origins: Canadian History to Confederation (3rd Edition) (Toronto: Harcourt Brace, 1996), Chapter 13 and pp. 420–422, 432–433.*

——, Destinies: Canadian History Since Confederation (Toronto: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1996), Chapter 5.*

Barry Gough, The Royal Navy and the Northwest Coast of North America 1810–1914 (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1971).

Michael Hadley and Roger Sarty, Tin-Pots and Pirate Ships: Canadian Naval Forces and German Sea Raiders 1880–1918 (Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1991).

Norman Hillmer and J.L. Granatstein, Empire to Umpire: Canada and the World to the 1990s (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1994), Chapter 1.*

Joseph Levitt, Henri Bourassa — Catholic Critic (Ottawa: CHA Booklet 29, 1976). Carmen Miller, Painting the Map Red: Canada and the South African War, 1899–1902.

(Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1993). John Munro, The Alaska Boundary Dispute (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1970). Desmond Morton, A Military History of Canada (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1992),

pp. 107–129.* H. Blair Neatby, Laurier and a Liberal Quebec (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1973). Robert Page, The Boer War and Canadian Imperialism (Ottawa: CHA Booklet 44, 1987).* ——, "The Canadian Response to the Imperial Idea During the Boer War Years," Journal of

Canadian Studies, 5 (February 1970), pp. 33–49. Norman Penlington, The Alaska Boundary Dispute: A Critical Appraisal (Toronto: McGraw-

Hill, 1972). Brian A. Reid, Our Little Army in the Field: The Canadians in South Africa 1899–1902 (St.

Catharines: Vanwell, 1996). Barbara Robertson, Sir Wilfrid Laurier: The Great Conciliator (Kingston: Quarry Press,

1991). Hereward Senior, The Last Invasion of Canada: The Fenian Raids, 1866–1870 (Toronto:

Dundurn Press, 1990). Robin Winks, Canada and the United States: The Civil War Years Baltimore: Johns Hopkins

University Press, 1960). recommended reading*

F. Possible Classroom Activities: Both Henri Bourassa and Wilfrid Laurier actively promoted or edited newspapers favourable to their respective causes. Have students create a sample front page of one of two Montreal newspapers, Le Devoir (a daily that Bourassa established) and La Bataille (a newspaper that Laurier created), which present their distinctive views on several crucial issues. For background on the newspaper industry in late Victorian society, see Paul Rutherford, A Victorian Authority: The Daily Press in Late Nineteenth-Century Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1982); and Douglas Fetherling, The Rise of the Canadian

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Newspaper (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1990).

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PART D: WORLD WAR I Unit I: Origins of the Conflict A. Knowledge Goals: Students will:

• understand the long-term context that produced war in Europe in 1914 • understand the immediate events that initiated the conflict in the summer of 1914

B. Possible Classroom Topics: 1. Entwining alliances and military planning. 2. Imperialism, nationalism, and European public psychology. 3. The murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and the start of the war.

C. Student Readings: Davis, Douglas S., Canadians and Conflict, Edmonton, Edmonton Public Schools, 2001, pp. 61-98 Jay Winter and Blaine Baggett, The Great War and the Shaping of the 20th Century (New

York: Penguin Studio, 1996), Chapter 1.


"Fifteen Steps to War July-August 1914" map in Martin Gilbert, Atlas of World War I (New York: Oxford University Press, 1994), 14.

"The Eastern Front 1914" map in Gilbert, Atlas of World War I, 27. "The European Powers on 4 August 1914" map in Gilbert, Atlas of World War I, 12. "The German Advance August-September 1914" map in Gilbert, Atlas of World War I,

15. "The Schlieffen Plan 1905–1914" map in Gilbert, Atlas of World War I, 10.

2. Audio-Visual Resources: "The Great War and the Shaping of the 20th Century," (8 parts, Public Broadcasting

System) "The Great War and the Shaping of the 20th Century" website,

http://www.pbs.org/greatwar/episodes/ "The World War I Document Archive" website,

http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/index.html

E. Secondary Readings: Correlli Barnett, The Swordbearers: Supreme Commanders in the First World War (London:

Eyre & Spottiswood, 1963). James Joll, The Origins of the First World War (New York: Longman, 1984). Paul Kennedy, ed., The War Plans of the Great Powers, 1880–1914 (London: Allen &

Unwin, 1979). Steven E. Miller, Sean M. Lynn-Jones, and Stephen Van Evera, eds., Military Strategy and

the Origins of the First World War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991). Adrian Preston and Barry Hunt, eds., War Aims and Strategic Policy in the Great War,

1914–1918 (London: Croom Helm, 1978). Hew Strachan, ed., The Oxford Illustrated History of the First World War (Oxford: Oxford

University Press, 1998).

F. Possible Student Activities:

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Simulation of alliance politics with Diplomacy board-game.

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Unit II: Canada's Entry and Contribution A. Knowledge Goals: Students will:

1. understand the British entry into the conflict 2. understand Canada's imperial connections 3. understand the battlefield conditions present in World War I 4. understand the role played by the Canadian Corps during the war


1. Why Britain and Canada went to war. 2. The origins of the Canadian Corps. 3. Canada's combat initiation — the Second Battle of Ypres, April 1915. 4. The Canadian Corps' combat record. 5. Conditions in the Trenches. 6. Billy Bishop and the War in the Air.



Paul Dickson, "The New Face of War," The Beaver, 75 (October/November 1995), 9–18. D. Teacher Resources: 1. Sample Maps/Overheads:

"Amiens August 8, 1918" map in Morton and Granatstein, Marching to Armageddon, 199.

"Billy Bishop" photograph in Morton and Granatstein, Marching to Armageddon, 71. "Canadians in Europe. The Great War" map, in Morton and Granatstein, Marching to

Armageddon, 11. "Front Line Trenches" map in Morton and Granatstein, Marching To Armageddon, 66. "Somme 1916" map in Morton and Granatstein, Marching to Armageddon, 117. "Trench Warfare" photograph in Morton and Granatstein, Marching to Armageddon, 72. "Ypres April 24 1915" map, in Morton and Granatstein, Marching to Armageddon, 61.

2. Audio-Visual Resources: "Canada in the First World War," (NC Multimedia, 3 35mm filmstrips) "John McRae’s War: In Flanders Fields," (NFB, 1998, 46 minutes) "The Canadian Great War Homepage," http://www.rootsweb.com/~ww1can/ "Valour Remembered: Canada and the First World War," http://www.vac-

acc/gc.ca/historical/firstwar/vrww1.htm E. Secondary Sources:

Robert Bothwell, Ian Drummond, and John English, Canada 1900–1945 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987).

Tim Cook, "Through Clouded Eyes" Gas Masks and the Canadian Corps in the First World War," Material History Review (Spring 1998), pp. 4–20.

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Daniel Dancocks, Spearhead to Victory: Canada and the Great War (Edmonton: Hurtig,

1987). A.M.J. Hyatt, "Canadian Generals of the First World War and the Popular View of Military

Leadership," Social History, 12 (November 1979), pp. 418–430. B.D. Hunt and R.G. Haycock, eds., Canada's Defence: Perspectives on Policy in the

Twentieth Century (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1993). John Marteinson et al., We Stand on Guard: An Illustrated History of the Canadian Army

(Montreal: Ovale, 1992). Marc Milner, ed., Canadian Military History: Selected Readings (Toronto: Copp Clark

Pitman, 1993). Morton, A Military History of Canada, Chapter Four. ——, When Your Number's Up: The Canadian Soldier in the First World War (Toronto:

Random House, 1993). ——, and J.L. Granatstein, Marching to Armageddon: Canadians and the Great War 1914–

1919 (Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1989). G.W.L. Nicholson, The Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1914–1919: Official History of the

Canadian Army in the First World War (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1962). Wayne Ralph, Barker VC: William Barker, Canada's Most Decorated War Hero (Toronto:

Doubleday, 1997). Bill Rawling, Surviving Trench Warfare: Technology and the Canadian Corps, 1914–1918

(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992). Reg Roy, ed., The Journal of Private Fraser (Nepean: CEF Books, 1985). Shane B. Schreiber, Shock Army of the British Empire: The Canadian Corps in the Last

Hundred Days of the Great War (Westport: Praeger, 1997). John Swettenham, To Seize the Victory: The Canadian Corps in World War One (Toronto:

Ryerson Press, 1965). S.F. Wise, Canadian Airmen and the First World War: The Official History of the Royal

Canadian Air Force (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1980). F. Possible Student Activities:

1. Look up the service records of relatives on the National Archive of Canada's Personnel Records Website.

2. Check out the Canadian War Museum's war art collection: http://www.civilization.ca/cwm/cwmeng/cwmeng.html

3. Check out "Canadian Veterans Interview," http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/recollect/audio/welcome.htm

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Unit III: The Home Front A. Knowledge Goals: Students will:

• understand the war's impact upon the political, social, and economic life of Canada • understand the sources of domestic opposition to the war


1. Women and the war effort. 2. The divisive 1917 federal election. 3. Domestic opposition to the war effort. 4. The War Measures Act.



Ted Byfield, ed., Alberta in the 20th Century. Volume 4: The Great War and Its Consequences 1914–1920 (Edmonton: United Western Communications, 1994, pp. 92–95.

D. Teacher Resources: 1. Sample Maps/Overheads: "Acetylene Welder" drawing in Gwyn, A Tapestry of War, 442. "Canadian War Photographs" poster in Gwyn, A Tapestry of War, 290. "Canadian Women" paitings in Gwyn, A Tapestry of War, 441. "Keep It in Action" poster in Gwyn, A Tapestry of War, 414. 2. Audio-Visual Resources: "Canada in World War One," (NFB, 1962, 16 minutes) "The Canadian Great War Homepage," http://www.rootsweb.com/~ww1can/ "The Conscription Crisis, 1917," (NC Multimedia, two 35mm filmstrips) E. Secondary Sources:

Bothwell, Drummond, and English, Canada 1900–1945, Chapter 9. Brown and Cook, Canada 1896–1921: A Nation Transformed. N.M. Christie, ed., Letters of Agar Adamson: Lieutenant Colonel Princess Patricia's

Canadian Light Infantry (Nepean: CEF Books, 1997). John English, The Decline of Politics: The Conservatives and the Party System 1901–1920

(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1977), Chapters 5 to 11. Sandra Gwyn, Tapestry of War: A Private View of Canadians in the Great War (Harper

Collins), 1992. Jeff Keshen, Propaganda and Censorship during Canada's Great War (Edmonton:

University of Alberta Press, 1996). James Mahar and Rowena Mahar, Too Many to Mourn: One Family's Tragedy in the Halifax

Explosion (Halifax: Nimbus, 1998). Morton and Granatstein, Marching To Armageddon.

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John Herd Thompson, The Harvests of War: The Prairie West, 1914–1918 (Toronto:

McClelland and Stewart, 1978). Barbara M. Wilson, ed., Ontario and the First World War, 1914–1918: A Collection of

Documents (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1977). Daphne Read, The Great War and Canadian Society (Toronto: New Hogtown Press, 1978). J.M. Winter and R. Wall. eds., The Upheaval of War (Cambridge: Cambridge University

Press, 1988. F. Possible Student Activities: Visit the Loyal Edmonton Regiment Museum.

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Unit IV: Conscription A. Knowledge Goals: Students will:

• understand how combat conditions led to an insatiable need for reinforcements • understand why the voluntary enlistment service broke down • understand why the conscription battle was so bitter in Canada


1. The nature of voluntary recruiting and enlistment. 2. Prime Minister Robert Borden's war policies. 3. The Military Service Act of 1917. 4. The military and political ramifications of conscription in 1918.



R.G. Haycock, "Recruiting, 1914–1916," in Milner, Canadian Military History: Selected Readings, pp. 35–52.

D. Teacher Resources: 1. Sample Maps/Overheads: "Canadiens" recruiting posters in Gwyn, Tapestry of War, 317. "Do It Now" poster in Gwyn, Tapestry of War, 359. "The Empire Needs Men" poster in Gwyn, Tapestry of War, 49. "New Names in Canadian History" poster in Gwyn, Tapestry of War, 163.

"To the Women of Canada" poster, in Morton and Granatstein, Marching to Armageddon, 42.

2. Audio-Visual Resources: "The Canadian Great War Homepage," http://www.rootsweb.com/~ww1can/ "Valour Remembered: Canada and the First World War," http://www.vac-

acc.gc.ca/historical/firstwar/vrww1.htm

E. Secondary Sources: Carl Berger, ed., Conscription 1917 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969). R.C. Brown, Robert Laird Borden: A Biography 2 Vols. (Toronto: Macmillan, 1975 and

1980). J.L. Granatstein and J.M. Hitsman, Broken Promises: A History of Conscription in Canada

(Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1977). Desmond Morton, "French Canada and War, 1868–1917: The Military Background to the

Conscription Crisis of 1917," in J.L. Granatstein and R.D. Cuff, eds., War and Society in North America (Toronto: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1971), pp. 84–104.

——, A Military History of Canada, Chapter 4. Marteinson, We Stand on Guard: An Illustrated History of the Canadian Army, Chapters 6

and 7.

F. Possible Student Activities: To be determined

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PART E: VIMY RIDGE Unit I: The Battle for Vimy Ridge A. Knowledge Goals: Students will:

• learn about the preparations taken by the Canadian Corps in advance of the battle • understand the costs suffered by the Canadian troops • understand the argument that the victory at Vimy Ridge was the birthplace of modern

English-Canadian Nationalism B. Possible Classroom Topics:

1. Failed Allied attempts to take Vimy Ridge prior to 1917. 2. Canadian preparations to take the Ridge. 3. The Canadian attack, April 1917. 4. The political impact of the Canadian victory. 5. The Rise of Modern Canadian Nationalism. 6. The Vimy Ridge Memorial



Ian McCulloch, "Bungo and the Byng Boys: General Sir Julian Byng and the Road to Vimy Ridge," The Beaver, 76 (December 1996/January 1997), pp. 20–27.

R.H. Roy, "Vimy Ridge — A View from the Ranks," Canadian Defence Quarterly, 13 (Autumn 1983), pp. 35–41.


"Lieutenant-General Sir Julian Byng" photograph in Morton and Granatstein, Marching to Armageddon, 133.

"Vimy Ridge April 9–12, 1917" map in Morton and Granatstein, Marching to Armageddon, 139.

"Vimy Ridge Memorial" photograph in Morton and Granatstein, Marching to Armageddon, 176.

2. Audio-Visual Resources: "The Battle of Vimy Ridge," (4 parts, NFB, 1997, 95 minutes) E. Secondary Sources:

Pierre Berton, Vimy (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1986). N.A. Christie, Winning the Ridge: The Canadians at Vimy Ridge, 1917 (Nepean: CEF Books,

1998). Brereton Greenhous and Stephen J. Harris, Canada and the Battle of Vimy Ridge, 9–12 April,

1917 (Ottawa: Canada Communication Group, 1992). A.M.J. Hyatt, General Sir Arthur Currie: A Military Biography (Toronto: University of

- 24 -

Toronto Press, 1987). Marteinson, We Stand on Guard, Chapter 6. Morton and Granatstein, Marching to Armageddon, Chapter 6. Nicholson, The Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1914–1919, Chapter 8. John Pierce, "Constructing Memory: The Vimy Ridge Memorial," Canadian Military

History, 1 (Autumn 1992), pp. 5–14. F. Possible Student Activities: Build a scale-model of Vimy Ridge and re-enact the battle.

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PART F: WAR AND REMEMBRANCE Unit I: The Human Costs of Conflict A. Knowledge and Skills Goals: Students will:

• be able to identify some of Canada's principal writers and artists of war • understand something of the relationship between tragedy and art • understand the human and material costs of a post-World War II conflict

B. Possible Classroom Topics: 1. The human and material cost of war 2. Remembering war through literature and art C. Student Readings:


Laura Brandon, "Reflections on the Holocaust: The Holocaust Art of Aba Bayefsky," Canadian Military History, 6 (Autumn 1997), 67–71.

Bev Dietrich, "Colonel John McCrae: From Guelph, Ontario to Flanders Fields," Canadian Military History, 5 (Autumn 1996): 37–43.

Kevin Major, No Man's Land (Toronto: Doubleday Canada, 1995), [Newfoundland regiment at the Battle of the Somme, 1 July 1916].

John McCrae poem, "In Flanders' Fields." Angela Moreus, "Soldiers' Lives Depicted: Paintings and Drawings By 'Unofficial Artists' in

the Collection of the Canadian War Museum," Canadian Military History, 7 (Winter 1998), 51–58.

D. Teacher Resources: 1. Sample Maps/Overheads: Slides on war art (in preperation) 2. Visual Resources: "Canada Remembers," (NFB, 11 min., 1944) "Canada Remembers," (NFB, 3 hours in 6 segments, 1995) "John McCrae's War: In Flanders Fields," (NFB, 46 min., 1998) "Regeneration," [some graphic scenes] "World War I and the 20th Century," (PBS, 6 hours in 3 segments) 3. Secondary Reading:

Will R. Bird, Ghosts Have Warm Hands: A Memoir of the Great War 1916–1919 (Nepean: CEF Books, 1997).

Laura Brandon, "George Campbell Tinning: War Artist, 1910-1996," Canadian Military History, 5 (Autumn 1996), 57–61.

——, "The Canadian War Memorial That Never Was," Canadian Military History, 7 (Autumn 1998), 45–54.

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Susan Butlin, "Women Making Shells: Making Women's Presence in Munitions Work,

1914–1918: The Art of Frances Loring, Florence Wyle, Mabel May, and Dorothy Stevens," Canadian Military History, 5 (Spring 1996), 41–48.

——, "Landscape as Memorial: A.Y. Jackson and the Landscape of the Western Front, 1917–1918," Canadian Military History, 5 (Autumn 1996), 62–70.

Paul Fussell, The Great War and Modern Memory (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 1975.

Paul Gough, "Canada, Conflict and Commemoration: An Appraisal of the New Canadian War Memorial in Green Park, London and a Reflection on the Official Patronage of Canadian War Art," Canadian Military History, 5 (Spring 1996), 26–34.

Linda Granfield, In Flanders Fields: The Story of the Poem by John McRae (Toronto: Stoddart, 1995.

Hugh Halliday, "The Senate Paintings," The Beaver, 75 (October/November 1995), 4–8. Mary Riter Hamilton, "An Artist in No-Man's Land," The Beaver, 69 (October/November

1989), 6–16. J. Russell Harper, Painting in Canada: A History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press,

1988). Ian McCulloch, "The Post Card War 1914–1918," The Beaver, 78 (April/May 1998), pp.

4–9. "“Painting the War," CD-ROM, Canadian Museum of Civilization. [contains over 75,000

sketches and paintings]* Maria Tippett, Art At The Service of War: Canada, Art and the Great War (Toronto:

University of Toronto Press, 1994). Jonathan F. Vance, "Sacrifice in Stained Glass: Memorial Windows of the Great War,"

Canadian Military History, 5 (Autumn 1996), 16–23. ——, "The Great Response: Canada's Long Struggle to Honour the Dead of the First

World War," The Beaver, 76 (October/November 1996), pp. 28–32. ——, Death So Noble: Memory, Meaning, and the First World War (Vancouver:

University of British Columbia Press, 1997).

E. Secondary Sources To be determined F. Possible Classroom Activities

1. Since the end of World War II, it has been estimated that wars have caused some 50 million casualties, many of them civilians, most in Third World countries. Have students research a post-1945 conflict and assess its human and material costs.

2. Have students prepare a presentation and critical analysis on how a domestic or foreign film has presented the war experience. A short list might include "All Quiet on the Western Front," "Das Boot," "Apocalypse Now," "Saving Private Ryan," "The Thin Red Line," "The Grand Illusion," "Full Metal Jacket," "Paths of Glory," "Platoon," "The Sorrow and the Pity," "Hotel Terminus," "Shoah," "Shindler's List," "Glory," and "Casualties of War".

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3. Have students prepare a critical analysis of a Canadian war painting or sketch. In addition to general surveys of Canadian art, students might consult the CD-ROM "Painting the

War," published by the Canadian Museum of Civilization, Tippett's Art at the Service of War, many of the issues of Canadian Military History or The Beaver, The Canadian Encyclopedia, or the Canadian War Museum's web page. Individual artists that students might consider include, Maurice Cullen, J.W. Beatty, David Milne, A.Y. Jackson, Frederick Varley, Arthur Lismer, Franz Johnston, Molly Lamb, Pegi Nicol Macleod, Paraskeva Clark, Alma Duncan, Charles Goldhamer, Aba Bayefsky, and Alex Colville.

4. View a segment of "Canada Remembers," prepared by the NFB and the Department of National Defense; lead students in a critical discussion of this "authorize" version.

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PART G: THE ROAD TO WAR Unit I: Revisionism and Fascism A. Knowledge Goals: Students will:

• understand the peace treaty process that ended World War I • understand the origins of Italian Fascism, the Nazi Party, and Adolf Hitler in Germany • understand the rise of Japanese Militarism


1. The flawed Treaty of Versailles 2. Adolf Hitler and Fascism's rise in Europe 3. Japanese militarism



Andrew J. Crozier, The Causes of the Second World War (Oxford: Blackwell, 1997). pp. 1–16. D. Teacher Resources: 1. Sample Maps/Overheads:

"Europe After 1919" map in Crozier, The Causes of the Second World War, xiii. "The Expansion of Japan, 1890–1939" map in Crozier, The Causes of the Second World

War, xv. "The Expansion of Germany 1933–39" map in Kitchen, Europe Between the Wars, 329.

2. Audio-Visual Resources: "Fascism" (Films for the Humanities & Sciences, 49 minutes) "The Fatal Attraction of Adolf Hitler" (Films for the Humanities & Sciences, 90 minutes) Treaty of Versailles text website,

http://ac.acusd.edu/History/text/versaillestreaty/vercontents.html "Twilight of an Era, (1934–1939)," (NFB, 1960, 29 minutes)

E. Secondary Sources:

Michael A. Barnhart, Japan Prepares for Total War: The Search for Economic Security (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1987).

P.M.H. Bell, The Origins of the Second World War in Europe (New York: Longman, 1986). Gordon A. Craig, Germany 1866–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1978),

Chapters11–19. Akira Iriye, The Origins of the Second World War in Asia and the Pacific (New York:

Longman, 1987). Stephen J. Lee, The European Dictatorships, 1918–1945 (London: Methuen, 1987). Martin Kitchen, Europe Between the Wars: A Political History (New York: Longman, 1988. Gordon A. Martel, The Origins of the Second World War Reconsidered: The A.J.P. Taylor

Debate After Twenty-Five Years (Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1986).

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——, Modern Germany Reconsidered, 1870–1945 (London: Routledge, 1992). Adrian Preston, ed., General Staff and Diplomacy before the Second World War (London:

Croom Helm, 1978). D.C. Watt, How War Came: The Immediate Origins of the Second World War, 1938–1939

(New York: Pantheon Books, 1989). Gerhard Weinberg, A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II (Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1994), Chapter 1. F. Possible Student Activities:

To be determined

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Unit II: Canada's Department of External Affairs A. Knowledge Goals: Students will:

• understand the origins and development of a separate Canadian diplomatic service • understand the complexities of imperial relations


1. The origins of the Department of External Affairs 2. Robert Borden, World War I, and imperial relations 3. W.L.M. King and the road to the Statute of Westminster



F.H. Soward, The Department of External Affairs and Canadian Autonomy, 1899–1939 (Ottawa: Canadian Historical Association Booklet No. 7, 1965.)


"Arthur Meighen and William Lyon Mackenzie King" photographs in Hilliker, Canada's Department of External Affairs, xxi.

"Imperial Conference, London, 1926" photograph in Hilliker, Canada's Department of External Affairs, xxix.

"O.D. Skelton and Norman Robertson" photographs in Hilliker, Canada's Department of External Affairs, xxiii.

2. Audio-Visual Resources: To be determined E. Secondary Sources:

Robert Bothwell, "Canadian Representation at Washington: A Study in Colonial Responsibility," Canadian Historical Review, 53 (June 1972), pp. 125–148.

——, Loring Christie and the Failure of Bureaucratic Imperialism (New York: Garland, 1988.

Robert Bothwell and John English, "Dirty Work at the Crossroads: New Perspectives on the Riddell Incident," Canadian Historical Association Historical Papers (1972), pp.263–285

J.B. Brebner, "Canada, the Anglo-Japanese Alliance and the Washington Conference," Political Science Quarterly, 50 (1935), pp. 45–57.

Loring Christie, "The Anglo-Japanese Alliance: Repudiation of Points," External Affairs, 18 (September 1966), pp. 402–413.

James Eayrs, "The Origins of Canada's Department of External Affairs," Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, 25 (May 1959), pp. 109–128.

Michael G. Fry, Illusions of Security: North Atlantic Diplomacy, 1918–22 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1972).

- 31 -

——, "The Pacific Dominions and the Washington Conference, 1921–22," in Erik Goldstein

and John Maurer, eds., The Washington Conference, 1921–22: Naval Rivalry, East Asian Stability and the Road to Pearl Harbor (Portland: Frank Cass, 1994), pp. 60–101.

J.L. Granatstein, The Ottawa Men: The Civil Service Mandarins, 1935–1957 (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1982), Chapter 4.

——, and Robert Bothwell, "A Self-Evident National Duty: Canadian Foreign Policy, 1935–1939,The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 3 (January 1975), pp.212–233.

J.F. Hilliker, Canada's Department of External Affairs. Volume I: The Early Years, 1909–1946 (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1990).

Norman Hillmer, "The Anglo-Canadian Neurosis: The Case of O.D. Skelton," in Peter Lyons, ed., Britain and Canada: A Survey of a Changing Relationship (London: Frank Cass, 1976, pp. 61–84.

Peter Kasurak, "American Foreign Policy Officials and Canasa, 1927–1941: A Look Through Bureaucratic Glasses," International Journal, 32 (Summer 1977), pp. 544–588.

H.L. Keenleyside, et al., The Growth of Canadian Policies in External Affairs (Durham: Duke University Press, 1960), Chapters 2 to 4.

——, Memoirs of Hugh L. Keenleyside. Volume 1: Hammer the Golden Day (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1981), Chapters 7 to 15.

A.R.M. Lower, "Loring Christie and the Genesis of the Washington Conference of 1921–1922," Canadian Historical Review, 47 (March 1966), pp. 38–48.

Vincent Massey, What's Past Is Prologue: The Memoirs of the Right Honourable Vincent Massey, C.H. (Toronto: Macmillan, 1963), Chapters 5 and 6.

H. Blair Neatby, William Lyon Mackenzie King: A Political Biography. Vol. 2, The Lonely Heights, 1924–1932 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1963), Chapter 3.

——, William Lyon Mackenzie King: A Political Biography. Vol. 3, The Prism of Unity, 1932–1939 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1976), Chapters 10 and 12.

Maurice Pope, ed., The Memoirs of Sir Joseph Pope (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1960).

Walter R. Riddell, ed., Documents on Canadian Foreign Policy, 1917–1939 (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1962).

F.H. Soward, "The Cahan Blunder Re-examined," BC Studies, 32 (1976–77), pp. 12–28. C.P. Stacey, "From Meighen to King: The Reversal of Canadian External Policies, 1921–

1923," Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada Series IV, 7 (1969), pp. 233–246. ——, Canada and the Age of Conflict: A History of Canadian External Policies. Vol. 1,

1867–1921 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1981), Chapters 9 to 11. ——, Canada and the Age of Conflict: A History of Canadian External Policies. Vol. 2,

1921–1948 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984), Chapters 1 to 6. Donald C. Story, "The Cahan Speech and Bennett's Policy Towards the Far Eastern Conflict

1931–3," in Kim Richard Nossal, ed., An Acceptance of Paradox/Essays on Canadian Diplomacy in Honour of John W. Holmes (Toronto: Canadian Institute of International Affairs, 1982), pp. 17–38.

Philip Wigley, Canada and the Transition to Commonwealth: British-Canadian Relations, 1917–26 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977).


- 32 -

Debate whether Canada should have opposed the Anglo-Japanese Alliance renewal in 1921.

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Unit III: North American Isolationism A. Knowledge Goals: Students will:

• understand the rise of American and Canadian isolationism after World War One • understand the rise of the British policy of appeasement


1. American Isolationism. 2. Canada's "Fire-Proof House." 3. William Lyon Mackenzie King's Foreign Policy. 4. Britain's Failed Policy of Appeasement.



Lawrin Armstrong and Marl Leier, "Canadians in the Spanish Civil War, 1936–38," The Beaver, 77 (October-November 1997), pp. 19–26.


"Canadian Spies and Brown's Party" photographs in Harris, Canadian Brass, facing x. "Faithful Skelton and Loring Christie" photographs in Eayrs, Appeasement and

Rearmament, following 114. "Mackenzie King after addressing the League of Nations" photograph in Eayrs,

Appeasement and Rearmament, following 114. "Royal Canadian Dragoons" photographs in Harris, Canadian Brass, facing x.

2. Audio-Visual Resources: "Between Two Wars," (NFB, 1987, 87 minutes) "Canada Between Two World Wars," (NFB, 1963, 21 minutes) E. Secondary Sources:

William C. Beeching, Canadian Volunteers: Spain, 1936–1939 (Regina: Canadian Plains Research Centre, 1989).

Wayne S. Cole, Roosevelt and the Isolationists, 1932–45 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1983).

Robert Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1939–1945 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), Chapters 1 to 11.

James Eayrs, In Defence of Canada: From the Great War to the Great Depression (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1964.

Harris, Canadian Brass, Chapters 8, 9, and 10. Norman Hillmer and W. McAndrew, "The Cunning of Restraint: General J.H. MacBrien and

the Problems of Peacetime Soldiering," Canadian Defence Quarterly, 8 (Spring 1979), pp. 40–47.

- 34 -

Victor Howard and Mac Reynolds, The Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion: The Canadian

Contingent in the Spanish Civil War (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1986). B.J.C McKercher and Lawrence Aronsen, eds., The North Atlantic Triangle in a Changing

World (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996), Chapters 3 and 4. Richard Preston, The Defence of the Undefended Border: Planning for War in North

America, 1867–1939 (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1977), Chapter 8. Thomas P. Socknat, Witness Against War: Pacifism in Canada, 1900–1945 (Toronto:

University of Toronto Press, 1987). C.P. Stacey, Mackenzie King and the Atlantic Triangle (Toronto: Macmillan, 1976). Mark Zuehlke, The Gallant Cause: Canadians in the Spanish Civil War 1936–1939

(Vancouver: Whitecap Books, 1996). F. Possible Student Activities: Re-enact an Oxford Union debate regarding pacifism and appeasement.

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Unit IV: Canadian Rearmament A. Knowledge Goals: Students will:

• understand the neglect of the Canadian military after World War I • understand how the Great Depression affected Canadian government spending • understand why the Canadian government undertook a modest rearmament program after

1936 B. Possible Classroom Topics:

1. Decline of the Canadian Military after World War I 2. Canadian Rearmament, 1936–1939



J.L. Granatstein and Robert Bothwell, "'A Self-Evident National Duty': Canadian Foreign Policy, 1935–1939," The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 3 (January 1975), pp. 212–233.


"Halifax Coast Artillery Sites 1939–1945" map in Sarty, The Maritime Defence of Canada, vi. "Ian Mackenzie and H.D.G. Crerar photographs in Eayrs, Appeasement and Rearmament, following 114.

"Major-General E.C. Ashton and Major-General T.V. Anderson" photographs in Harris, Canadian Brass, facing x.

"Victoria-Esquimalt Coast Artillery Sites 1939–1945" map in Sarty, The Maritime Defence of Canada, v.

2. Audio-Visual Resources: "No Peace but a Sword," (NFB, 1940, 38 minutes)

E. Secondary Readings: James Eayrs, In Defence of Canada: Appeasement and Rearmament (Toronto: University of

Toronto Press, 1965. Harris, Canadian Brass, Chapters 9 and 10. Norman Hillmer, "Defence and Ideology: The Anglo-Canadian Military Alliance in the

1930s," in Hunt and Haycock, Canada's Defence, pp. 82–97. M.A. Hooker, "Serving Two Masters: Ian Mackenzie and Civil-Military Relations in Canada,

1935–1939," Journal of Canadian Studies, 21 (Spring 1986), pp. 38–56. Galen Roger Perras, Franklin Roosevelt and the Origins of the Canadian-American Security

Alliance, 1939–1945: Necessary, but Not Necessary Enough (Westport: Praeger, 1998), Chapters 1 and 2.

C.P. Stacey, Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Volume I: Six Years of War: The Army in Canada, Britain and the Pacific (Ottawa: Queen’s Printer, 1955), Chapter 1.


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PART H: WORLD WAR II Unit I: Canada's Entry into the Conflict A. Knowledge Goals: Students will:

• understand Canada's entry in and contribution to the war • understand Ottawa's attempt to fight a war of limited liability • be able to trace why the Allied war effort went so badly prior to 1942


1. Canada's delayed declaration of war 2. The demise of the war of limited liability 3. Germany's victory in Western Europe, 1940 4. The evacuation of the Japanese-Canadians from British Columbia, 1942 5. Conscription crises, 1942 and 1944



Michael Bliss, "Canada's Swell War," Saturday Night, 110 (May 1995), pp. 38–41 and 64. D. Teacher Resources:

1. Sample Maps/Overheads: "Cabinet Ministers Visit the Army in England" photograph in Stacey, Arms, Men and

Governments, facing 117. "Cabinet War Committee" photograph in Granatstein, Canada's War, following 212. "Chiefs of Staff Committee" photograph in Stacey, Arms, Men and Governments, facing

148. "Conscription Crisis" cartoon in Granatstein, Canada's War, following 212. "Troops Leaving Halifax" photograph in Granatstein, Canada's War, following 212.

2. Audio-Visual Resources: "Canada at War," (13 parts, NFB, 1962) "Canada Remembers," (6 parts, NFB, 1995) "The King Chronicles," (3 parts, NFB, 1988) "Mackenzie King and the Conscription Crisis," (NFB, 31 minutes, 1991) "Canada: An Historical Perspective. Second World War," http://www.vac-

acc.gc.ca/historical/secondwar/secondwar.htm E. Secondary Sources:

David Bercuson, Maple Leaf Against the Axis: Canada's Second World War (Toronto: Stoddart, 1995), Chapter 1.

Canada Remembers (Toronto: St. Clair Group, 1995). Terry Copp, "Ontario 1939: The Decision for War," Ontario History, 86 (September 1994),

pp. 269–278.

- 37 -

——, and Richard Nielsen, No Price Too High: Canadians and the Second World War

(Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1996). W.A.B. Douglas and Brereton Greenhous, Out of the Shadows: Canada in the Second World

War (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1995). J.L. Granatstein and Peter Neary, eds., The Good Fight: Canadians and World War Two

(Toronto: Copp Clark, 1995). Norman Hillmer et al., eds., On Guard for Thee: War, Ethnicity, and the Canadian State,

1939–1945 (Ottawa: Canadian Committee for the History of the Second World War, 1988).

John MacFarlane, "Mr. Lapointe, Mr. King, Quebec & Conscription," The Beaver, 75 (April/May 1995), pp. 26–31.

Marteinson, We Stand on Guard, Chapter 8. Desmond Morton, 1945: When Canada Won the War (Ottawa: CHA Historical Booklet 54,

1995). ——,and J.L. Granatstein, Victory 1945: Canadians From War to Peace (Toronto: Harper

Collins, 1995). Maurice Pope, Soldiers and Politicians: The Memoirs of Lt.-Gen. Maurice A. Pope (Toronto:

University of Toronto Press, 1962), Chapters 7–12. J.E. Rea, "What Really Happened? A New Look at the Conscription Crisis," The Beaver, 74

(April/May 1994), pp. 10–19. Patricia Roy et al., Mutual Hostages: Canadians and Japanese During the Second World

War (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1990). R.H. Roy, "Western Canada During the Second World War," Journal of the West, 32

(October 1993), pp. 54–61. Stacey, Six Years of War, Chapter 11 and 14. ——, Arms, Men and Governments: The War Policies of Canada 1939–1945 (Ottawa:

Department of National Defence, 1970), Part II. ——, "Canadian Leaders of the Second World War," Canadian Historical Review, 66

(March 1985), pp. 64–72. Michael Stevenson, "The Mobilisation of Native Canadians during the Second World War,"

The Journal of the Canadian Historical Association, 7 (1996), pp. 205–226.


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Unit II: Defence Ties With the United States A. Knowledge Goals: Students will:

• understand President Franklin Roosevelt's interest in Canada • acquaint themselves with the history of anti-Americanism in Canada • understand the need for Canadian-American defence cooperation in World War II


1. American neutrality, 1939–1941 2. Creation of the Permanent Joint Board on Defence 3. The Hyde Park Agreement and economic cooperation 4. The Alaska Highway and Northwest Staging Route 5. Canadian-American cooperation in Alaska and the Pacific



J.L. Granatstein, "The American Influence on the Canadian Military, 1939–1963," in Hunt and Haycock, Canada's Defences, pp. 129–139.


"Alaska Highway Construction" photographs in Coates, The Alaska Highway, following 115.

"Atlantic Coast" map in Stacey, Arms, Men and Governments, 130. "Members of the Permanent Joint Board Arriving in Newfoundland" photograph in

Dziuban, Military Relations Between the United States and Canada 1939–1945, 40. "Pacific Coast" map in Stacey, Arms, Men and Governments, 134. "Sikanni Chief River Bridge" photograph in Dziuban, Military Relations Between the

United States and Canada 1939–1945, 223. "World War II Construction Projects" map in Coates, The Alaska Highway, 38.

2. Audio-Visual Resources: "Highways North," (NFB, 1944, 15 minutes) "Northwest by Air," (NFB, 1944, 15 minutes) E. Secondary Sources:

Robert Bothwell, Canada and the United States: The Politics of Partnership (New York: Twayne, 1992), Chapter One.

Kenneth Coates, ed., The Alaska Highway: Papers of the 40th Anniversary Symposium (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1985).

K.S. Coates and W.R. Morrison, The Alaska Highway in World War Two: The U.S. Army of Occupation in Canada's Northwest (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992).

Stanley W., Dziuban, Military Relations Between the United States and Canada 1939–1945 (Washington, D.C.: Department of the Army, 1959).

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J.L. Granatstein, "Getting on With the Americans: Changing Canadian Perceptions of the

United States, 1939–1945," The Canadian Review of American Studies, 5 (Spring 1974), pp. 3–17.

—— and Norman Hillmer, For Better of For Worse: Canada and the United States to the 1990s (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1991), Chapters 4 and 5.

Galen Roger Perras, "Who Will Defend British Columbia? Unity of Command on the West Coast, 1934–1942," Pacific Northwest Quarterly, 88 (Spring 1997), pp. 59–69.

——, Franklin Roosevelt and the Origins of the Canadian-American Security Alliance, Chapters 3 to 5.

Stacey, Arms, Men and Governments, Part 6. John Herd Thompson and Stephen J. Randall, Canada and the United States: Ambivalent

Allies (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1994, Chapters 5 and 6.

F. Possible Student Activities: Split into American and Canadian groups to negotiate American access to Canadian territory.

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Unit III: The Air War A. Knowledge Goals: Students will:

• understand the origins of the British Commonwealth Air Training Plan • understand the peculiar conditions of the aerial/bombing campaign against Germany • comprehend the mistaken belief that aerial technology would win wars without costly

ground wars B. Possible Classroom Topics:

1. The British Commonwealth Air Training Plan 2. The Battle of Britain 3. Bomber Command, the Bombing of Germany, and the formation of No. 6 Group, Royal

Canadian Air Force 4. "Buzz" Beurling



Jacek Malec, "The British Commonwealth Air Training Plan: Historical Images," Alberta History, 41 (Summer 1993), pp. 14–18.


"British Commonwealth Air Training Plan Stations" map in Granatstein and Morton, A Nation Forged in Fire, 103.

"Buzz Beurling" photograph in Nolan, Hero, facing 83. "Halifax Bomber" photographs in Milberry and Halliday, The Royal Canadian air Force

at War 1939–1945, 280. "Lancaster — Harris' Ultimate Bomber" photographs in Milberry and Halliday, The

Royal Canadian Air Force at War 1939–1945, 287. "RCAF Recruiting Poster" in Douglas, The Creation of a National Air Force, 157.

2. Audio-Visual Resources: "Bombing the Nazis," (NFB, 1943, 10 minutes) "Return to Dresden," (NFB, 1986), 28 minutes) "Wings of Youth," (NFB, 1940, 19 minutes) E. Secondary Sources:

Bercuson, Maple Leaf Against the Axis, Chapter 7. Carl Christie, Ocean Bridge: The History of RAF Ferry Command (Toronto: University of

Toronto Press, 1995). ——, "The RCAF and the Road to War," in Proceedings 3rd Annual Air Force Historical

Association (Winnipeg: Office of Air Force Heritage & History, 1998), pp. 47–60. W.A.B. Douglas, The Creation of a National Air Force: The Official History of the Royal

Canadian Air Force. Volume II (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986).

- 41 -

Spencer Dunmore, Above and Beyond: The Canadians' War in the Air (Toronto: McClelland

and Stewart, 1996. ——, and William Carter, Reap the Whirlwind: The Untold Story of 6 Group

(Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1991). J.L. Granatstein and Desmond Morton, A Nation Forged in Fire: Canadians and the Second

World War 1939–1945 (Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1989), Chapter 4. Brereton Greenhous et al., The Crucible of War: The Official History of the Royal Canadian

Air Force. Volume III (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994). F.J. Hatch, The Aerodrome of Democracy: Canada and the British Commonwealth Air

Training Plan, 1939–1945 (Ottawa: Department of National Defence, 1983). Larry Milberry and Hugh A. Halliday, The Royal Canadian Air Force at War 1939–1945

(Toronto: CANAV Books, 1990). Brian Nolan, Hero: The Buzz Beurling Story (Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1981). Richard Overy, Bomber Command 1939–1945 (London: Harper Collins, 1997). Murray Peden, A Thousand Shall Fall (Stittsville: Canada's Wings, 1979). Stacey, Arms, Men and Governments, Part 5, Chapter 3. Robert Vogel, "Tactical Air Power in Normandy: Some Thoughts on the Interdiction Plan,"

Canadian Military History, 3 (Spring 1994), pp. 37–53. Webb Waldron, "'Buzz' Beurling," in Michael Benedict, ed., Canada at War (Toronto:

Viking, 1997), pp. 99–111.


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Unit IV: Naval War in the North Atlantic A. Knowledge Goals: Students will:

• understand the evolution of the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) over the course of the war • familiarize themselves with the unique conditions of anti-submarine warfare


1. The U-boat menace and anti-submarine warfare 2. Problems of expansion for the RCN 3. The trials of merchant seamen 4. Postwar plans, blue water fleets, and the war with Japan



Marc Milner, "The Implications of Technological Backwardness: The Royal Canadian Navy, 1939–1945," Canadian Defence Quarterly, 19 (Winter 1989), pp. 46–54.


1. Sample Maps/Overheads: "Convoy Pattern" diagram in Granatstein and Morton, A Nation Forged in Fire, 75. "The War Against the U-Boats" map in Granatstein and Morton, A Nation Forged in

Fire, 79. "Corvette and Tribal Destroyer" photographs in Milner, The U-Boat Hunters, facing 75.

2. Audio-Visual Resources: "War at Sea" Series, (2 parts, NFB, 1995, 95 minutes). E. Secondary Sources:

Michael Hadley, U-Boats Against Canada (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1985).

——Rob Huebert, and Fred W. Crickard, eds., A Nation's Navy: In Quest of Canadian Naval Identity (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996), Chapters 9, 10, and 15.

Robert G. Halford, The Unknown Navy: Canada's World War II Merchant Navy (St. Catharines: Vanwell, 1995).

Douglas M. McLean, "Confronting Technological and Tactical Change: Allied Anti-Submarine Warfare in the Last Year of the Battle of the Atlantic," Canadian Military History, 7 (Summer 1998), pp. 23–34.

Marc Milner, North Atlantic Run: The Royal Canadian Navy and the Battle for the Convoys(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985).

——, The U-Boat Hunters: The Royal Canadian Navy and the Offensive against Germany's Submarines (Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1994).

Mike Parker, Running the Gauntlet: An Oral History of Canadian Merchant Seamen in World War II (Vancouver: Whitecap Books, 1996).

- 43 -

Bill Rawling, "Paved With Good Intentions: HMCS Uganda, the Pacific War, and the

Volunteer Issue," Canadian Military History, 4 (Autumn 1995), pp. 23–33. ——, "A Lonely Ambassador: HMCS Uganda and the War in the Pacific," The Northern

Mariner, 8, January 1998, pp. 39–63. Roger Sarty, "The Ghosts of Fisher and Jellicoe: The Royal Canadian Navy and the Quebec

Conferences," in David B. Woolner, ed., The Second Quebec Conference Revisited (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1998), pp. 143–170.

——, Canada and the Battle of the Atlantic (Montreal: Art Global, 1998). Joseph Schull, The Far Distant Ships: An Official Account of Canadian Naval Operations in

the Second World War (Toronto: Stoddart, 1990). Michael Whitby, "The Royal Canadian Navy in Operation Overlord, June-August 1944,"

Canadian Defence Quarterly, 23 (June 1994), pp. 39–42. David Zimmerman, The Great Naval Battle of Ottawa (Toronto: University of Toronto

Press,1989). F. Possible Student Activities: Play a war game re-enactment of the War in the Atlantic.

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Unit V: Hong Kong and Dieppe A. Knowledge Goals: Students will:

• understand the reasons for Canadian army inactivity in Britain prior to 1942 • comprehend the growing public pressure in Canada for ground action • contemplate the lessons of sacrifice in defeat: Does defeat cry out for explanation

B. Possible Classroom Topics: 1. The loss of "C" Force at Hong Kong, December 1941 2. The Hong Kong Royal Commission and domestic politics 3. Prelude to invasion? The Dieppe Raid, August 1942 4. Is there a real difference between defeat and victory



Hong Kong and Dieppe sections, "Canada: An Historical Perspective. Second World War," http://www.vac-acc.gc.ca/historical/secondwar/secondwar.htm


"The Dieppe Raid map August 19, 1942" map in Granatstein and Morton, A Nation Forged in Fire, 52.

"Hong Kong December 1941" map in Granatstein and Morton, A Nation Forged in Fire, 45.

2. Audio-Visual Resources: "Canada at War, parts 4 and 5," (NFB, 1962, 25 and 24 minutes) E. Secondary Resources: Bercuson, Maple Leaf Against the Axis, Chapters 3 and 4. John P. Campbell, Dieppe Revisited: A Documentary Investigation (London: Frank Cass, 1993). Paul Dickson, "Crerar and the Decision to Garrison Hong Kong," Canadian Military History, 3

(Spring 1994), pp. 97–110. Granatstein and Morton, A Nation Forged in Fire, Chapter 2. Brereton Greenhous, Dieppe, Dieppe (Montreal: Art Global, 1992). ——, "C" Force to Hong Kong: A Canadian Catastrophe, 1941–1945 (Ottawa:

Dundern/Canadian War Museum, 1997). John Mellor, Dieppe: Canada's Forgotten Heroes (Scarborough: Signet, 1979). Galen Roger Perras, "'Our position in the Far East would be stronger without this unsatisfactory

commitment': Britain and the Reinforcement of Hong Kong, 1941," Canadian Journal of History, 30 (August 1995), pp. 231–259.

Cameron Pulsifer, "John Robert Osborn: Canada's Hong Kong VC," Canadian Military History, 6 (Autumn 1997), pp. 79–89.

Stacey, Six Years of War, Chapter 11 and 14.

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Brian Loring Villa, Unauthorized Action: Mountbatten and the Dieppe Raid (Toronto: Oxford

University Press, 1990). Carl Vincent, No Reason Why: The Canadian Hong Kong Tragedy — An Examination

(Stittsville: Canada's Wings, 1981. W. Denis and Shelagh Whitaker, Dieppe: Tragedy to Triumph (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson,

1992). F. Possible Student Activities: Debate whether the Dieppe raid should have been mounted.

- 46 -

Unit VI: The Canadian Army in Europe A. Knowledge Goals: Students will:

• understand Canadian army preparations for the return to Europe • study the record of Canadian troops in European combat • understand the role Canadians played in the liberation of occupied Europe


1. "D-Day Dodgers?" The Italian Campaign 2. D-Day and the Normandy invasion 3. Liberation of Belgium and Holland 4. The First Canadian Army and victory 5. Good men, bad officers


129-177 Shaun R.G. Brown, "The Rock of Accomplishment: The Loyal Edmonton Regiment at

Ortona," Canadian Military History, 2 (Autumn 1993), pp. 10–23. D. Teacher Resources: 1. Sample Maps/Overheads:

"Canadian Landings on D-Day" map in Granatstein and Morton, A Nation Forged in Fire, 191.

"The Conquest of Sicily" map in Granatstein and Morton, A Nation Forged in Fire, 133. "Crossing the Moro" map in Granatstein and Morton, A Nation Forged in Fire, 142. "Every Canadian Must Fight" poster in Granatstein and Morton, A Nation Forged in Fire,

vi. "The Fight for Italy" map in Granatstein and Morton, A Nation Forged in Fire, 138. "Loyal Edmonton Regiment Infantry in Ortona" photograph in Granatstein and Morton,

A Nation Forged in Fire, 159. 2. Audio-Visual Resources: "Canada at War," (NFB, 13 parts, 1962) "Forgotten Warriors," (NFB, 51 minutes, 1997, Native warriors) E. Secondary Sources:

Gordon Brown, "The Capture of the Abbaye D'Ardenne by the Regina Rifles, 8 July 1944," Canadian Military History, 4 (Spring 1995), pp. 91–99.

John A. English, The Canadian Army and the Normandy Campaign: A Study of Failure in High Command (Westport: Praeger, 1991).

——, The Brigade: The Fifth Canadian Infantry Brigade, 1939–1945 (Stoney Creek: Fortress, 1992).

——, and Robert Vogel, Maple Leaf Route: Falaise (Alma: Maple Leaf Route, 1983). ——, Maple Leaf Route: Caen (Alma: Maple Leaf Route, 1983.

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J.L. Granatstein, The Generals: The Canadian Army's Commanders in the Second World

War (Toronto: Stoddart, 1993). Donald E. Graves, South Albertas: A Canadian Regiment at War (Toronto: Robin Brass

Studio, 1998). Oliver Haller, "The Defeat of the 12th SS: 7–10 June 1944," Canadian Military History, 3

(Spring 1994), pp. 8–25. Marteinson, We Stand on Guard, Chapters 9, 10, and 11. W.J. McAndrew, "Stress Casualties: Canadians in Italy — 1943–45," Canadian Defence

Quarterly, 17 (Winter 1987/88), pp. 47–56. ——, "Recording the War: Uncommon Canadian Perspectives of the Italian Campaign,"

Canadian Defence Quarterly, 18 (Winter 1988), pp. 43–50. ——, Canadians and the Italian Campaign 1943–1945 (Montreal: Art Global, 1996). ——, Donald E. Graves, and Michael Whitby, Normandy 1944: The Canadian Summer

(Montreal: Art Global, 1994). ——, Bill Rawling, and Michael Whitby, Liberation: The Canadians in Europe (Montreal:

Art Global, 1995). Farley Mowat, The Regiment (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1955). Lt.-Col. G.W.L. Nicholson, Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War.

Volume II: The Canadians in Italy, 1939–1945 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1956). Reginald Roy, 1944: The Canadians in Normandy (Toronto: Macmillan, 1984). Maureen Simpkins, "The Sniper in the Shadows," The Beaver, 78 (August/September 1998),

pp. 17–21 [native troops]. C.P. Stacey, Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War. Volume III:

The Victory Campaign: The Operations in North-West Europe, 1944–1945 (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1960).

F. Possible Student Activities: Visit the Loyal Edmonton Regiment Museum to study the Regiment's role at Ortona.

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Unit VII: The Valour and the Horror Controversy A. Knowledge Goals: Students will:

• understand the nature of historical inquiry and argument • explore the distinctions between academic research and television documentaries • explore the notion of "who does history belong to"


1. The backlash against the Valour and the Horror documentary 2. Do people or groups "own" their history 3. Can television do "real" history


129-177 Anne Collins, "The Battle Over the Valour and the Horror," Saturday Night (May 1993), pp.

45–49 and 72–79. D. Teacher Resources: 1. Sample Maps/Overheads:

"Black Watch Regiment" photograph in Weisbord and Simonds, The Valour and the Horror, 122.

"Canadian Air Crew Lost During the Dambuster Raid" photograph in Weisbord and Simonds, The Valour and the Horror, 100.

"Canadian Soldiers arriving at Hong Kong" photograph in Weisbord and Simonds, The Valour and the Horror, 16.

"Major W.A. Ogilvie" drawing in Weisbord and Simonds, The Valour and the Horror, 136.

"Ville de Quebec Airplane" photograph in Weisbord and Simonds, The Valour and the Horror, 87.

2. Audio-Visual Resources: "Death by Moonlight: Bomber Command" (NFB, 1991, 104 minutes) "Desperate Battle: Normandy 1944 (NFB, 1991, 103 minutes) "Savage Christmas: Hong Kong" (NFB, 1991, 104 minutes) E. Secondary Sources:

David J. Bercuson and S.F. Wise, eds., The Valour and the Horror Revisited (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1994).

M. Weisbord and M. Simonds, The Valour and the Horror: The Untold Story of Canadians in the Second World War (Toronto: Harper Collins, 1991).

F. Possible Student Activities: Debate the notion of history "ownership."

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Unit VIII: The Prisoner of War Experience A. Knowledge Goals: Students will:

• understand the unique features of life in a POW camp • comprehend the suffering endured by Canadians in POW camps


1. "C" Force in Japanese Prisoner of War Camps 2. Shackling and the Dieppe Prisoners 3. The Great Escape


Davis, Douglas S., Canadians and Conflict, Edmonton, Edmonton Public Schools, 2001, pp. 129-177, 179-181

Jonathan F. Vance, "Men in Manacles: The Shackling of Prisoners of War, 1942–1943," The Journal of Military History, 59 (July 1995), pp. 483–504.


"Canadian POWs in Hong Kong" photograph in Weisbord and Simonds, The Valour and the Horror, 55.

"Canadian Red Cross Parcel" photograph in Vance, Objects of Concern, 150. "Evert Day in the Week 6AM Giessen Camp" painting in Vance, Objects of Concern, 31. "I Just Want to be Alone" drawing in Vance, Objects of Concern, 220. "Royal Rifles of Canada POWs" photograph in Vance, Objects of Concern, 194. "Sham Shui Poo Camp" drawings in Weisbord and Simonds, The Valour and the Horror,

43. "Stalag 8B" photographs in Vance, Objects of Concern, 144.

2. Audio-Visual Resources: "Savage Christmas: Hong Kong" (NFB, 1991, 104 minutes) E. Secondary Sources:

William Allister, Where Life and Death Hold Hands (Toronto: Stoddart, 1989). Patrick Brode, Casual Slaughters and Accidental Judgements: Canadian War Cimes Prosecutions, 1944–1948 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997). Kingley Brown, Bonds of Wire: A Memoir (Toronto: Collins, 1989). Kenneth Cambon, Guest of Hirohito (Vancouver: PW Press, 1990). Daniel G. Dancocks, In Enemy Hands: Canadian Prisoners of War, 1939–45 (Edmonton:

Hurtig, 1983). Howard Margolian, Conduct Unbecoming: The Story of the Murder of Canadian Prisoners

of War in Normandy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998). Dave McIntosh, Hell on Earth: Aging Faster, Dying Sooner, Canadian Prisoners of the

Japanese During World War II (Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1997).

- 50 -

Desmond Morton, Silent Battle: Canadian Prisoners of War in Germany, 1914–1919

(Toronto: Lester Publishing, 1992). Jack A. Poolton and Jayne Poolton-Turvey, Destined to Survive: A Dieppe Veteran's Story

(Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1998). A. Robert Prouse, Ticket to Hell via Dieppe: From a Prisoner's Wartime Log, 1942–1945

(Toronto: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1982). Charles G. Roland, "Stripping Away the Veneer: P.O.W. Survival in the Far East as an Index

of Cultural Atavism," The Journal of Military History, 53 (January 1989), pp. 79–94. ——,"Allied POWS, Japanese Captors and the Geneva Convention," War & Society, 9 (October 1991), pp. 83–101. Roy et al., Mutual Hostages, Chapter 7. Jonathan F. Vance, Objects of Concern: Canadian Prisoners of War Through the Twentieth

Century (Vancouver: UBC Press, 1994), Chapters 6 and 7. F. Possible Student Activities: Discuss whether POWs deserve humane or special treatment.

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PART I: THE ROLE OF WOMEN NOTE: At the discretion of the instructor this unit may be incorporated into the respective thematic units. A. Knowledge and Skills Goals: Students will:

• understand changing roles of women in peace and war • understand the international and national context for the female suffragette movement • assess the impact of war on the status of women in Canadian society


1. Domestic and overseas contributions in the Great War 2. War conditions and advances in female suffrage 3. Anti-war activism during the inter-war period 4. Domestic and overseas contributions in World War II 5. The rise of post-war domesticity


Davis, Douglas S., Canadians and Conflict, Edmonton, Edmonton Public Schools, 2001, pp. 93-105, 158 – 159

Ruth Roach Pierson, Canadian Women and the Second World War (Ottawa: CHA Booklet 37, 1983).

David Smyth, "Women At War," Horizon Canada, 1 (April 1985), 188–192. D. Teacher Resources: 1. Sample Maps/Overheads: "Female Work Force by Marital Status" in Prentice, et al., Canadian Women, 355. 2. Visual Resources:

"And We Hardly Knew How to Dance," (NFB, 51 minutes, 1994) [Women in WWI] "How They Saw Us: Women At War," (NFB, 10 min., 1977) [British experience] "How They Saw Us: Proudly She Marches," (NFB, 18 min., 1977) [1943 recruitment

film] "Women On the March, Part I," (NFB, 60 min., 1958) [international suffragette

movement] E. Secondary Readings: recommended reading*

"Back the Attack," CD-ROM, Canadian Museum of Civilization.* Finkel and Conrad, Canadian Peoples, 143–152; 424–427.* Carolyn Gossage, Props on Her Sleeve: The Wartime Letters of a Canadian Airwoman.

Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1997. Marion Kelsey, Victory Harvest: Diary of a Canadian in the Women's Land Army. Montreal

& Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 1997. Theresa M. Nash, "Images of Women in National Film Board of Canada Films During World

War II and the Post-War Years (1939 to 1949), Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, 1982.

- 52 -

Ruth Roach Pierson, "They're Still Women After All": The Second World War and Canadian

Womenhood (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1990). Alison Prentice et al., Canadian Women: A History (Toronto: Harcourt Brace, 1996),

especially Chapters 7–8 and 12–13.* Socknat, Witness Against War: Pacifism in Canada, 1910-1945. Veronica Strong-Boag, "Janey Canuck": Women in Canada, 1919–1939 (Ottawa: CHA

Booklet 53, 1994).* F. Possible Classroom Activities

Utilizing the local library system, the world wide web, or the NFB collection, have students select a specific media — newspapers, advertisements, novels, magazines, TV or radio shows (ie. I Love Lucy or Leave it to Beaver), or films — and explore the construction of images of women during a specific time period prior to the 1970s. What images are most prevalent and how does one account for them?

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PART J: THE COLD WAR A. Knowledge and Skills Goals: Students will:

• understand the position of Canada in various phases of the Cold War • understand the importance of Canadian geography in the Cold War • understand the international context of the Cold War


1. The international context: What was the Cold War and how did it begin? 2. Science and the making of the atomic bomb. 3. Response to the Cold War I: Gouzenko and internal security. 4. Response to the Cold War II: NATO, Korea, NORAD, Vietnam, Cuba. 5. Response to the Cold War III: Baby boom protests and the Arrival of American draft

dodgers 6. Post-World War II foreign policy: Louis St. Laurent, John Diefenbaker, Lester Pearson,

Pierre Trudeau, Brian Mulroney 7. The final stages and the post-Cold War world



David Bercuson, "Fighting the Defensive Battle on the Jamestown Line: The Canadians in Korea, November, 1951," Canadian Military History, 7 (Summer 1998), 7–21.

Christopher Curtis, "Mining for the Atomic Age," Horizon Canada, 2 (1985), 542–547. L.D. Hannant, "Igor Gouzenko and Canada's Cold War," The Beaver, 75 (October/November

1995), 19–23. D. Teacher Resources: 1. Sample Maps/Overheads:

"On the Rise" in Hillmer and Granatstein, Empire to Umpire, 235 "Shame" in Hillmer and Granatstein, Empire to Umpire, 237 "Refashioning the Military" in Hillmer and Granatstein, Empire to Umpire, 278 "Trudeau calls..." in Hillmer and Granatstein, Empire to Umpire, 298

2. Visual Resources: "The Cold War," (CNN Cold War Series, 24 hours, 1998) "Keeping the Elephant Away," (NFB, 51 min., 1986) [creation of the UN, NATO,

Peacekeeping] "The Space Between," (NFB, 57 min., 1986) [NORAD and the Nuclear threat]

E. Secondary Reading:

Donald Avery, The Science of War: Canadian Scientists and Allied Military Technology During the Second World War (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998).

David Bercuson, Blood on the Hills: The Canadian Army in Korea (Toronto: University of Toronto Press (forthcoming).

- 54 -

L. Black and N. Hillmer, eds., Nearly Neighbours: Canada and the Soviet Union from Cold

War to Détente and Beyond (Kingston, Ronald Frye, 1988). Robert Bothwell, The Big Chill: Canada and the Cold War (Toronto: Irwin Publishing,

1998). ——, "The Cold War and the Curate's Egg: When Did Canada's Cold War Really Begin?"

International Journal, 53 (Summer 1998), pp. 407–418. John Clearwater, Canadian Nuclear Weapons: The Untold Story of Canada's Cold War

Arsenal (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1998). John English, The Worldly Years: The Life of Lester Pearson, 1949–1972 (Toronto: Knopf

Canada, 1992). P.M. Evans and B.M. Frolic, eds., Reluctant Adversaries: Canada and the People's Republic

of China, 1949–1970 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991). Finkel and Conrad, Canadian Peoples, pp. 361–379.* Jocelyn Ghent-Mallet and Don Munton, "Confronting Kennedy and the Missiles in Cuba,

1962," in Donald Avery and Roger Hall, eds., Coming of Age: Readings in Canadian History Since World War II (Toronto: Harcourt Brace Canada, 1996), pp. 319–342.

J.L. Granatstein and Robert Bothwell, Pirouette: Pierre Trudeau and Canadian Foreign Policy (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1990).

Larry Hannant, The Infernal Machine: Investigating the Loyalty of Canada's Citizens (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1995).

Steven Hugh Lee, Outposts of Empire: Korea, Vietnam, and the Origins of the Cold War in Asia, 1949–1954. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1995.

Morton, A Military History of Canada, Chapter 6.* H. Basil Robinson, Diefenbaker's World (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1989). Denis Smith, Rogue Tory (Toronto: Macfarlane Walter & Ross, 1995). Deborah Van Seters, "The Munsinger Affair: Images of Espionage and Security in 1960s

Canada," Intelligence & National Security, 13 (Summer 1998), 71–84. Reg Whitaker and Gary Marcuse, Cold War Canada: The Making of a National Insecurity

State, 1945-1957 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994). recommended reading*

F. Possible Classroom Activities

1. On a map of the (former) Soviet and Canadian arctics, find the following sites: Dew Line, Pinetree Line, Mid-Canada Line, Alaska Highway, Goose Bay, KAL 007 (proposed route), [others]

On a separate sheet of paper have students identify the significance of each one of these sites.

2. Discuss the significance of one of the following: Canada's contribution to peacekeeping Canada's policy toward Cuba Canada's position on nuclear weapons Canada's claim to sovereignty of the Arctic Canadas contribution to NATO NAFTA

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PART K: PEACEKEEPING Part I: The Suez Crisis and Lester Pearson A. Knowledge Goals: Students will:

• understand the Canadian shift to Functionalism, Internationalism, and the "Middle Power Concept"

• understand the Canadian drift away from ties with Britain

B. Possible Classroom Topics: 1. Canada and the United Nations. 2. Origins of the Suez Crisis. 3. Lester Pearson and internationalism.

C. Student Readings: Davis, Douglas S., Canadians and Conflict, Edmonton, Edmonton Public Schools, 2001, pp. 179-194 James Eayrs, "Canadian Policy and Opinion during the Suez Crisis,"International Journal,

12 (Spring 1957), pp. 97–108.


"Canadians in UNEF" photograph in Granatstein and Morton, War and Peacekeeping, 213.

"Lester Pearson" photograph in English, The Worldly Years, 214. 2. Audio-Visual Resources: "The Thin Blue Line," (NFB, 1958, 30 minutes). "Ten Days That Shook the World," (NFB, 1957, 29 minutes). "Protection Force Parts 1–3" (NFB, 1995, 143 minutes)

E. Secondary Sources: Robert Bothwell, Ian Drummond, and John English, Canada Since 1945: Power, Politics,

and Provincialism (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988), Chapter 14. E.L.M. Burns, Between Arab and Israeli (Toronto; Clark Irwin, 1962). David B. Dewitt and John J. Kirton, Canada As A Principal Power: A Study in Foreign

Policy and International Relations (Toronto: Wiley, 1983), Chapter 10. English, The Worldly Years, Chapter 4. James Eayrs, The Commonwealth and Suez (Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1964). Hillmer and Granatstein, Empire to Umpires, Chapter 7. Geoffrey A. Pearson, Seize the Day: Lester B. Pearson and Crisis Diplomacy (Ottawa:

Carleton University Press, 1993), Chapter 9. Lester B. Pearson, Mike: The Memoirs of the Right Honourable Lester B. Pearson, Vol. 2,

1948–1957 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1973), pp. 244–278. Terrence Robertson, Crisis: The Inside Story of the Suez Conspiracy (Toronto: McClelland

and Stewart, 1964). Gregory Wirick and Robert Miller, eds., Canada and Missions for Peace: Lessons From

Nicaragua, Cambodia, and Somalia (Ottawa: IDRC Books, 1998).

F. Possible Student Activities: Debate whether peacekeeping is a relevant activity for the military.

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Unit II: Commitment and Frustration A. Knowledge Goals: Students will:

• understand the debate between pro- and anti-peacekeeping advocates • understand Pierre Trudeau's fixation upon national sovereignty • trace the decline of the "helpful fixer" image


1. The 1960s: Congo, Cyprus, and ejection from the Middle East 2. Pierre Trudeau's military policy and the downgrading of peacekeeping 3. The Gulf War and international warmaking 4. The Bosnian quagmire 5. The Somalia disaster



Captain Brad M. Bergstrand, "What Do You Do When There's No Peace to Keep?", Canadian Defence Quarterly, 23 (March 1994), pp. 25–30.


"Air Defence Gunners" photographs in Marteinson, We Stand on Guard, 447. "Army Persian Gulf" photographs in Marteinson, We Stand on Guard, 448. "Decontamination Practice" photograph in Granatstein and Morton, War and

Peacekeeping, 258. "Sentry Bunker CD 1" drawing in Granatstein and Morton, War and Peacekeeping, 252.

2. Audio-Visual Resources: "A Cry of Bugles: The Canadian Forces in the Persian Gulf," (Director General of Public

Affairs, Department of National Defence, catalogue number 31–0548, 93 minutes). "Protection Force" (Bosnia, 3 parts, NFB, 143 minutes).

E. Secondary Sources:

James H. Allan, Peacekeeping: Outspoken Observations by a Field Officer (Westport: Praeger, 1996).

David Bercuson, Significant Incident: Canada's Army, the Airborne, and the Murder in Somalia (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1996).

R.B. Byers, "Defence and Foreign Policy in the 1970s: The Demise of the Trudeau Doctrine," International Journal, 33 (Spring 1978), pp. 312–338.

——, "Peacekeeping and Canadian Defence Policy: Ambivalence and Uncertainty," in Hunt and Haycock, Canada’s Defence, pp. 179–197.

Canadian Defence Quarterly, 19 (Summer 1989), Special Peacekeeping Issue. Canadian Defence Quarterly, 22 (Special No. 2/1992), Special Peacekeeping Issue. David A. Charters, "From October to Oka: Peacekeeping in Canada, 1970–1990," in Milner,

Canadian Military History: Selected Readings, pp. 368–393.

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Jocelyn Coulon, Soldiers of Diplomacy: The United Nations, Peacekeeping and the New

World Order (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998). James R. Davis, The Sharp End: A Canadian Soldier's Story (Vancouver: Douglas &

McIntyre, 1997). John E.G. de Domenico, Land of a Million Elephants: Memoirs of a Canadian Peacekeeper

(Burnstown: General Store Publishing, 1997). J.L. Granatstein, "War and Peacekeeping," The Beaver, 74 (December 1994/January 1995),

pp. 41–53. —— and D. Bercuson, "Peacekeeping: The Middle East and Indo-China," in Milner,

Canadian Military History: Selected Readings, pp. 331–348. Joseph T. Jockel, Canada and International Peackeeping (Toronto: Canadian Institute of

Strategic Studies, 1994). Edna Keeble, "Rethinking the 1971 White Paper and Trudeau's Impact on Canadian Defence

Policy," American Review of Canadian Studies, 27 (Winter 1997), pp. 523–544. Sean M. Maloney, "'Missed Opportunity': Operation Broadsword, 4 Brigade and the Gulf

War, 1990–1991," Canadian Military History, 4 (Spring 1995), pp. 36–46. Marteinson, We Stand on Guard, Chapter 15. Commodore Dusty Miller and Sharon Hobson, The Persian Excursion: The Canadian Navy

in the Gulf War (Clementsport: Canadian Peacekeeping Press, 1995). Major Jean H. Morin and Lieutenant-Commander Richard H. Gimblett, The Canadian

Forces in the Persian Gulf: Operation Friction 1990–1991 (Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1997).

Joel J. Sokolsky, The Americanization of Peacekeeping: Implications for Canada (Kingston: Centre for International Relations, Queen's University, 1997).

Alastair Taylor, David Cox, and J.L. Granatstein, Peacekeeping: International Challenge and Canadian Response (Toronto: Canadian Institute of International Affairs, 1964).

F. Possible Student Activities: Debate whether Canada can participate in both peacekeeping (Bosnia) and peacemaking

activities (the Gulf War).

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PART L: WAR AND CITIZENSHIP Unit I: Oka and the Maintenance of Civil Order A. Knowledge Goals: Students will:

• understand that Canada's military long has been used to maintain the civil order in Canada.

B. Possible Classroom Topics: 1. The history of using the military as aid to the civil power 2. Invocation of the War Measures Act in Quebec, 1970 3. Background of the Mohawk land claim in Quebec 4. The army's role in settling the Oka crisis


197-202 Captain L.W. Bentley, "Aid of the Civil Power: Social and Political Aspects 1904–1924,"

Canadian Defence Quarterly, 8 (Summer 1978), pp. 44–51. D. Teacher Resources: 1. Sample Maps/Overheads: "October Crisis" photograph in Marteinson, We Stand on Guard, 425. "Oka" photographs in Granatstein and Bercuson, War and Peacekeeping, 240. "Oka" photographs in Marteinson, We Stand on Guard, 444. "Van Doo Troops" photograph in Marteinson, We Stand on Guard, 426. 2. Audio-Visual Resources: "Oka: Behind the Barricades. Parts 1–4" (NFB, 1998, 311 minutes) E. Secondary Sources:

Claude Beauregard, "The Military Intervention in Oka: Strategy, Communication and Press Coverage," Canadian Military History, 2 (Spring 1993), pp. 23–48.

John Gellner, Bayonets in the Streets: Urban Guerrilla at Home and Abroad (Toronto: Collier-Macmillan, 1974).

Desmond Morton, "Aid to the Civil Power: The Canadian Militia in Support of Social Order, 1867–1914," Canadian Historical Review, 51 (December 1970), pp. 407–425.

——, "Cavalry or Police? Keeping the peace on two adjacent frontiers, 1870–1900," Journal of Canadian Studies, 12 (Spring 1977), pp. 27–37.

——, "'No More Disagreeable or Onerous Duty': Canadians and Military Aid to the Civil Power, Past, Present and Future,' in David B. Dewitt and David Leyton-Brown, eds., Canada's International Security Policy (Toronto: Prentice Hall, 1995), pp. 129–152.

C.P. Stacey, "The Military Aspect of Canada's Winning of the West, 1870–1885," Canadian Historical Review, 31 (1940), pp. 1–24.

Mike Thivierge, "Police and Military Co-operation in Canada," in David E. Code and Caroline Ursulak, eds., Leaner and Meaner: Armed Forces in the Post-Gulf Era. Ottawa: Conference of Defence Associations Institute, 1992, pp. 31–46.


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Debate whether the army should be used to maintain civil order in Canada.

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Unit II: Changing Perceptions of the Military Over the Century A. Knowledge Goals: Students will:

• understand the notion of Canadians as an "unmilitary people" • understand Canadian reluctance to be compelled to serve in the military • understand the attempt to make the military reflect a changing society in terms of

ethnicity, language, and gender B. Possible Classroom Topics:

1. Is there a need for peacetime compulsory military service 2. Women in combat roles 3. Language and the military

C. Student Readings: To be determined D. Teacher Resources: 1. Sample Maps/Overheads: "Bombadier Cara Camplejohn" photograph in Marteinson, We Stand on Guard, 438. 2. Audio-Visual Resources: "Harder Than It Looks" (Canadian neutrality, NFB, 28 minutes). "Keeping the Elephants Away" (Canadian Defence, NFB, 57 minutes). E. Secondary Sources:

Douglas L. Bland, Chiefs of Defence: Government and the Unified Command of the Canadian Armed Forces (Toronto: Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies, 1995).

John A. English, Lament for an Army: The Decline of Canadian Military Professionalism (Toronto: Irwin, 1998).

D.W. Middlemiss and J.J. Sokolsky, Canadian Defence: Decisions and Determinants (Toronto: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989).

T.C. Willett, A Heritage at Risk: The Canadian Militia as a Social Institution (Boulder: Westview, 1987).

F. Possible Student Activities: Debate whether "affirmative action" has a place in military recruiting.

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Unit III: Present and Future Canadian Defence Needs A. Knowledge Goals: Students will:

• understand the reasons about the removal of Canadian troops from Europe in the early 1990s

• understand the reasons behind the demise of the Cold War confrontation • acquaint themselves with the debate about technological progress and the future utility of

traditional militaries B. Possible Classroom Topics:

1. The end of the Cold War and the withdrawal of Canadian forces from Europe 2. The "Peace Dividend" and government retrenchment 3. Technology and the military: Smaller but more lethal 4. Future roles: Does Canada's military still have a purpose 5. What is today’s role for a middle power? 6. Exploration of the “New World Order”



Louis Nastro and Kim Richard Nossal, "The Commitment-Capability Gap and Canadian Foreign Policy," Canadian Defence Quarterly, 27 (Autumn 1997), pp. 19–22.


1. Sample Maps/Overheads: "Essex and Scottish Machine Gun" photograph in Marteinson, We Stand on Guard, 442. "Royal Canadian Regiment Battle School" photograph in Marteinson, We Stand on

Guard, 439. 2. Audio-Visual Resources: "Anybody's Son Will Do," (NFB, 1983, 56 minutes) E. Secondary Sources:

Eric Bergbush, "NATO Enlargement: Should Canada Leave NATO?", International Journal, 53 (Winter 1997–8), pp. 147–168.

Douglas L. Bland, "A Strategy of Choice: Preparing the Canadian Armed Forces for the 21st Century," Canadian Foreign Policy, 1 (Spring 1994), pp. 109–136.

——, Canada's National Defence. Volume 1: Defence Policy (Montreal and Kingston: Queen's University School of Policy Studies, 1998).

——, Canada's National Defence. Volume 2: Defence Organization (Montreal and Kingston: Queen's University School of Policy Studies, 1998).

David G. Haglund, "The NATO of Its Dreams? Canada and the Co-operative Security Alliance," International Journal, 52 (Summer 1997), pp. 464–482.

Jim Hanson and Susan McNish, eds., Poland, Canada and NATO Enlargement (Toronto: Canadian Institute for Strategic Studies, 1997).

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Joseph T. Jockel, Security to the North: Canada-U.S. Defense Relations in the 1990s (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1991).

——and Joel J. Sokolsky, "Dandurand Revisited: Rethinking Canada's Defence Policy in an Unstable World," International Journal, 8 (Spring 1993), pp. 380–401.

——, The End of the Canada-U.S. Defence Reationship. Kingston: Centre for International Relations, Queen's University, 1996.

Albert Legault and Allen Sens, "Canada and NATO Enlargement," Canadian Foreign Policy, 4 (1996), pp. 88–93.

Evan H. Potter, ed., Economic Intelligence and National Security (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1998).

Ernie Regehr, "War After the Cold War: Shaping a Canadian Response," Canadian Foreign Policy, 1 (Spring 1993), pp. 39–53.

Allen G. Sens, "Canadian Defence Policy After the Cold War: Old Dimensions and New Realities," Canadian Foreign Policy, 1 (Fall 1993), pp. 7–27.

F. Possible Student Activities: Debate the merits of continued Canadian participation in NATO. Would Canada be better off

as a neutral nation?

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GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY A. Secondary Literature Addington, Larry H., The Patterns of War Since the Eighteenth Century. Bloomington: Indiana

University Press, 1994. Allan, James H., Peacekeeping: Outspoken Observations by a Field Officer. Westport: Praeger,

1996. Allister, William, Where Life and Death Hold Hands. Toronto: Stoddart, 1989. Avery, Donald, The Science of War: Canadian Scientists and Allied Military TechnologyDuring

the Second World War. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1998. Barnhart, Michael A., Japan Prepares for Total War: The Search for Economic Security. Ithaca:

Cornell University Press, 1987. Barnett, Correlli, The Swordbearers: Supreme Commanders in the First World War. London:

Eyre and Spottiswood, 1963. Beal, Bob, and Rod Macleod, Prairie Fire: The 1885 North West Rebellion. Edmonton: Hurtig,

1984. Beeching, William C., Canadian Volunteers: Spain, 1936–1939. Regina: Canadian Plains

Research Centre, 1989. Bell, P.M.H., The Origins of the Second World War in Europe. New York: Longman, 1986. Bercuson, David, Maple Leaf Against the Axis: Canada's Second World War. Toronto: Stoddart,

1995. ——, Significant Incident: Canada's Army, the Airborne, and the Murder in Somalia. Toronto:

McClelland and Stewart, 1996. ——, Blood on the Hills: The Canadian Army in Korea. Toronto: University of Toronto Press,

forthcoming. ——, and S.F. Wise, eds., The Valour and the Horror Revisited. Montreal and Kingston:

McGill-Queen's University Press, 1994. Berger, Carl, ed., Conscription 1917. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1969. Berton, Pierre, Vimy. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1986. Bird, Will R., Ghosts Have Warm Hands: A Memoir of the Great War 1916–1919. Nepean: CEF

Books, 1997. Black, L., and N. Hillmer, eds., Nearly Neighbours: Canada and the Soviet Union from Cold

War to Détente and Beyond. Kingston: Ronald Frye, 1988. Bland, Douglas L., Chiefs of Defence: Government and the Unified Command of the Canadian

Armed Forces. Toronto: Canadian Institute of Strategic Studies, 1995. ——, Canada's National Defence. Volume 1: Defence Policy. Montreal and Kingston: Queen's

University School of Policy Studies, 1998. ——, Canada's National; Defence. Volume 2: Defence Organization. Montreal and Kingston:

Queen's University School of Policy Studies, 1998. Bliss, Michael, Right Honourable Men: The Descent of Canadian Politics from Macdonald to

Mulroney. Toronto: Harper Collins 1995. Bond, Brian, War and Society in Europe, 1870–1970. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. Bothwell, Robert, Ian Drummond, and John English, Canada 1900–1945. Toronto: University of

Toronto Press, 1987. ——, Canada Since 1945: Power, Politics, and Provincialism. Toronto: University of Toronto

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Press, 1988. ——, Loring Christie and the Failure of Bureaucratic Imperialism. New York: Garland, 1988. ——, Canada and the United States: The Politics of Partnership. New York: Twayne, 1992. ——, The Big Chill: Canada and the Cold War. Toronto: Irwin Publishing, 1998. Bourassa, Henri, "The French-Canadian in the British Empire," in Carl Berger, ed., Imperialism

and Nationalism, 1884–1914. Toronto: Copp Clark, 1969, pp. 66–73. Brode, Patrick, Casual Slaughters and Accidental Judgements: Canadian War Crimes

Prosecutions, 1944–1948. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997. Brodie, Bernard, and M. Fawn, From Crossbow to H-Bomb. Bloomington: Indiana University

Press, 1962. Brown, Kingsley, Bonds of Wire: A Memoir. Toronto: Collins, 1989. Brown, Robert Craig, and Ramsay Cook, Canada 1896–1921: A Nation Transformed. Toronto:

McClelland and Stewart, 1974. ——, Robert Laird Borden: A Biography 2 vols. Toronto: Macmillan, 1975 and 1980. Burns, E.L.M., Between Arab and Israeli. Toronto: Clark Irwin, 1962. Byfield, Ted, ed., Alberta in the 20th Century. Volume 4: The Great War and Its Consequences.

Edmonton: United Western Communications, 1994. Cambon, Kenneth, Guest of Hirohito. Vancouver: PW Press, 1990. Campbell, John P., Dieppe Revisited: A Documentary Investigation. London: Frank Cass, 1993. Christie, Carl, Ocean Bridge: The History of RAF Ferry Command. Toronto: University of

Toronto Press, 1995. ——, "The RCAF and the Road to War," in Proceedings 3rd Annual Air Force Historical

Association. Winnipeg: Office of Air Force Heritage & History, pp. 47–60. Christie, N.A, ed., Letters of Agar Adamson: Lieutenant Colonel Princess Patricia's Light

Infantry. Nepean: CEF Books, 1997. ——., Winning the Ridge: The Canadians at Vimy Ridge, 1917. Nepean: CEF Books, 1998. Clarke, I.F., Voices Prophesying War, 1763–1984. London: Oxford University Press, 1966. Clearwater, John, Canadian Nuclear Weapons: The Untold Story of Canada's Cold war Arsenal.

Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1998. Coates, Kenneth, ed., The Alaska Highway: Papers of the 40th Anniversary Symposium.

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Occupation in Canada's Northwest. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992. Cole, Wayne S., Roosevelt and the Isolationists, 1932–1945. Lincoln: University of Nebraska

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Russo-Japanese War 1904–5. London: Routledge, 1988. Copp, Terry, The Brigade: The Fifth Canadian Infantry Brigade, 1939–1945. Stoney Creek:

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McGraw-Hill Ryerson, 1996. ——, and Robert Vogel, Maple Leaf Route: Falaise. Alma: Maple Leaf Route, 1983. ——, Maple Leaf Route: Caen. Alma: Maple Leaf Route, 1983. Coulon, Jocelyn, Soldiers of Diplomacy: The United Nations, Peacekeeping and the New World

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Dallek, Robert, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1939–1945. New York:

Oxford University Press, 1979. Dancocks, Daniel, In Enemy Hands: Canadian Prisoners of War, 1939–1945. Edmonton:

Hurtig, 1983. ——, Spearhead to Victory: Canada and the Great War. Edmonton: Hurtig, 1987. Daniel, Larry J., Cannoneers in Grey: The Field Artillery of the Army of the Tennessee, 1861–

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and International Relations. Toronto: Wiley, 1983. Domenico, John E.G. de, Land of a Million Elephants: Memoirs of a Canadian Peacekeeper.

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War. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1995. Douglas, W.A.B., The Creation of a National Air Force: The Official History of the Royal

Canadian Air Force. Volume II. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986. Dunmore, Spencer, Above and Beyond: The Canadians' War in the Air. Toronto: McClelland

and Stewart, 1996. ——, and William Carter, Reap the Whirlwind: The Untold Story of 6 Group. Toronto:

McClelland and Stewart, 1991. Dyer, Gwynne and Tina Viljoen, The Defence of Canada. Toronto: McClelland and Stewart,

1990. Dziuban, Stanley W., Military Relations Between the United States and Canada 1939–1945.

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Press, 1965. Ellis, John, The Social History of the Machine-Gun. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,

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Canada, 1992. English, John A., The Canadian Army and the Normandy Campaign: A Study of Failure in High

Command. Westport, Praeger, 1991. ——, Lament for an Army: The Decline of Military Professionalism. Toronto: Irwin, 1998. Ens, Gerhard, Homeland to Hinterland: The Changing Worlds of the Red River Metis in the

Nineteenth Century. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996. Evans, P.M., and B.M. Frolic, Reluctant Adversaries: Canada and the People's Republic of

China, 1949–1970. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1991. Finkel, Alvin, and Margaret Conrad, History of the Canadian Peoples: 1867 to the Present (2nd

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Edition). Toronto: Copp Clark, 1998. Flanagan, Tom, Louis 'David' Riel: Prophet of the New World. Toronto: University of Toronto

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1996. Friesen, G., The Canadian Prairies: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1987. Fry, Michael G., Illusions of Security: North Atlantic Diplomacy 1918–22. Toronto: University

of Toronto Press, 1972. ——, "The Pacific Dominions and the Washington Conference, 1921–22," in Erik Goldstein and

John Maurer, eds., The Washington Conference, 1921–22: Naval Rivalry, East Asian Stability and the Road to Pearl Harbor. Portland: Frank Cass, 1994, pp. 60–101.

Fussell, Paul, The Great War and Modern Memory. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975. Gellner, John, Bayonets in the Streets: Urban Guerrillas at Home and Abroad. Toronto: Collier-

Macmillan, 1974. Gossage, Caroline, Props on Her Sleeve: The Wartime Letters of a Canadian Airwoman.

Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1997. Gough, Barry, The Royal Navy and the Northwest Coast of North America 1810–1914.

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Oxford University Press, 1977. ——, and Desmond Morton, A Nation Forged in Fire: Canadians and the Second World War

1939–1945. Toronto: Lester & Orpen Dennys, 1989. ——, and Robert Bothwell, Pirouette: Pierre Trudeau and Canadian Foreign Policy. Toronto:

University of Toronto Press, 1990. ——, and Norman Hillmer, For Better of For Worse: Canada and the United States to the

1990s. Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman, 1991. ——, and Peter Neary, eds., The Good Fight: Canadians and World War Two. Toronto: Copp

Clark, 1995. Granfield, Linda, In Flanders Fields: The Story of the Poem by John McRae. Toronto: Stoddart,

1995. Graves, Donald E., South Albertas: A Canadian Regiment at War. Toronto: Robin Brass Studio,

1998. Greenhous, Brereton, Dieppe, Dieppe. Montreal: Art Global, 1992. ——, et al., The Crucible of War: The Official History of the Royal Canadian Air Force. Volume

III. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994. ——, "C" Force to Hong Kong: A Canadian Catastrophe, 1941–1945. Ottawa:

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Harper Collins, 1992. Hadley. Michael, U-Boats Against Canada. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University

Press, 1985. ——, and Roger Sarty, Tin-Pots and Pirate Ships: Canadian Naval Forces and German Sea

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——, and Joel J. Sokolsky, The End of the Canada-U.S. Defence Relationship. Kingston: Centre for International Relations, Queen's University, 1996.

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Centre for Education One Kingsway, Edmonton, Alberta T5H 4G9 Tel: (780) 429-8000 Fax: (780) 429-8318 Web site: www.epsb.ca e-mail: [email protected] BOARD OF TRUSTEES Bev Esslinger, Board Chair Gerry Gibeault, Vice Chair David Colburn Don Fleming Ken Gibson Sue Huff George Rice Catherine Ripley Ken Shipka

SUPERINTENDENT OF SCHOOLS Edgar Schmidt