MILESTONES IN NURSING

MILESTONES IN NURSINGBy:-firoz Qureshi Dept. Psychiatric Nursing

PRIOR TO THE 17th CENTURY1-500 AD (approximately)- Nursing care mostly included hygiene and comfort needs of persons and families. Religious organizations were the provided carers.55 AD - Phoebe is nursing histories most noted deaconess.300 - Entry of women into nursing 380 AD - The first general hospital is established in Rome by Fabiola.

17th CENTURYThe Reformation - The 17th century was the time of the Reformation when the breakdown of religious orders meant that monasteries, hospitals and nursing care facilities were closed in most Protestant areas.[5]1633 Sisters of Charity founded.[6]

17th CENTURY CONT...St. Louise de Marillac

17th CENTURY CONT...Sisters of Charity1633 The founding of theDaughters of Charity of Saint Vincent de Paul, Servants of the Sick Poor by Sts.Vincent de PaulandLouise de Marillac.[7]The community would not remain in a convent, but would nurse the poor in their homes, "having no monastery but the homes of the sick, their cell a hired room, their chapel the parish church, their enclosure the streets of the city or wards of the hospital."[8]1645 Jeanne Manceestablishes North America's first hospital, l'Htel-Dieu de Montral.

17th CENTURY CONT...1654 and 1656 Sisters of Charitycare for the wounded on the battlefields at Sedan and Arras in France.1660 Over 40 houses of the Sisters of Charity exist in France and several in other countries; the sick poor are helped in their own dwellings in 26 parishes in Paris.17th-18th century were considered the "age of reason". A lot of myths were contradicted by scientific fact (Daly et al.,2010)[9]

19th CENTURY1835 Nursing Society of Philadelphia1850 instructional school for nurses opened by NSP--1853 Crimean war1854 Nightingale appointed as the Superintendent of Nursing Staff1856 A charitable organisation known as the "Nightingale Fund for Nursing" was founded in Britain, to commemorate Nightingale's work in the Crimean War.

19TH CENTURY CONT...1856 The Melbourne Lying-in Hospital and Infirmary for Diseases peculiar to Women and Children established. 18611865 The Civil war, American Army nurses corps1872, 73 formal nursing training programs were established, establishment of formal education

19th CENTURY CONT...1800s1840- Settlement of New Zealand as a colony and the establishment of state hospitals.1810s1811 - The opening of Sydney Hospital. Convict men and women undertook the nursing. (Crisp & Taylor, 2009)[12]1820s1820 Jensey Snow, a former slave, opens a hospital inPetersburg, Virginia.[3]1820 -Florence Nightingale, is born at Villa La Columbaia in Florence (12 May).[4]

19th CENTURY CONT...1830s1838 - The first trained nurses arrived in Sydney, they were five Irish Sisters of Charity1840s1840 - Settlement of New Zealand as a colony and the establishment of state hospitals (Crisp & Taylor,2009).1841 - People considered to be mentally ill were considered criminals. 1844 Dorothea Dixtestifies to theNew Jerseylegislature regarding the state's poor treatment of patients withmental illness

19th CENTURY CONT...1844 -Florence Nightingaletravels to Kaiserworth, Germany to start to learn nursing from the Institution of Deaconesses. She stayed for three months.1847 - Wellington Hospital was established, The first New Zealand Hospital. Giselle's1848 -The Yarra Bend Asylum was opened so that those mentally ill could be moved out of gaol. This Asylum was later known as Melbourne.

19TH CENTURY CONT...1850s[edit]Florence Nightingale

1850 Florence Nightingale, a pioneer of modern nursing, begins her training as a nurse at the Institute of St. Vincent de Paul at Alexandria, Egypt[5]1851 - Florence Nightingale completed her nursing training at Kaiserwerth, Germany, a Protestant religious community with a hospital facility. She was there for approximately 3 months, and at the end, her teachers declared her trained as a nurse.

19th CENTURY CONT...1853 Florence Nightingale went to Paris to study with the Sisters of Charity and was later appointed superintendent of the English General Hospitals in Turkey. 1854 Florence Nightingale and 38 volunteer nurses are sent toTurkeyon October 21 to assist with caring for the injured of theCrimean War.

19th CENTURY CONT...1854 - In a letter written November 15, 1854, to Dr Bowman, Florence Nightingale gives definite statistics: on Thursday last [i.e.Nov8]we had 1715 sick and wounded in this hospital (among whom, 120 cholera patients) and 650 severely wounded in...the General Hospital...when a message came to me to prepare for 510 wounded.... A general history of nursing. London, England1855 Mary Seacoleleaves London on January 31 to establish a "British Hotel" atBalaklavain the Crimea.

19th CENTURY CONT...1856- The Melbourne lying-in Hospital and Infirmary for diseases Peculiar to Women and Children established, Australia1857 Ellen Ranyardcreates the first group of paidsocial workersin England and pioneers the firstdistrict nursingprogramme in London.[6]1857 - The sisters of Charity opened the first St Vincent's Hospital at Sydney's Pott's Point. Today, the St Vincent's hospitals provide a considerable proportion of public health services.[14]

19th CENTURY CONT...

1859 - Florence Nightingale published her views on nursing care in "Notes on Nursing" The basis of nursing practice was based on her idea's.1860s1860 - In May 1860 advertisements appeared seeking young lady nurses for training, but responses were not overwhelming; however, in July 1860, 15 hand-picked probationers entered the Nightingale Training School, and the pattern for modern nursing came into being.[1860 - Florence Nightingale publishes "Note on Nursing: What it is and what it is not"

19TH CENTURY CONT...1860 -Crisp & Taylor (2010) state that the Nightingale training school for nurses in England at the St Thomas' hospital, London was established at this time.1860-1883 - As 16,000 single women emigrated to New Zealand 582 identified their occupation as a nurse (including monthly nurse, sick nurse, trained nurse, nurse girl, midwife, hospital nurse or professional nurse.)[17]1861 Sally Louisa Tompkinsopens a hospital forConfederatesoldiers in July. She is later made an officer in the army, the only woman to receive that honor.1863 - The International Red Cross was established in Geneva, Switzerland, by five private individuals

19th CENTURY CONT...1865 -Mary Tattershalla nurse who served in the Crimean War arrived and wasTimaru Hospitalsfirst Matron.1867 Jane Currie Blaikie Hogepublishes her memoirs of nursing in theUnion Army,The Boys in Blue.1868 - Lucy Osburn and her four Nightingale nurses arrived at Sydney Infirmary(to become Sydney Hospital1868 - Sir Henery Parkes requested that Nightingale is to provide trained nurses for New South Wales.

19th CENTURY CONT...1870s1870 - New Zealand had 37 hospitals as a result of the population increase of the gold rush1871 - Nightingale-trained matron appointed to the Alfred Hospital, Melbourne.[19]1873 Linda Richardsis graduated from the New England Hospital for Women and Children Training School for Nurses and officially becomes America's First Trained Nurse. 1873 The nation's first nursing school, based on Florence Nightingale's principles of nursing, opens atBellevue Hospital, New York City

19th CENTURY CONT...1873 The nation's first nursing school, based on Florence Nightingale's principles of nursing, opens atBellevue Hospital, New York City1876 The Japanese term ("Kangofu" or nurse) is used for the first time.[7]1879 Mary Eliza Mahoneyis graduated from the New England Hospital for Women and Children Training School for Nurses and becomes the first black professional nurse in the U.S.[8]1874 - Group of Anglican nuns arrive in South Africa (Bloemfontein) to work as nurses. Among them was Sr. Henrietta Stockdale who started the first training for nurses in Africa.

19th CENTURY CONT...1880s

Clara Barton1881 Clara Bartonbecomes the first President of theAmerican Red Cross, which she founded1881 - Created the first Portuguese Nursing School at Coimbra, Portugal

19th CENTURY CONT...1884 Mary Agnes Snively, the firstOntarionurse trained according to the principles of Florence Nightingale, assumes the position of Lady Superintendent of the Toronto General Hospitals School of Nursing.1885 - Following the Hospital and Charitable Aids Act, conditions improved.1885 The first nurse training institute is established in Japan, thanks to the pioneering work ofLinda Richards.1886 - The first regular training school in India is established in Bombay, with funds provided by the governor general.[21]

19th CENTURY CONT...1886 The Nightingale, the first American nursing journal, is published.1886 Spelman Seminaryestablishes the first nursing program specifically for African-Americans.1888 - The monthly journalThe Trained Nursebegins publication inBuffalo, New York.

1890sLillian Wald

19th CENTURY CONT...1890 Kate Marsden, founder of the St. Francis Leprosy Guild, travels toYakutia,Siberiain search of a herb reputed to cureleprosy.1891 -Cape Colonyestablishes the 1st nursing registration in the British Empire1893 TheNightingale Pledge, composed by Lystra Gretter, is first used by the graduating class at the old Harper Hospital inDetroit, Michiganin the spring.

19th CENTURY CONT...1897 TheAmerican Nurses Associationholds its first meeting in February, as the "Associated Alumnae of Trained Nurses of the United States and Canada".1897 Jane Delanobecomes Superintendent ofBellevue Hospital.1899 Japan establishes a licensing system for modern nursing professionals with the introduction of the "Midwives Ordinance".1899 TheInternational Council of Nursesis formed.1899 - Australasian Trained Nurses Association is founded in New South Wales

19th CENTURY CONT...1899-1902 - During the 1899-1902 South African (Boer) War, nurses from Canada, Australia and New Zealand serve as private citizens or with the British nursing forces.

20th CENTURY1900sFrench nurse's uniform, 1900

20th CENTURY1900 Dame Agnes Gwendoline Hunt, the founder oforthopaedic nursing, opens a convalescent home for crippled children at Florence House inBaschurchwhich espouses the yet-unproven theory of open-air treatment.1901 -United States Army Nurse Corps(NC) is established1901 New Zealand is the first country to regulate nurses nationally, with adoption of theNurses Registration Act.

20th CENTURY CONT...1902 TheQueen Alexandra's Imperial Military Nursing Servicereplaces, byroyal warrant, the Army Nursing Service.1905 - TheSpanish-American War Nurses Memorialis erected atArlington National Cemeteryin the United States.[27]1906 The first nursing school Union Mission Hospital Training School for Nurses/Iloilo Mission Hospitaltraining school for Nurses, now Central Philippine University-College of Nursing, is established in the Philippines.

20th CENTURY CONT...1908 TheUnited States Navy Nurse Corpsis established.1909 TheAmerican Red Cross Nursing Serviceis formed.1910s1910 Florence Nightingaleat the age of 90 years, on august the 13th dies.Florence Nightingale (1820 1910)retrieved

20th CENTURY CONT...Edith Cavell1915 Edith Cavellis executed by a Germanfiring squadon October 12 for helping hundreds of Allied soldiers escape tothe Netherlands.

20th CENTURY CONT...1916 TheRoyal College of Nursingis founded.1918 Frances Reed Elliotis enrolled as the first African-American in theAmerican Red Cross Nursing Serviceon July 2.1919 The UK passes theNursing Act of 1919, which provides for registration of nurses, but it will not become effective until 1923. 1920s[edit]1921 Sophie Mannerheim, a pioneer of modern nursing in Finland, accepts the chairmanship of the Finnish Red Cross.

20th CENTURY CONT...1923 The Nursing Act of 1919 becomes effective andEthel Gordon Fenwickis the first nurse registered in the UK.1929 TheJapanese Nursing Associationis established.1930s1931 The Forgotten Frontier, a documentary about theFrontier Nursing Servicein Kentucky, is filmed.1937 SisterElizabeth Kennypublishes her first book,Infantile Paralysis and Cerebral Diplegia: Method of Restoration of Function.1938 TheNurses MemorialinArlington National Cemeteryis erected in Section 21 (the "Nurses Section") to honor nurses who served in the armed forces during World War I. Over 600 nurses are buried at Arlington.

20th CENTURY CONT...World War II

U.S. Navy Nurse and released POW aboard USSBenevolence, 1945.1939-1945- Military and naval nurses from numerous countries serve outside their countries.1941-45 - Over 59,000 American women serve in theU.S. Army Nurse Corps

20TH CENTURY CONT...1940s1942 - Beveridge Report recommends comprehensive health care funded through National Insurance.1948 TheNational Health Serviceis launched on July 5.1949 Mary Elizabeth Carnegieis the first black person elected to the board of the Florida Nurses Association with the right to speak and vote.[24]1949 - Formation of College of Nursing Australia.

20th CENTURY CONT...1950s[edit]1951 Males join the United Kingdom same register of nurses as females for the first time.[citation needed]1951 [National Association for Practical Nurse Education and Service]NAPNESalong with professional nursing organizations and the U.S. Department of Education created Vocational Nursing standards for education and the LPN / LVN level of nursing was created in the United States.1952 The introduction ofsedativestransformsmental health nursing.

20th CENTURY CONT...1954 One of the firstPhD programs in nursingis offered at the University of Pittsburgh.1955 Elizabeth Lipford Kent becomes the first African American to earn aPhD in nursing.1956 TheColumbia UniversitySchool of Nursing is the first in the U.S. to grant a master's degree in a clinicalnursing specialty.1960s1960 TheUniversity of Edinburghinitiates the first degree in nursing.1965 The establishment of the firstnurse practitioner (NP)role, developed jointly by a nurse educator and a physician at the University of Colorado

20th CENTURY CONT...1970s1971 Florence Waldand her associates found Hospice, Inc., thus establishing the hospice movement in the United States of America1979 - Dr Watson's first book published, based on her theory of caring.1980s1980s In America, theMSNdegree became the required degree foradvanced practice nursecertification.Nurse Practitioners with certificateswere grandfathered in. The American Association of Nurse Anesthetists (AANA) first required a Masters Degree in order to sit for the boards in 1999.

20th CENTURY CONT...1982 - Florence Nightingale Trust was created where they had Florence Nightingales letters, artifacts and publications made viewable to the public and protected at theFlorence Nightingale Museum. 1983 The importance of human rights in nursing is made explicit in a statement adopted by theInternational Council of Nurses.

20TH CENTURY CONT...1990s[edit]Rep. Eddie Bernice Johnson

1990 Florence Nightingale's birthday (May 12) is declared the official Nursing Day in Japan.[35]1992 Eddie Bernice Johnsonis the first nurse elected to theU.S. Congress. 1999 - I define caring as a "nuturing way of relating to a valued 'other' toward whom one feels a personal sense of commitment and responsibility" (Swanson,1991

21st CENTURY 2000 - Review of undergraduate nursing education by New Zealand Nursing Council[48]2002 TheNursing and Midwifery Counciltakes over from the UKCC as the UK's regulatory body.2003 - Primary Health Care framework document is released by New Zealand Ministry of Health.

21st CENTURY CONT....2010 - A national regestration for all nurses and midwives came into force in Australia in July 2010. (Daly, Speedy & Jackson, 2010)[52]2010 - Nurses' Health Study 3 begins enrolling: Female RNs, LPNs, and nursing students 20-46 are encouraged to join this long-term women's health study.

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