mikologi dasar rev
DESCRIPTION
mikologiTRANSCRIPT
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MIKOLOGI DASAR Titiek Djannatun
Bagian Mikrobiologi FKUY
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What is Mycology?
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Mycology is the study of
• Beer
• Wine
• Bread
• Cheese
• Gourmet mushrooms
• Environmental toxins
• Biodegradation
• Disease
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What is a Fungus ?
• Eukaryotic – a true nucleus
• Do not contain chlorophyll
• Have cell walls
• Produce filamentous structures
• Produce spores
• Food acquisition method: absorptive
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ALL EUKARYOTIC CELLS
CONTAIN STEROLS
•Mammalian cells – cholesterol
•Fungal cells - ergosterol
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Species of Fungi
• 100,000 – 200,000 species
• About 300 pathogenic for man
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A. Classification
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Kingdom Fungi
Eukaryocytes
•Ascomycota
•Basidiomycota
•Zygomycota
•Mitosporic Fungi
(Fungi Imperfecti)
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KINGDOM
CHARACTERISTIC
EXAMPLE
Monera
Prokaryocyte
Bacteria
Actinomyces
Protista
Eukaryocyte
Protozoa
Fungi
Eukaryocyte *
Fungi
Plants
Eukaryocyte
Plants
Moss
Animals
Eukaryocyte *
Arthropods
Mammals
Man
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KINGDOM
CHARACTERISTIC
EXAMPLE
Monera
Prokaryocyte
Bacteria
Actinomyces
Protista
Eukaryocyte
Protozoa
Fungi
Eukaryocyte *
Fungi
Plants
Eukaryocyte
Plants
Moss
Animals
Eukaryocyte *
Arthropods
Mammals
Man
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Perbedaan Fungi dan Bakteri
Fungi Bakteria
Tipe sel Eukaryotik Prokaryotik
Membran Sel Memiliki sterol Tidak memiliki sterol,
kecuali Mycoplasma
Dinding sel Glukans, mannan, chitin,
tidak memiliki
peptidoglikan
Peptidoglikan
Spora Spora reproduksi seksual
dan aseksual
Endospora (Tidak untuk
reproduksi), beberapa
memiliki spora
reproduksi
Metabolisme Memdekati heterotropik,
aerob, fakultatif anaerob
Heterotropik, autrotopik,
aerob, fakultatif anaerob,
anaerob
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Cocci 0.8 µ
Bacilli 4-6 µ
Spirochetes 8 - 10 µ
Viruses 0.08 µ
Protozoa 15 µ
Nematodes 10 mm
Fungi 10 – 15 µ
SIZE COMPARISON OF PATHOGENS
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What is Medical Mycology ?
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MYCOTIC DISEASES
(Four Types)
1. Hypersensitivity
– Allergy
2. Mycotoxicosis
– Production of toxin
3. Mycetismus (mushroom poisoning)
– Pre-formed toxin
4. Infection
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MORPHOLGY
• Yeasts
• Hyphae (filamentous fungi, mycelium)
– Septate
– Coenocytic (non-septate)
• Dimorphic
– Yeast
– Mycelium
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Dimorphic Fungi
• Yeast Form • Parasitic form
• Tissue form
• Cultured at 37 C
• Mycelial Form • Saprophytic form
• Cultured at 25 C
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Mycelial Form
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SPORES
• SEXUAL
• ASEXUAL
– Arthrospore
– Blastospore
– Chamydospore
– Conidia
• Microconidia
• Macroconidia
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Mycotic Diseases Are
NOT
Contagious
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ESTABLISHMENT OF INFECTION WITH A
MYCOTIC AGENT DEPENDS ON
1. Inoculum size
2. Resistance of the host
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THE CLINICIAN MUST DISTINGUISH
BETWEEN:
• COLONIZATION
• FUNGEMIA
• INFECTION
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EYE
SKIN
UROGENITAL TRACT
ANUS
MOUTH RESPIRATORY
TRACT
PORTAL OF ENTRY
•SKIN
•HAIR
•NAILS
•RESPIRATORY TRACT
•GASTROINTESTINAL
TRACT
•URINARY TRACT
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EYE
SKIN
UROGENITAL TRACT
ANUS
MOUTH RESPIRATORY
TRACT
COLONIZATION
Multiplication
of an organism
at a given site
without harm
to the host
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EYE
SKIN
UROGENITAL TRACT
ANUS
MOUTH RESPIRATORY
TRACT
INFECTION
Invasion and
multiplication
of organisms
in body tissue
resulting in
local cellular
injury.
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D. DIAGNOSIS
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Diagnosis
1. Wet Mount
2. Skin test
3. Serology
4. Fluorescent antibody
5. Biopsy and histopathology
6. Culture
7. DNA probes
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Laboratory to diagnosis of fungal
infection
• Specimen collection
– must be material from the actual infection site
– specimen should be examined as soon as possible
• Direct examination: wet mount or staining
– A phase contrast microscope : KOH preparation
Gram staining
– A light or fluorescent microscope : staining
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DIRECT MICROSCOPIC
OBSERVATION
• 10 % KOH
• Gentle Heat
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KOH Wet Mount
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Diagnosis
1. Wet Mount
2. Skin test
3. Serology
4. Fluorescent antibody
5. Biopsy and histopathology
6. Culture
7. DNA probes
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SKIN TESTING
(DERMAL HYPERSENSTIVITY)
Use is limited to :
– Determine cellular defense mechanisms
– Epidemiologic studies
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Diagnosis
1. Wet Mount
2. Skin test
3. Serology
4. Fluorescent antibody
5. Biopsy and histopathology
6. Culture
7. DNA probes
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Diagnosis
1. Wet Mount
2. Skin test
3. Serology
4. Fluorescent antibody
5. Biopsy and histopathology
6. Culture
7. DNA probe
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ISOLATION MEDIA
SABOURAUD DEXTROSE AGAR
(pH ~ 5.6)
•Plain
•With antibiotics
•With cycloheximide
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INCUBATION
TEMPERATURE
• 37 0C - Body temperature
• 25 0C - Room temperature
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Morphology colony
• Colony characteristics
Yeasts ; - smooth
- pasty to mucoid
Molds ; - cottony,
- velvety
- granular
- powdery
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Colonies on SDA of A) Candida
albicans and B) Crypt. neoformans
A B
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Terms useful in
the examination of fungi
• Hypha and pseudohyphae
• mycelium
• septate or aseptate (or coenocytic)
• vegetative mycelium
• aerial mycelium
• reproductive mycelium
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Reproductive
mycelium
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F. Clinical Classification of
Mycoses
•Cutaneous
•Subcutaneous
•Systemic
•Opportunistic
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Cutaneous Mycoses
Skin, hair and nails
Rarely invade deeper tissue
Dermatophytes
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Subcutaneous Mycoses
• Confined to subcutaneous tissue and rarely
spread systemically. The causative agents
are soil organisms introduced into the
extremities by trauma
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Systemic Mycoses
• Involve skin and deep viscera
• May become widely disseminated
• Predilection for specific organs
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OPPORTUNISTIC FUNGI
Ubiquitous saprophytes and occasional
pathogens that invade the tissues of those patients who have:
• Predisposing diseases:
Diabetes, cancer, leukemia, etc.
• Predisposing conditions:
Agammaglobulinemia, steroid or antibiotic therapy.