migs training program june 2013 policy options for genocide & mass atrocity prevention

7/28/2019 Migs Training Program June 2013 Policy Options for Genocide & Mass Atrocity Prevention

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Presents

MOBILIZINGTHEWILLTOINTERVENE:

THEROLEOFNATIONALGOVERNMENTS

12JUNE2013

CONCORDIAUNIVERSITY

Montreal,Quebec

THE MONTREAL INSTITUTE FOR GENOCIDE AND

HUMAN RIGHTS STUDIES


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Learning Goals

1. A fast review of genocides long historyand four key motives for genocide

2. Proposing how to create a Culture ofPrevention and Using Quiet Diplomacy


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Intent: The Crucial Component of

Genocide The perpetrators calculated intent to destroy the

group as a group (as such and in whole or inpart) is the crucial component of the crime of

genocide The four groups protected by the UN Genocide

Convention are:* Races * Ethnicities

* Religions * Nationalities


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I. Genocide in History The temptation of genocide perpetrators to

pursue the total annihilation of an entire group ofhuman beings has existed throughout recordedhistory. Early examples?

The genocide perpetrators define the boundariesaround the members of the group and theydecide who is a member of the targeted group

The group need not be real according to ourown definitions of what is logical and rational.


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Where do genocides come from?

Genocides dont spring up from theearth like mushrooms after a rain

Genocides are cultivated andnurtured

Genocide have specific motives What are the conditions which lead to

genocide?


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The Four Major Motives of

Perpetrators of Genocide1. Economic Gain

i. The GermanArmysannihilation ofthe Herero andthe Namapeoples of

German SouthWest Africa,1903-1907

2. Elimination of a Realor Perceived Threat

i. The genocide ofthe Tutsi ofRwanda in 1994


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The Four Basic Motives of

Perpetrators of Genocide3. Desire to create terror

to aid the perpetratorin building an empire,

sphere of influence,and hegemonyi. Shaka Zulu

expanding hiskingdom in the

early 19th centuryand destroyingthe Ndwandwepeople

4. Fulfillment of thePerpetratorsIdeology, Theory, or

Belief Systemi. The Nazis murderof the Jewishpeople of Europe,1941-1945

ii. Stalinsdestruction of theTartars and theIngush in 1944-45


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Crimes Against Humanity which

often precede genocides Political Killings Torture Mutilation Rape Abduction Forced population

movement

Expropriation Denial of water/meds. Redirection of aid

supplies

Destruction ofproperty

Looting Denial of freedom of

speech/press/assem-bly/religion

Destruction ofsubsistence foodsupply

Man-made famine


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Modern Cases to Keep in Mind

Rwanda Cote dIvoire Liberia Sierra Leone Uganda Libya Democratic Republic

of Congo Sudan

Burundi Central African

Republic

Kenya Bosnia Kosovo East Pakistan (Bang.) Sri Lanka East Timor Guatemala


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Risk Factors for Genocide

Identification ofvictims based onidentity criteria such

as race, color,descent, religion,ethnic or nationalorigin, gender, sexualorientation, political

opinion or group; Public hate speech Incitement to violence

Humiliation of a grouppublically or in themedia

Exclusionaryideologies that justifydiscrimination

A past history ofviolence againstperceived groups

A climate of impunity


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Alternative View: Genocide is

Caused by Men Who Lack FemaleSupervision


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What is the difference between

Knowledge and Wisdom? Knowledge is knowing a tomato is a fruit.

Wisdom is not putting it in a fruit salad.


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Proven Approaches of Quiet Diplomacy

Aim of quiet diplomacy:

To create conditions in which parties feel comfortable to act,in particular allowing parties calmly to evaluate positions and interests,

to weigh options and consider independent and impartial advice

Characteristics/functions of quiet diplomacy:

- Pre-standing, pro-active and long-term; preventive rather than curative- Engagement (neither interference nor intervention); access balanced by

confidentiality

- Creating political space through dialogue, saving face- Problem-solving approach, based on international and other established or relevant

norms

- Institutionalised prevention; professional support enabling timeliness- Honest broker; disinterested, impartial, unquestionable integrity


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Enlarging Political

Space as a Means ofConflict PreventionCivil Society

groups

Civil Societygroups

Civil Societygroups

Civil Societygroups

Political Space*

Governance

Civil Societygroups

*Political space

Regional cooperative institutions canfacilitate political space wheregrievances can be heard and

addressed, and disputes resolved,applying a problem-solving approach.

Enhances representative,participatory governance by

promoting, inter alia:ad hoc or permanent consultativebodies & processesopen parliaments

ombudsperson institutions


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Operational Conflict Prevention:Costs Comparison (USD)

Annual Global Military Expenditures

$794,000,000,000

SFOR, Relief &Reconstruction in

Bosnia

$7,500,000,000(per annum)

NATO Bombing &Reconstruction in

Kosovo

$670,000,000(perDAY of bombing)

ICTY & ICTR

$259,000,000(per annum)

HCNM

$3,000,000(per annum)

Notes

Global Military Expenditures2002 figure (un.org/depts/dpko)

SFOR, Relief & Reconstruction

Based on total 1992-98 (wilsoncenter.org)

NATO Bombing & Reconstruction

Total costs of war, aid, PKO & reconstructionper day of bombing

(BBC/Janes Oct. 1999)

ICTY & ICTR

Biennial budgets for 2004/5 combined anddivided by 2

(un.org & ictr.org)

HCNM

Based on 2004 budget of Euro 2.5 million(osce.org)


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2008 NATO military expenditure inpersonnel and equipment:$486.878 b

2009 ODA from DAC countries:$119.573 b

UNDPKO 2010-2011 budget: $8.4 b NATO bombing & reconstruction inKosovo: $670 m (per day of bombing)

2008 GlobalMilitary

Expenditure

$1.464 trillion

ICTY biennium 2010-2011: $301.895m

ICTR biennium 2010-2011: $227.246m

EuropeAid to AU 2009:$125.5 m

HCNM 2010 Budget: $4.08 m

Global Military Expenditure Comparison(Costs in USD)


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U.S. Disaster (Non-) Preparation

Netherlands 1953 storm surge: 2,000dead

The Delta Plan Billions of guilders invested in a network ofdams and barriers, including seawalls

US Hurricane Sandy, Hurricane Irene US underinvestment in public

infrastructure


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Disaster Public Infrastructure

$2.2 trillion needed in US (AmericanSociety of Civil Engineers)

Power grid a disasteravg. annual poweroutages in US last 4X longer than inFrance and 7X longer than in Netherlands

Every dollar invested in infrastructure bygovernment save US taxpayer $3.65 incosts


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Building Capacity at the National

Level

The Will to Intervene Project of theMontreal Institute for Genocide and Human

Rights Studies (W2I)


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W2Is Key Message:

Incorporate the prevention ofmass atrocities into Canadasdefinition of its National

InterestIts about security andnational interest, first, and doing

the right thing, second.


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Drivers of Deadly Violence

Today Climate Change Nationalism Poverty and Inequality Population Growth and the Youth Bulge Epidemic Disease and Pandemics Local Disputes over Land, Water, Minerals

and Other Resources


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The Public Policy Implicationsof Genocide: The Costs of InactionThreaten Our Security Today

The genocide and ethnic cleansing inRwanda and the Balkans underlined theimportance of Canadas will to supportinternational intervention, emphasizing

peaceful means, and its need to improveits readiness to make its interventioneffective


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The Public Policy Implicationsof Genocide: The Costs of

Inaction Threaten Our SecurityToday

Mass atrocities engender thespread of warlordism, withattendant threats to secure accessto vital raw materials and traderoutes, and trigger enormous flowsof refugees and internaldisplacements that accelerate theincidence and spread of infectiousdiseases, as well as xenophobia


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Mass atrocities cost UN memberstates enormous sums of moneyThe $ cost of failing to prevent:

Rwanda aid - $4.5 billion (1994-96)ICTR - $1 billion (1996-2007)Bosnia - $15 billion (1996-2007)


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Canada, its diplomats, its developmentexperts and its armed forces, have a long andproud tradition of foreign aid and participationin international efforts to restore peace and

end conflict that must be sustained andupdated in the face of new andunprecedented risks of mass atrocities


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Mobilizing the domestic Will toIntervene is an essential prelude tomounting the international cooperationnecessary for preventing massatrocities in our interdependent world

Every city and province of Canadahas a stake in Mobilizing the Will toIntervene to prevent mass atrocities


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W2Is Civic Dialogue Approach In each major city, a lead NGO brings together

about 40 local leaders from city and provincialgovernments, business, religious communities,universities and the media

The W2I team summarizes itsrecommendations and answers questions

The civic leaders register their concerns andannounce what they are prepared to do toadvance the adoption of W2Isrecommendations by the Government ofCanada

Mayors, Premiers, and city and provincialcouncils adopt resolutions or issueproclamations supporting the recommendations


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Gen. Dallaire receives the Vancouver W2I proclamation fromMayor Gregor Robertson and Council Member Geoff Meigs, assisted byElaine Hynes of The Simons Foundation and Barbara Buchanan of the

British Columbia Bar


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W2Is Policy Recommendations

Four Priority Areas for Government:

Enabling Leadership Enhancing Coordination Building Capacity Ensuring KnowledgeOur Recommendations:


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Enabling Leadership

The President of the US and the PM of Canadaissue Executive Orders establishing theprevention of mass atrocities as a policy priority

The Parliament of Canada make the All-PartyParliamentary Committee for the Prevention ofGenocide a standing committee

The US Congress create a Caucus for thePrevention of Mass Atrocities

The Governments of Canada and the UnitedStates foster public discussions on preventingmass atrocities


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Enhancing Coordination

The President of the US and the PM of Canadacreate Atrocities Prevention Committees tocoordinate interagency policy on the prevention

of mass atrocities The US National Security Advisor create anInteragency Policy Committee on PreventingMass Atrocities to coordinate policy across theexecutive branch and liase with the Atrocities

Prevention Committee. Canadathe same The National Security Advisor create operating

procedures for disseminating intelligence on therisks of genocide and other mass atrocities


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Building Capacity

The Government of Canada and the Governmentof the US establish deployable Prevention Corpsof experienced public servants

The Government of Canada and the US increasetheir diplomatic and development presence infragile countries

The Government of Canada and the US continueenhancing the Canadian and American Forcesspecialized capabilities by increasing their forcestrength and developing operational concepts,doctrine, force structure, and training to supportcivilian protection


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Ensuring Knowledge - 1

Canadian and American civil societyorganizations develop permanent domesticconstituencies by forming national coalitionsforR2Pin Canadaand the U.S.

Canadian and American civil societyorganizations expand their advocacy bytargeting local/municipal and state/provinciallevels of government to support R2P

Canadian and American civil society groupsdevelop strategic, outcome-based proposalsgeared towards key decision makers in thegovernment


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Ensuring Knowledge - 2

Canadian and American civil society groupsleverage new information andcommunications technologies to educate thepublic and government

Canadian and American civil society groupsinitiate public discussions on the preventionof mass atrocities and related foreign policyissues

Individual journalists, media owners, andmanagers in Canada and the United Statescommit themselves to the responsibility toreport


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Stage One of W2I Completed

See: http://migs.concordia.ca

Policymakers version of the W2I

Report MIGS 2009


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Reaching decision makers


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Launch of W2I at USIP,

Washington, DC


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Textbook version, McGill-Queens University Press, 2010


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2012-2013 PROVIDES A SINGULAR

MOMENT OF OPPORTUNITY

Converging movements: a) climate change,b) public health, c) human rights, and d) security fromterrorism

Progress made within the New US Government: The

White HousePublic Support for W2I in Canada: The Angus Reid pollresults and the rebuilding of Canadian foreign aid and theCanadian military

New Arguments and Policies advanced by W2I

New Technologies: Facebook, Google, Cell phonecameras and video, and SMS messaging all advancecitizen lobbying


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Will to Intervene

Information and Blogs about W2I are postedon:

Facebook

Twitter MIGS website (migs.concordia.ca)USIP website Enough Project website

CPAC Youtube


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STAGETWOOFW2I

W2I will organize partnerships and signagreements with research institutes in:

The Republic of South Africa Britain

Secure targeted fundingShare authority with research teams in South Africaand Britain to write and launch national reports on

Mobilizing the Will to Intervene

Help research centres in both countries to organizecivic dialogues supporting their recommendations to

their governments


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Why we must ensure Mass AtrocityPrevention becomes part of the public policy

lexicon.We remember:

RWANDAYUGOSLAVIA AND SREBRENICA, B-H

DRCSUDANCTE DIVOIRE

LIBYAand more . . . .

We need to do the right thing, but it is especially

about our security today


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Contact Information

Kyle Matthews,W2I Senior Deputy DirectorE-mail: [email protected]

Web: http://migs.concordia.ca

Frank Chalk, Project DirectorE-mail: [email protected]

Web: http://migs.concordia.ca


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Any final questions?

(if there is time)


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Non-United Nations Options

Inter-governmental organizationsOrganization for Security and Cooperation in

Europe

Regional organizationsAfrican UnionAssociation of South-East Asian NationsOrganization of American States

Sub-regional organizationsInternational Conference of the Great LakesRegion

ECOWAS (and the SADC, IGAD, etc.)


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What is the difference between

research and plagiarism? To steal ideas from one person is

plagiarism. To steal from many isresearch.


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Operational

prevention

Addressing rootand proximatecauses

Intervention

Addressingorganized

violence andarmed conflict

Post-conflict

Addressingreconciliationrehabilitationrestitution

Addressing new

root andproximatecauses

Oprl prevention

Time

Structural

prevention

Addressing rootcauses

Relative

Significance

of Diplomacy

Stage

and

Tools

HIGH

LOW


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migs training program june 2013 policy options for genocide & mass atrocity prevention

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