MigrationMigration

Migration TermsMigration Terms• Immigration vs. MigrationImmigration vs. Migration• Emigration vs. ImmigrationEmigration vs. Immigration• Internal vs. InternationalInternal vs. International• Voluntary vs. InvoluntaryVoluntary vs. Involuntary• Legal vs. Illegal Legal vs. Illegal and…• Documented vs. UndocumentedDocumented vs. Undocumented

• Chain Migration:Chain Migration: movement that follows family or friends (legal or illegal)

Historic MigrationsHistoric Migrations(Pre-20(Pre-20thth Century) Century)

• The Migration Period 300-700 A.D.• Roma 400+ ?• Jews 1100+• Serbs 1400-1800• Many, many others …

Reasons? • WarsWars• Social Pressure: Persecution, RestrictionSocial Pressure: Persecution, Restriction• EmpiresEmpires

Why? From Where?Why? From Where?• Germany / Austria-HungaryGermany / Austria-Hungary

- 1871: “21871: “2ndnd Reich” Reich”- WWI and WWIIWWI and WWII

• Russia / USSRRussia / USSR- Ethnic / Religious PersecutionEthnic / Religious Persecution- Lack of Opportunity (peasantry)Lack of Opportunity (peasantry)- Russian Revolution / InstabilityRussian Revolution / Instability- SocialismSocialism

major wave

Immigration to the U.S. by Region of OriginImmigration to the U.S. by Region of Origin

Four Major Waves of EmigrationFour Major Waves of Emigration(~20(~20thth Century) Century)

Era

• 1880s-19141880s-1914

• 1920-19391920-1939

• 1945-19551945-1955

• 1989 / 1991 + 1989 / 1991 +

Push FactorPush Factor

pre-WWI / Revolutionpre-WWI / Revolution

Socialism / pre-WWIISocialism / pre-WWII

Post-WWII / StalinismPost-WWII / Stalinism

Ability to Leave / EconomicsAbility to Leave / Economics

Pull Factors: Survival, Freedom, Opportunity =

U.U.S.S.A.A. (Western Europe, Israel, too)

Polish Immigration Polish Immigration to U.S. to U.S.

(1900-1930)(1900-1930)

??

17951795

18711871

TodayToday

• 9.3% of Wisconsinites are of 9.3% of Wisconsinites are of Polish descent (largest % of Polish descent (largest % of any state)any state)

• WI has the 6WI has the 6thth highest Polish- highest Polish-descent population (Illinois #2)descent population (Illinois #2)

• Chicago is “2nd Largest Polish Chicago is “2nd Largest Polish city in the World” (Warsaw)city in the World” (Warsaw)

Game:Game:Name the Pole

• Martha Kostyra• Karol Wojtyla• Meyer Suchowljansky• Johnathan LeibowitzJohnathan Leibowitz• Maksymilian FaktorowiczMaksymilian Faktorowicz• Natalie HershlagNatalie Hershlag• Elisabeth FilarskiElisabeth Filarski• Hirsz, Aaron, Szmul, and Hirsz, Aaron, Szmul, and

Itzhak Wonskolaser Itzhak Wonskolaser

• Martha Stewart

• Pope John Paul II

• Meyer Lansky

• Jon StewartJon Stewart

• Max Factor, Sr.Max Factor, Sr.

• Natalie PortmanNatalie Portman

• Elisabeth Elisabeth HasselbeckHasselbeck

• The Warner Bros The Warner Bros

Others with Eastern European Origins• (Vładziu Valentino) Liberace Polish

• Peter Lorre (László Löwenstein) Hungary

• Alex Trebek Ukrainian

• Bob Dylan (Zimmerman) Lith, Russian,

Kyrgyz, Turkish

• Jerry Seinfeld Hungarian, Turk

• Chiam (Gene Simmons) Witz Hungarian

• Joan Rivers (Molinsky) Russian

• Bugsy (Benjamin) Siegel(baum) Russian

• Woody Allen (Allan Konigsberg) Russian

• Larry (Louis Feinberg), Curly (Jerome) Russian

• and Moe (Moses Horwitz) Lithuanian

• Estée (Josephine Esther Mentzer) Lauder Hungarian / Czech

• Marishka Hargitay Hungarian

Q:Q: Why is it that, proportionally speaking, there are relatively few people of Russian ancestry in the United States?

US POP ACTUAL POP RANK % RANK

German 47,383,539 81,147,265 2 58.39% 1

Polish 9,477,905 38,383,809 4 24.69% 2

Russian 2,994,598 142,500,482 1 2.10% 9

Czech 1,508,360 10,162,921 6 14.84% 4

Hungarian 1,415,187 9,981,334 7 14.18% 5

Greek 1,280,777 10,772,967 5 11.89% 7

Ukrainian 958,470 44,573,205 3 2.15% 8

Slovak 730,373 5,488,339 8 13.31% 6

Lithuanian 654,004 3,515,858 9 18.60% 3

RussificationRussification• Hard-line Enforcement

- One language, one religion, one ethnicity

- Persecution of Jews, Roma, etc.- Even started banning Jews from

settling / living in the Pale• No ethnic Russians allowed to leave, but…• Jews, Poles, “others” encouraged to leave:

- Belarusians, Lithuanians, Armenians, etc.• Start of Eastern European / USSR

non-Russian migration to U.S.

Tsar Alexander IIITsar Alexander III(1881-1894)(1881-1894)

Reasons for Migration: 20Reasons for Migration: 20thth Century Century

• Social Pressures Social Pressures

• Industrialization and Agricultural Industrialization and Agricultural Projects Projects (Internal)(Internal)– Planned CitiesPlanned Cities

– Primate CitiesPrimate Cities

– Agricultural Campaigns (e.g. “Virgin Lands”) Agricultural Campaigns (e.g. “Virgin Lands”) and Collectivizationand Collectivization

Social Social PressuresPressures

• Russian RevolutionRussian Revolution– Early ‘20s: Virtually all Early ‘20s: Virtually all emigration prohibitedemigration prohibited– Poland = New PalePoland = New Pale

• WWI & WWIIWWI & WWII– ‘000’s IDP’sDP’s (Internally Displaced Persons)(Internally Displaced Persons)– IDP vs. Refugee Refugee vs. Illegal Immigrant– Forced vs. Involuntary w / legal OK vs. Illegal– Most not allowed to return to Russia / USSR

(viewed as traitors)

““Monocities”Monocities”• Stalinization = Industrialization Stalinization = Industrialization • Industrialization = Planned CitiesIndustrialization = Planned Cities

COUNTRYCOUNTRY CITYCITY PRODUCTPRODUCT YEARYEARBelarusBelarus NovopoloskNovopolosk PetrochemicalsPetrochemicals 19581958BelarusBelarus Salihorsk Salihorsk PlasticsPlastics 19581958HungaryHungary Dunaújváros Dunaújváros MetalworkingMetalworking 19511951HungaryHungary Tiszaújváros Tiszaújváros ChemicalsChemicals 19551955LithuaniaLithuania Elektrėnai Elektrėnai PowerplantPowerplant 19611961PolandPoland Nowa HutaNowa Huta SteelSteel 19491949RomaniaRomania VictoriaVictoria IronworksIronworks 19491949RussiaRussia Magnitogorsk Magnitogorsk SteelSteel 19301930UkraineUkraine PripyatPripyat Housing: NukesHousing: Nukes 19701970UkraineUkraine SlavutychSlavutych (Chernobyl Cleanup)(Chernobyl Cleanup) 19861986And many, many more…And many, many more…

Monocities ConstructionMonocities Construction

Nowa HutaNowa Huta

• Three Phases of Construction:1. Factories, housing, power station, railway2. More housing, businesses3. Schools, Community Center, Miscellaneous

• Heavily Industrialized (steel, coal, chemicals, power): Dirty!!• Built from scratch or where small town was• Could be based on other cities (i.e. Pittsburgh)• Often included:

– Living quarters for nearby factory (perhaps the first “bedroom communities?”)

– Large, monolithic housing blocks– Factories– Man-made lake / reservoir– Railway

Nowa Huta (Krakow), PolandNowa Huta (Krakow), Poland

Baikonur, Kazakhstan• Planned city: 1955 Planned city: 1955 • Called Leninsk until 1995Called Leninsk until 1995• Home of Baikonur CosmodromeHome of Baikonur Cosmodrome• ““Leased” by Russia until 2050Leased” by Russia until 2050• Jointly managedJointly managed

……and don’t forget about Laika!and don’t forget about Laika!

The first living creature in space!The first living creature in space!(11/3/57)(11/3/57)

Agricultural MigrationAgricultural Migration

Collectivization (1929-1933):Collectivization (1929-1933):• Land owners lost private land: CollectivizationLand owners lost private land: Collectivization

-- Collective Farm:Collective Farm: smaller farmssmaller farms-- State Farm:State Farm: larger farmslarger farms-Land owners ($$$): Blamed by StalinBlamed by Stalin

•Holodomor: o Ukrainian Genocide (1932-33)Ukrainian Genocide (1932-33)

-- All food removed from UkraineAll food removed from Ukraine-- No food / money / trade / emigration No food / money / trade / emigration allowedallowed

-- By 1933: from 1.5m - 10m By 1933: from 1.5m - 10m deathsdeaths

-- Over ¼ of the Ukrainian Over ¼ of the Ukrainian population diedpopulation died

Rate of Population DeclineRate of Population Decline

The The IronyIrony

USSR / Russia: Net Out-Migration1985-2001

in ‘000s

• Most migration prior to 1991: Internal: by law International: illegal

Rule Changes in Migration:Rule Changes in Migration:Transition from Old to NewTransition from Old to New

OLDOLD NEWNEWNo Out-MigrationNo Out-Migration MuchMuch Out-MigrationOut-MigrationNon-Russians outNon-Russians out Non-Russians inNon-Russians inFled to Israel, US, W Europe Fled to Israel, US, W Europe Head to Israel, US, W Europe Head to Israel, US, W Europe No policyNo policy Still no policy!Still no policy!Internal PassportsInternal Passports International PassportsInternational PassportsCitizenship: Russians only!Citizenship: Russians only! Citizenship: for all ex-USSR Citizenship: for all ex-USSR Educated stayed in USSREducated stayed in USSR “Brain Drain”“Brain Drain”Little ethnic conflict Little ethnic conflict Much ethnic conflictMuch ethnic conflictLittle crime exportLittle crime export Human / organ trafficking, Human / organ trafficking,

Russian mafia, drugs, etc.Russian mafia, drugs, etc.

Sex Industry in Eastern EuropeSex Industry in Eastern Europe**No more gender equality like during Communism****No more gender equality like during Communism**• Women: usually fired first, hired last, underpaidWomen: usually fired first, hired last, underpaid• Excuses to not hire women:Excuses to not hire women:

- No more day care, too complicatedNo more day care, too complicated- Maternity leaveMaternity leave- Jobs are not deemed “vital” for womenJobs are not deemed “vital” for women

• Women: 60%-90% of the unemployed in various Women: 60%-90% of the unemployed in various regions: cities planned for “women’s work” (textiles, regions: cities planned for “women’s work” (textiles, accounting, health)accounting, health)

• After Communism ended, many areas of high female After Communism ended, many areas of high female concentrations remained…and no work concentrations remained…and no work

• Gov’t less concerned about women’s unemploymentGov’t less concerned about women’s unemployment• No laws to protect workplace / hiring discriminationNo laws to protect workplace / hiring discrimination• Many women never get paid or paid up to 70% lessMany women never get paid or paid up to 70% less

Geography of the Sex IndustryGeography of the Sex IndustrySENDING COUNTRIESSENDING COUNTRIES

• RussiaRussia• UkraineUkraine• MoldovaMoldovaAccounts for ~90%!Accounts for ~90%!

RECENT SENDERSRECENT SENDERS• AlbaniaAlbania• LithuaniaLithuania• RomaniaRomania• BelarusBelarus• StansStans

RECEIVING REGIONSRECEIVING REGIONS• Western Europe:Western Europe:

- BelgiumBelgium- CyprusCyprus- GermanyGermany- GreeceGreece- ItalyItaly- NetherlandsNetherlands- TurkeyTurkey- U.K.U.K.

• Middle EastMiddle East- IsraelIsrael- Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia

• United StatesUnited States• JapanJapan

Map of Global Human TraffickingMap of Global Human Trafficking

The Tier System: Degree of Compliance in Enforcing Trafficking Victims Protection Acts (TPVAs)

How the System WorksHow the System Works• Bogus employment agency run by local Mafia

advertising opportunities for women to get ahead:- Work / study abroad (U.S., Western Europe)- At famous resort or fancy restaurant- Au Pair employment

• Passports / ID, money taken upon arrival• Women beaten, forced to work off “placement fee” • Rarely, if ever, can victims buy their freedom• ~70-90% of Russian women who seek work abroad

wind up in the sex industry• ~70% of the slaveowners / “pimps” are women• Few laws, weak enforcement

Sources: National Institute of JusticeUnited NationsCoalition Against Trafficking of WomenTrade Environment Database

Net Migration of Eastern Net Migration of Eastern Europe / EurasiaEurope / Eurasia

• Out of Stans / Transcaucasia into Russia• Out of Eastern Europe into EU Europe• Out of Eastern EU into Western EU

European Union

July 1, 2013: Croatia

And now, introducing your newest EU member:

Impact of the EU

Schengen Area• Schengen

Agreement means no passports required for member states

• Therefore, no passport checking

• 26 countries

In Summary…• Democracy / free market economies

have led to many changes in migration patterns: Economic Opportunities

• MUCHMUCH more international migrationmore international migration• Rural to Urban, E-W, S-NRural to Urban, E-W, S-N• Similar immigration issues to what we Similar immigration issues to what we

have in U.S. (illegals, ag workers, etc.)have in U.S. (illegals, ag workers, etc.)• ““Immigration” control, however, is Immigration” control, however, is

certainly not what it used to be under certainly not what it used to be under Communism.Communism.