MIDTERM TESTS 1 - REVIEW

Relative Clauses1. They join together one common

information in one sentence;2. Relative Pronouns: who(m), which,

that, whose, where, when;3. We can omit the relative pronoun if

it refers to the object of the sentence. If it refers to the subject, we can’t.

4. Defining vs. Non-Defining Relative Clauses

Quantifiers

Countable Uncountable Both

SeveralA few

Quite a fewVery few

ManyA number of

Loads ofHundreds ofDozens ofToo many

A littleVery little

(quite) a bit ofMuch

A great deal ofToo much

A lot ofLots ofEnoughPlenty of

SomeAny

Gerund vs. Infinitive

Gerund Infinitive

1. Subject/Object of a sentence

2. After prepositions3. With certain verbs4. Noun phrases (e.g.:

have difficulty, have trouble)

With to

1. With certain verbs2. Adjectives3. Nouns4. Something/

Nowhere + infinitive

5. Infinitive of Purpose

Without to

1. Modal Verbs

2. ’d better and ’d rather

3. Let, make, help

Linking words

“BUT” “AND” “BECAUSE”

Although / Even though

Despite / In spite ofHowever

NeverthelessOn the other hand

BesidesFurthermoreWhat is more

For this reasonTherefore

Attention!!!

1. Whereas and While2. Although/Even though + clause Despite / In spite of + noun, pronoun or verb (-ing)

Modal Verbs1. should/shouldn’t (advice)2. must/mustn’t (obligation/logical

necessity)3. can (ability/permission/general

possibility)4. could (ability/permission/present or future

possibility) 5. may (permission/present or future

possibility) 6. might (present or future

possibility/permission/reported speech)

Past Modals

MUST CAN MAY (NOT) / MIGHT (NOT)

CAN SHOULD / OUGHT TO

HAD TO (obligation)

MUST HAVE (sth logical)

COULD

WAS ABLE TO

COULD HAVE

MAY (NOT) / MIGHT (NOT) HAVE + P.P.

CAN’T HAVE + P.P. (sth

impossible)

SHOULD / OUGHT TO + HAVE +

P.P.