midterm practice famous fallacies, tftd, hurley 4.1 - 4.7

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Midterm Practice Famous Fallacies, TFTD, Hurley 4.1 - 4.7

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Page 1: Midterm Practice Famous Fallacies, TFTD, Hurley 4.1 - 4.7

Midterm PracticeFamous Fallacies, TFTD, Hurley 4.1 -

4.7

Page 2: Midterm Practice Famous Fallacies, TFTD, Hurley 4.1 - 4.7

For the Midterm …I will provide you with a categorical proposition, like…

All cars that are not Mazdas are cars with good jingles

I’ll ask you for its quality (Affirmative) qualifier (‘All’) quantity (Universal) quantifier (‘All’) copula (‘Are’) distribution (Subject, but not predicate) letter name (‘A’) terms (‘cars that are not Mazdas’=Subject … ‘cars

with good jingles’=predicate)

Page 3: Midterm Practice Famous Fallacies, TFTD, Hurley 4.1 - 4.7

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How many quantifiers are there? List them…

3: ‘All’, ‘No’, and ‘Some’

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How many qualifiers are there? List them…

4: ‘All’ for Universal Affirmative, ‘No’ for universal negative, ‘are’ for particular affirmative, ‘are not’ for particular negative.

Page 5: Midterm Practice Famous Fallacies, TFTD, Hurley 4.1 - 4.7

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Memorize distribution!

All SD are PNo SD are PD

Some S are PSome S are not PD

Page 6: Midterm Practice Famous Fallacies, TFTD, Hurley 4.1 - 4.7

4Standard Form…

Which is in standard form, and why?

No Jimmy Johns subs are slathered in mustard (not this one … ‘slathered in mustard’ is an adjectival phrase, not a noun phrase … a phrase that names a class of objects)

Some eyebrow tweezings are less than pain free procedures

(this one … ‘less than pain-free procedures’ is a noun phrase that names a class of objects that overlaps the class of ‘eyebrow tweezings’)

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Consider:No non-A are B (T) Contrapositiona.Some non-A are B. (F)b.All A are non-B. (Und.)c.No non-B are A. (T)d.Some non-A are not B. (T)e.No non-B are A. (Und.)

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Consider:All A are non-B. (F) Obversiona.All A are non-B. (F)b.All non-B are A. (Und.)c.No A are non-B. (Und.)d.No A are non-B. (F)e.Some non-A are not B. (T)

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Consider:Some A are not non-B. (T) All A are non-B.a.Contraposition (T)b.Contrary (F)c.Conversion (T)d.Obversion (T)e.Contradictory (F)

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Consider:Some non-A are B. (F) Some B are non-A.a.Subcontrary (T)b.Conversion (Und.)c.Contraposition (Und.)d.Conversion (F)e.Contraposition (F)

Page 11: Midterm Practice Famous Fallacies, TFTD, Hurley 4.1 - 4.7

9Assume Aristotle (Traditional standpoint).Consider:Some A are non-B. (F) Some A are not non-

B. (F)a. Illicit, contraryb. Illicit, subalternationc. Subcontraryd. Illicit, subcontrarye.Contraposition

Page 12: Midterm Practice Famous Fallacies, TFTD, Hurley 4.1 - 4.7

10No S are P. (Aristotelian standpoint)

After filling in the diagram …a.Area 2 is shaded, and there is a circled X in area 1.b.Areas 1 and 3 are shaded.c.Area 1 is shaded, and there is a circled X in area 2.d.There is an X in area 2.e.Area 1 is shaded, and there are no other marks.

Page 13: Midterm Practice Famous Fallacies, TFTD, Hurley 4.1 - 4.7

11All S are P. (Boolean standpoint)

After filling in the diagram …a.Areas 1 and 3 are shaded.b.Area 2 is shaded, and there are no other marks.c.Area 1 is shaded, and there is a circled X in area 2.d.There is an X in area 2.e.Area 1 is shaded, and there are no other marks.

Page 14: Midterm Practice Famous Fallacies, TFTD, Hurley 4.1 - 4.7

12Shade area 2 and place an X in area 1.

Which of the following would be valid inferences:a.shaded area 2.b.an X in area 3.c.an X in area 1.d.shaded 1.e.no X’s or shadings.

Page 15: Midterm Practice Famous Fallacies, TFTD, Hurley 4.1 - 4.7

13Shade area 1 and place an X in area 2.

Which of the following would be valid inferences:a.shaded area 2.b.an X in area 3.c.shaded area 1, and X in area 2.d.shaded 1.e.no X’s or shadings.

Page 16: Midterm Practice Famous Fallacies, TFTD, Hurley 4.1 - 4.7

14Assume Aristotle (Traditional standpoint).Consider:No non-A are B. (T) Some non-A are not B.

(F)a. Illicit, subalternationb. Illicit, contradictoryc. Contradictoryd. Illicit, subcontrarye.Conversion

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Assume Boolean (Modern) standpoint.Consider:No A are B. (T) Some A are B. (F)a.Existential fallacyb.Illicit, contradictoryc. Contradictoryd.Illicit, subcontrarye.Conversion

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Assume Boolean (Modern) standpoint.Consider:No A are B. (T) All A are B. (F)a.Existential fallacyb.Illicit, contraryc. Contradictoryd.Illicit, subcontrarye.Conversion

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Assume Aristotle (Traditional standpoint)All red sounds are rough flavors.

Some red sounds are rough flavors.a.Existential fallacyb.Valid, contradictoryc. Valid, subcontraryd.Invalid, subalternatione. Invalid, contrary

Page 20: Midterm Practice Famous Fallacies, TFTD, Hurley 4.1 - 4.7

18Know these Famous Fallacies:

No Fallacy!Ad Hominem (abusive, circumstantial, you too!)Appeal to Pity (ad misericordiam)Appeal to Force (ad baculum)Appeal to the People (ad populum)Appeal to Unqualified Authority (ad vericumdiam)Faulty Dilemma (compare to ultimatum)CompositionDivisionWeak AnalogyHasty Generalization

Page 21: Midterm Practice Famous Fallacies, TFTD, Hurley 4.1 - 4.7

19Know these sorts of definition…

RealGenus-DifferenceVerbalOstensiveOperationalStipulativeReportiveEnumerativeEtymologicalSynonymous

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Know the 3 theories of truth, and their general problems…

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“There were only 2 people in the room at the time of the murder … we can, therefore, exclude the fact that there was a large crowd in the room at that time.”

Is this a correct, or incorrect use of the notion of a fact? (incorrect … facts are facts … you exclude possibilities, not facts)

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Identify the species, genus, and difference at work in these Genus-Difference definitions…

An elephant is an animal with a trunk

A laptop is a computer made to sit in your lap

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22 (continued)

Elephant = animal trunk

Laptop = computer for your lap

Species Genus Difference

Species Genus Difference

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23

Read section 4.7 on your own.

You will have 4 sentences to translate, but none of them will involve converting a single statement into 2 categorical propositions.

Good luck!