middle ages why were the middle ages so dark?. fall of rome
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Middle Ages
Why were the Middle Ages so dark?
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Fall of Rome
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Charlemagne crowned 800 CE
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Charl
em
agne
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Ag Rev 1050-1200
Heavy Plow
3 Field System crop rotation
Use of iron and horses
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William Conqueror 1066
Battle of Hastings
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Seljuk Turks 1071
Muslim Turks begin the process of defeating Byzantine Empire
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First Crusade 1096
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Spain Reconquista
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Magna Carta 1215
King John I
Monarchs were not above the law – not tax arbitrarily
Parliament established under Edward I - 1272
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Mongols in Kiev
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100 Years War 1337
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Feudalism
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Feudalism
Social
Economic
Political
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Ag Rev is a game changer!
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Effects of Ag Rev
Surplus means need a place to sell =
Revival of cities/townsGrowth of trade
Bourgeoisie, Burgher, Burgess
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Craft Guilds
Associations of skilled craftsmen organized by trade
Standardized prices
Regulated training
Modern labor unions
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Merchant Guilds
Regulated trade byTaxing non-members to discourage competitionParticipated actively in local governmentFunctioned as social clubs
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Role of Church
Most powerful institution of in medieval western Europe
Used excommunication to keep people in line
Responsible for education
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Black Death
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Why so deadly?
1/3 of population
Great famine – more susceptible
Move to cities – overcrowded
Cities lack modern sanitation
Lack of medical knowledge to treat
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Effects of Black DeathP – Rents down – new taxes and laws restricting Peasants – Statute of Laborers 1351
R – Jews targeted, pop shift – killed off generation of workers
I – YOLO vs more pious living - flagellants
D – attempts to shut Europe off from spread of plague
E - Rise in prices, workers could demand better wages, opportunities in towns and cities
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Hundred Years War
1337-1453
England vs France
England – victor until 1429
Joan of Arc
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Effects of WarPolitical instability
English Parliament gains influence
France remained divided – Burgundians
Economic drain on both – taxation
Nationalism develops from hating the opposition for 100 yrs
Change in warfareNew weapons – professional armies = breakdown feudalism
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Challenges to RCC
Avignon Papacy (1309 – 1376) Babylonian Captivity
Great Schism (1378 – 1417)Council of Pisa 1409
Council of Constance 1414-1418
Conciliarists
John Wyclif
Jan Hus
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Social TrendsPeasant Revolts
Jacquerie 1358 in France oppressive taxation
English Peasants’ Revolt 1381 – wage freeze
Ethnic tensionIrish discriminated by English
Vernacular Literature provides literacy and unifying force