microwave photonics || index

Index

ABCD transfer matrix 70, 81

acoustic pressure sensors 241–8, 256

ADCs see analogue-to-digital converters

ALMA project 27–8, 86, 105

amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) 176,

203, 206, 209, 228–9

analogue microwave fibre-optic links 133–67

attenuation 140, 142, 156

design options 140–64

detection 143–5

dispersion 143

dynamic range 137–9, 154, 159, 161–4

gain performance 135, 139, 155

input/output port interfaces 150–3

intrinsic fibre-optic links 133–4, 153–64

modulation 146–50

nonlinearity 142, 161–3

optical fibres 141–3

optical wavelength 140–1

performance/limitations 134–40, 153–64

RF microwave signals 133–4, 141, 147,

162–4

signal-to-noise performance 135–7, 154,

156–61

analogue-to-digital converters (ADCs) 7, 30, 195

APDs see avalanche photodiodes

array waveguide grating (AWG) 193, 212–16

ASE see amplified spontaneous emission

attenuation

analogue microwave fibre-optic links 140,

142, 156

characterization of components 293

limits 8–9

Auston switches 114–16

available gain 137

avalanche photodiodes (APDs) 22

AWG see arrayed waveguide grating

backward wave cancellation (BWC) 77–81

backward wave oscillators (BWO) 118

backwards isolation 139

ballistic deflection transistors (BDTs) 125

base station architectures 169–74, 176–81,

183–7

baseband over fibre 31–2, 178–9, 180

BCL see bipolar cascade lasers

BDTs see ballistic deflection transistors

Beer–Lambert law 257–60

BEONs see bilateral electro-optic networks

BER see bit-error rates

biased photoconductive emitters 114–16

bilateral electro-optic networks (BEONs) 316,

321–3, 325–7

bilateral lightwave network analysers

(BLNAs) 324–7

biomedical applications 239–89

broadband NIR systems 270–86

extraction of phantom optical

parameters 282–6

fibre-optic acoustic pressure sensors 241–8

haemoglobin oxygenation 241, 257–61,

272–3

intralipid experiments 277, 278–82

mammography 262–4

near infrared spectroscopy 240–1, 257–86

optical hydrophones 239–40, 241–56

Microwave Photonics: Devices and Applications Edited by Stavros Iezekiel

© 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-84854-8

bipolar cascade lasers (BCL) 61, 62–4

bit-error rates (BER) 8, 179–81, 291

BLNAs see bilateral lightwave network analysers

Bloch effect 122

Brillouin scattering 142, 203, 232–3

broadband

antenna-coupled THz transmitters 105–6

extraction 282–6

frequency domain systems 270–2

NIR systems 270–86

THz signal generation 112–16

BSCCO superconductor 123

BWC see backward wave cancellation

BWO see backward wave oscillators

cable television (CATV) 139–41, 164

carrier density 47–9

carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) 175, 177, 208–9

cascade laser optical links 61–4

CATV see cable television

CDMA see code division multiple access

cellular communications 169

characterization of components 291–332

analyser architectures 316–27

bilateral electro-optic networks 316, 321–3,

325–7

bilateral lightwave network analysers 324–7

coherence length 292, 310–12

E/E components 291–4, 296–7, 304, 306,

308–9, 316–29

E/O converters 294–6, 309, 313–29

envelope S-parameters 302, 304–13

first generation LCAs 317–20

heterodyning 328–9

lightwave component analysis 296–329

limiting assumptions 308–13

linear distortion 309–10

modulated light 293–4, 301–4

O/E converters 294–6, 309, 313–29

O/O components 291–4, 296, 301–13,

316–29

optical cavity effects 312–13

photodiodes 328–9

polarization 292, 310

principles 291–5

S-parameters 291, 296–301, 313–16

second generation LCAs 320–7

two-port self-calibration and

de-embedding 327–8

two-port test sets 322–4

chirp


intensity modulation 11, 13–14, 16

microwave photonic signal processing 200,

217–18, 221–3

chromatic dispersion 143, 293–4

CMRR see common mode rejection ratio

CNR see carrier-to-noise ratio

coaxial cables 9–10

code division multiple access (CDMA) 195

coherence length 292, 310–12

coherent detection 11, 143–5

coherent operation regimes 199

common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) 74

composite triple beat (CTB) 139

continuous wave (CW) lasers


143, 147–9, 155

biomedical applications 240, 257–61, 266

microwave photonic signal processing 204–5

THz signal generation 117

coplanar strips (CPS) 74, 79

coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission

lines 73

cross-phase modulation (XPM) 203

CTB see composite triple beat

CW see continuous wave

DAN see distributed antenna systems

DAST crystals 113

DBR see distributed Bragg reflectors

DBRTD see double barrier resonant tunnelling

diodes

DE-MZM see dual-electrode Mach–Zehnder

modulators

DFB see distributed feedback

DFG see difference frequency generation

DHBT see double heterojunction bipolar

transistors

difference frequency generation (DFG) 116–18

differential detection 226

direct detection 10–11, 143–5

direct modulation 41–65

analogue microwave fibre-optic links

146–7, 152

bipolar cascade lasers 61, 62–4

cascade laser optical links 61–4

high-speed lasers 51–3

optical link gain 49–51

performance/limitations 41–3

334 Index

principles 10–11, 12–15, 18–19

RF photonic links 58–61

RF signal strength 49–51

semiconductor lasers 43–9

signal bandwidth 51–3

signal distortion 41–2, 53–8

spurious free dynamic range 53–8

dispersion 143, 293–4

dispersion-induced power fading 25

dispersion-shifted single-mode fibres 141

distributed antenna systems (DAN) 31

distributed Bragg reflectors (DBR) 44–5, 248

distributed feedback (DFB) lasers

analogue microwave fibre-optic links

143, 147

biomedical applications 253

characterization of components 295, 319

direct modulation 44–6, 59

fibre radio technology 174

microwave photonic signal processing 209

photonic oscillators 102

principles 14–15

doped-fibre lasers 147

double barrier resonant tunnelling diodes

(DBRTD) 120

double heterojunction bipolar transistors

(DHBT) 124–5

drift-diffusion model 93–7

dual-electrode Mach–Zehnder modulators

(DE-MZM) 175–6

dynamic range see spurious-free dynamic range

E/E see electrical-electrical

E/O see electrical-to-optical

EAMs see electro-absorption modulators

EDFAs see erbium-doped fibre amplifiers

edge-coupling 23, 93

electrical-electrical (E/E) components 291–4,

296–7, 304, 306, 308–9, 316–29

electrical telegraphs 3

electrical-to-optical (E/O) converters

applications 26

architectures 10–11

characterization of components 294–6, 309,

313–29

device technology 12–20



O/O components 25–6

properties 7–10

electro-absorption modulators (EAMs) 20

analogue microwave fibre-optic links 148

fibre radio technology 184, 186

microwave photonic signal processing

204, 207

electro-optic (EO) crystals 113–14,

117–18

electro-optical modulators (EOMs) 161, 204–5,

207, 229–32

electromagnetic interference (EMI) 191

electromagnetic spectrum 4

electronic bottleneck 191

EM see external modulation

EMI see electromagnetic interference


EO see electro-optic

EOMs see electro-optical modulators

erbium solid-state/fibre lasers 113

erbium-doped fibre amplifiers (EDFAs)



203, 206, 209, 214, 228–9

principles 25–6

THz signal generation 102

external Bragg cell sensors 247

external interferometric phase sensors

244–5, 256

external modulation (EM) 11, 16–20, 146–8,

153, 158, 203

Fabry–Perot (FP) lasers


146, 148


interferometers 245–7

principles 14–15

resonators 44–5

far-infrared lasers 112

FBGs see fibre Bragg gratings

FDLFs see fibre delay line filters

FDPM see frequency domain photon migration

FELs see free-electron lasers

FETs see field effect transistors

FGDLFs see fibre grating delay line filters

fibre Bragg gratings (FBGs)

biomedical applications 247–8



200, 214, 216–25, 228–9

fibre delay line filters (FDLFs) 210–16

Index 335

fibre grating delay line filters (FGDLFs) 211,

216–25

fibre networks 27

fibre radio technology 169–90

base station architectures 169–74, 176–81,

183–7

baseband over fibre 178–9, 180

enabling technologies 173–81

evolution of radio networks 170

IF over fibre 176–8, 180

optical fibre distribution schemes 170–3


RF over fibre 173–6, 180

signal transport schemes 173–81

trade-offs 179–81

wavelength division multiplexing 171–2,

181–4

fibre-optic (FO) acoustic pressure

sensors 241–8

frequency/wavelength modulated 247–8

intensity modulated 242–3

performance/limitations 256

phase modulated 243–7

fibre-optic (FO) links see analogue microwave

fibre-optic links

fibre-optic (FO) probes 240

fibre-to-the-home (FTTH) 5, 41

field effect transistors (FETs) 125–6

filter reconfiguration 200–1, 202, 222–3

filter tuneability 200, 202, 222–3

finite element model (FEM) 251–2, 255

finite impulse recursive (FIR) 30, 196, 203


five-stage uniform filters 222–3

five-tap transversal filters 229

FO see fibre-optic

four-wave mixing (FWM) 203

FP see Fabry–Perot

Franz–Keldysh effect 148, 161

free dynamic range see spurious free dynamic

range

free spectral range (FSR) 198–9, 201–2, 209,

213–14, 218, 220, 233

free-electron lasers (FELs) 112

frequency-dependent scattering matrices 139

frequency domain measurements 240–1, 257,

264–6, 270–2

frequency domain photon migration

(FDPM) 241, 270–2

frequency modulated sensors 247–8

Fresnel reflectance 248–56

frustrated total internal reflection 243

FSR see free spectral range

FTTH see fibre-to-the-home

full-compression dynamic range 137

FWM see four-wave mixing

gain performance 135, 139, 155, 203–7

gallium arsenide


145, 147

direct modulation 54

external modulation 16, 19

photonic oscillators 93, 101–2

terahertz signal generation 115–16, 121, 125

gallium nitride 126

gallium phosphide 113, 118

gallium selenide 113–14

Golay cells 102–3, 105–6

Gunn diodes 119–20

haemoglobin oxygenation 241, 257–61, 272–3

harmonic distortion (HD) 54–6, 59, 207–9

HBT see heterojunction bipolar transistors

HBV see heterostructure barrier varactor

HD see harmonic distortion

HDTV see high definition television

HEMT see high electron mobility transistor

heterodyning 28, 87–91, 328–9

heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT) 124–5

heterostructure barrier varactor (HBV) 127–8

HFC see hybrid fibre coax

HIC see hybrid integrated circuits

high definition television (HDTV) 31

high electron mobility transistor

(HEMT) 125–6, 186

high-performance radio LAN (HiperLAN) 194

high-power distributed photodetectors 67–83

high-speed lasers 51–3

HiperLAN see high-performance radio LAN

historical development 3–6

hybrid fibre coax (HFC) systems 41, 45

hybrid integrated circuits (HIC) 185

hybrid optoelectronic approach 226–7

I/Q system 266–7

IF over fibre 31–2, 176–8, 180

IIR see infinite impulse recursive

IM see intensity modulation

IMD see intermodulation distortion

336 Index

IMDD see intensity modulation/direct detection

IMPATT diodes 119–20

incoherent regimes 197, 199–200, 209–11,

225–7, 310–12

indium gallium arsenide (phosphide) 145

indium phosphide 19, 54, 107, 125

infinite impulse recursive (IIR) 30, 196–8,

203, 219

input/output port interfaces 150–3

intensity modulation/direct detection (IMDD)

analogue microwave fibre-optic

links 146–52, 157, 163

biological applications 242–3, 264–6

characterization of components 291–2,

296–329


performance/limitations 41, 43

photodetectors 67, 81

principles 10–11, 13

intensity noise 41–2

intensity sensing 248–56

experimental set-up and results 253–6

fibre sensor fabrication 251–3

finite element model 251–2, 255


principles 248–50

transmission line modelling of coated

fibres 250–1

interferometers see Mach–Zehnder

interferometers

intermediate frequency see IF over fibre

intermodal dispersion 143

intermodulation distortion (IMD) 42, 54–9,

138, 207–9

internal interferometric phase sensors 245–7

internet protocol (IP) 170


intrinsic fibre-optic links 133–5, 153–64

intrinsic small-signal gain 135, 153–4

IP see internet protocol

Josephson plasma sources 123

LANs see local area networks

laser diodes



direct modulation 10–11, 12–15,

18–19

external modulation 11, 16–20

intensity modulation response 13

light–current characteristics 12–13


types 14–15, 16–20

laser RIN 67–8, 73–4

LCA see lightwave component analysis

LCFBGs see linearly chirped fibre Bragg gratingsLEDs see light-emitting diodes

light–current characteristics 12–13

light-emitting diodes (LEDs) 260–1

lightwave component analysis 296–329

analyser architectures 231, 316–27

bilateral electro-optic networks 316, 321–3,

325–7

bilateral lightwave network analysers 324–7

coherence length 310–12

component categorisation 296

E/E components 296–7, 304, 306, 308–9,

316–29

E/O converters 296, 309, 313–29



heterodyning 328–9

limiting assumptions 308–13


modulated light 301–4

O/E converters 296, 309, 313–29

O/O components 296, 301–13, 316–29


photodiodes 328–9

polarization 310

S-parameters 291, 296–301, 313–16


two-port self-calibration and

de-embedding 327–8


limited spectral period see free spectral range


linear time invariant (LTI) systems 302, 312

linearly chirped fibre Bragg gratings

(LCFBGs) 200, 217–18, 221–3

link gain 67–8

link loss 9–10

lithium niobate 16–19, 141, 155, 302

LMDS see local multipoint distribution systems

LO see local oscillators

local area networks (LANs) 169, 170, 174,

178–9, 187

local multipoint distribution systems

(LMDS) 170, 173, 176, 179–81, 187

Index 337

local oscillators (LO) 86, 108–9, 173–4,

177–81

low-biasing technique 158–9

low-cost VCSELs 58–61

LTI see linear time invariant

Mach–Zehnder filters 218–21

Mach–Zehnder interferometers (MZI) 244–7

analogue microwave fibre-optic

links 148–50, 153, 155, 158–64


Mach–Zehnder modulators (MZM)

characterization of components 302–3, 319


microwave photonic signal

processing 229–31

principles 5, 16–20, 23–4

signal processing 29–30

main-to-secondary lobe ratio (MSLR) 200–1

mammography 262–4

MANs see metropolitan area networks

MBE see molecular beam epitaxy

metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM)

photodetectors 69, 75, 92–3, 101

metropolitan area networks (MANs) 171–2

microchip lasers 28

microwave fibre-optic links see analogue

microwave fibre-optic links

microwave photonic signal processing

(MWPSP) 191–237

advantages over RF signal processing 192–3

applications 193–6

coherent operation regimes 199

electrical performance 203–9

fibre delay line filters 210–16

fibre grating delay line filters 211, 216–25

fibre nonlinearities 202–3

filter reconfiguration 200–1, 202

filter tuneability 200, 202

fundamental concepts 196–201

gain performance 203–7

harmonic distortion 207–9

incoherent operation regimes 197, 199–200,

209–11, 225–7

intermodulation distortion 207–9

noise figure 205–7

optical performance 201–3


principles 29–30

MICs see monolithic integrated circuits

Millimetric Waveguide 3

mismatch gain 50–1, 60

MLLD see mode-locked laser diodes

MMF see multimode fibre

MMI see multimode interference

MMICs see monolithic microwave integrated

circuits

mode-locked laser diodes (MLLD) 91

molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) 120

molecular lasers 112

monolithic integrated circuits (MICs) 185–7

monolithic microwave integrated circuits

(MMICs) 4, 215–16, 227

moving target identification (MTI) 194–5

MQW see multiple quantum well

MS-TWDP see multisection travelling wave

distributed photodetectors

MSLR see main-to-secondary lobe ratio

MSM see metal–semiconductor–metal

MTI see moving target identification

multilayer hydrophones 246–7

multimode fibre (MMF) 178

multimode interference (MMI) 24, 74–5

multiple quantum well (MQW) modulators 20

multiplication 126–8

multisection travelling wave distributed

photodetectors (MS-TWDP) 78–81

MWPSP see microwave photonic signal

processing

MZI see Mach–Zehnder interferometers

MZM see Mach–Zehnder modulators

narrowband photonic oscillators 106–9

Nd-YAG lasers 117

NDR see negative differential resistance

near infrared lasers 116–18

near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy 257–86

broadband systems 270–86

continuous wave measurement 240, 257–61,

266

design considerations 272–8

extraction of phantom optical

parameters 282–6

frequency domain measurements 240–1,

257, 264–6, 270–2

I/Q system 266–7

intensity modulated sensors 264–6


phased-array systems 267–70

principles 240–1, 257

338 Index

time domain measurements 240, 257

time-resolved reflectance

spectroscopy 262–4, 266

negative differential resistance (NDR) 119–21

NEP see noise equivalent power

NF see noise figure

NIR see near infrared

noise equivalent power (NEP) 102, 245

noise figure (NF)

analogue microwave fibre-optic links 136–7,

156–61

direct modulation 42


RF photonics 67–8

nonlinearity


161–3

characterization of components 292, 314


see also spurious-free dynamic range

notch filters 212–13, 228

O/E see optical-to-electrical

O/O see optical-optical

OEOs see optoelectronic oscillators

OFCGs see optical frequency comb generators

OFDM see orthogonal frequency division

multiplexing

OMD see optical modulation depth

OP see optical prefiltering

OPO see optical parametric oscillators

OPPLs see optical phase locked loops

optical amplifiers 211


optical clouds 198–9

optical density 257–60, 277

optical down-conversion 112–18

optical fibres 5, 7, 24–5, 170–3

optical frequency comb generators (OFCGs) 28

optical gain 47–8

optical heterodyning 87–91

optical hydrophones

fibre-optic acoustic pressure sensors 241–8

intensity sensing 248–56


principles 239–40

optical link gain 49–51

optical modulation depth (OMD) 53

optical parametric oscillators (OPO) 117

optical phase locked loops (OPPLs) 28

optical prefiltering (OP) 196

optical rectification 113–14

optical single sideband generation (OSSB) 16

optical single sideband with carrier

(OSSB þ C) 175–7, 179, 181–2, 184

optical time domain reflectometry

(OTDR) 291, 308–9

optical-optical (O/O) components

characterization 291–4, 296, 301–13, 316–29

principles 7, 24–6

optical-to-electrical (O/E) converters

applications 26

characterization of components 294–6, 309,

313–29



O/O components 25–6

photodetection 10–11, 21–4

properties 7–10

optoelectronic oscillators (OEOs) 28–9

optoelectronics 5–6

orthogonal frequency division multiplexing

(OFDM) 25

OSSB see optical single sideband generation

OSSBþ C see optical single sideband with carrierOTDR see optical time domain reflectometry

p-Ge lasers 112

p-i-n junctions



photodetectors 22–3, 69, 73, 75–6

photonic oscillators 92, 93–7

p-n photodetectors 92

PANs see personal area networks

parallel optical feed photodetectors 74–7

passive attenuation limit 156

PDW see photon density waves

personal area networks (PANs) 169

phase induced intensity noise (PIIN) 207

phase matching 113–14

phase modulated sensors 243–7

phase shift keying 10

phased-array systems 267–70

photoconductive emitters 117

photodetectors


backward wave cancellation 77–81


high-power distributed 67–83

Index 339

photodetectors (Continued )parallel optical feed 74–7


photonic oscillators 88–101, 107

principles 10–11, 21–4

RF photonic devices 67–83

transmission line model design

tool 70–1

travelling wave 69–70, 74, 77–81

types 69–70

velocity match distributed 69–76, 81

photodiodes




see also photodetectors

photomixing see optical heterodyning

photomultiplier tubes (PMT) 267

photon density waves (PDW) 241, 264–7

photonic oscillators (PO) 86–110


narrowband 106–9



photodetectors 88–101

THz signal generation 86–110

THz sources 86–8

transmission line model 97–101

travelling wave photodetectors 88, 91,

92–101, 103–9

wideband 102–6

picocells 31

PIIN see phase induced intensity noise

PIN junctions see p-i-n junctions

plasma wave devices 126

PM see polarization-maintaining

PMD see polarization mode dispersion

PMT see photomultiplier tubes

PN see p-nPO see photonic oscillators

Pockels effect 16, 19

polarization 201, 292, 310

polarization mode dispersion (PMD) 143

polarization-maintaining (PM) single-mode

fibres 141

positive coefficients 201

PRF see pulse repetition frequency

propagation loss 7

pulse broadening 292

pulse repetition frequency (PRF) 194

pulsed lasers 117

pulsed-time scanning mammography 262–4

quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) 86–7, 119, 122

quantum confined Stark effect (QCSE) 20

quantum well lasers (QWL) 44, 49

quantum-confined Stark effect 148, 161

quasi-ballistic electron reflection (Q-BER) 128

radio astronomy 27

radio frequency (RF)


141, 147, 162–4

biomedical applications 253, 267–8, 273–4


direct modulation 49–51, 58–61


impedance matching networks 253

photonic devices 67–83

signal processing 191–2, 195, 203–5, 221–6,

232–3

transversal filters 221–4

see also microwave photonic signal processing

radio networks see fibre radio technology

radio over fibre (RoF) 27, 30–2, 194, 203

Raman scattering 142, 203

reconfigurability 200–1, 202, 222–3

rectangular waveguides 102–5

reflection type sensors 242–3

relative intensity noise (RIN)


biomedical applications 255, 271


resonant tunnelling diodes (RTDs) 120–1

RF see radio frequency

RF over fibre (RoF) 31–2, 173–6, 180

RIN see relative intensity noise

RoF see radio over fibre; RF over fibre

RTDs see resonant tunnelling diodes

S-parameters 291, 296–301

scanning electron micrography (SEM) 80, 107

scattering matrices 139

scattering transfer parameters 300

SCH see separate confinement heterostructure

schlieren technique 243

Schottky diodes 127–8

SCM see subcarrier multiplexed

SCML see subcarrier multiplexed label

SDE see standard diffusion equation

340 Index


second-order distortions 41–2, 54, 56–7

self-phase modulation (SPM) 203

SEM see scanning electron micrography

semiconductor lasers 5, 43–9

semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOAs) 25–6,

199, 206, 209, 227

separate confinement heterostructure (SCH)

44, 49

SFDR see spurious-free dynamic range

signal bandwidth 51–3

signal distortion 41–2, 53–8

signal generation 27–9

signal processing see microwave photonic signal

processing

signal transport 26–7, 173–81

signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) 22


154, 156–61


single-frequency tuneable emission 116–18

single-mode fibres 9–10, 23, 25, 29, 294

single sideband (SSB) modulation 302–4

sinusoidal oscillators 4–5

SIS see superconductor–insulator–

superconductor

six-tap transversal filters 230

SKA project 27

SLEDs see superlattice electron devices

SLMs see spatial light modulators

slot antenna-coupled THz transmitters 106–9

SNR see signal-to-noise ratio

SOAs see semiconductor optical amplifiers

solid-state lasers 147

solid-state oscillators 108–9

source coherence 201

spatial light modulators (SLMs) 216

SPM see self-phase modulation

spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR)


154, 159, 161–4


direct modulation 42–3, 53–8, 60–1

high-power distributed photodetectors 67–83


RF photonic devices 67–8

SSB see single sideband

standard diffusion equation (SDE) 264

stimulated Brillouin scattering 142, 203, 232–3

stimulated Raman scattering 142, 203

subcarrier multiplexed label (SCML) 195–6

subcarrier multiplexed (SCM) signals

173–4, 181

superconductor–insulator–superconductor (SIS)

mixers 86, 106–9

superconductors 123

superlattice electron devices (SLEDs) 120,

121–2

switched propagation paths 200

tapered fibre Bragg gratings (TFBGs) 225

telegraphs 3

terahertz (THz) signal generation

biased photoconductive emitters 114–16

broadband antenna-coupled 105–6

broadband THz generation 112–16

difference frequency generation 116–18

electro-optic crystals 113–14, 117–18

electronic sources 118–28

far-infrared lasers 112

field effect transistors 125–6

free-electron lasers 112

heterojunction bipolar transistors 124–5

Josephson plasma sources 123

laser sources 111–18

molecular lasers 112

multiplication 126–8

narrowband photonic oscillators 106–9

optical down-conversion 112–18


optical rectification 113–14

p-Ge lasers 112

photoconductive emitters 117

photonic oscillators 86–110

plasma wave devices 126

quantum cascade lasers 119, 122

resonant tunnelling diodes 120–1

single-frequency tuneable emission 116–18

slot antenna-coupled 106–9

superlattice electron devices 120, 121–2

three-terminal devices 124–6

THz sources 86–8, 111–29

travelling wave photodetectors 92–101, 103–9

two-terminal devices 119–23

waveguide-coupled 102–5

wideband photonic oscillators 102–6

TFBGs see tapered fibre Bragg gratings

third-order distortions 54–9

THz see terahertz

Ti-sapphire lasers 113, 115–16

Index 341

time domain measurements 240, 257

time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy

(TRS) 262–4, 266

transferred electron devices see Gunn diodes

transistor outline (TO) cans 273–6

transit time 124

transmission line model 70–1, 97–101, 250–1

transmission type sensors 243

transversal filters 210–11, 219, 221–7, 229–30

travelling wave photodetectors (TWPDs)



photodiodes 23–4

photonic oscillators 88, 91, 92–101, 103–9

RF photonics 69–70, 74, 77–81

terahertz signal generation 92–101, 103–9

transmission line model 97–101

TRS see time-resolved reflectance spectroscopy

tuneability 200, 202, 222–3

TUNNETT diodes 119–20


two-stage notch filters 212–13, 228

TWPD see travelling wave photodetectors

ultrafast lasers 112–16

ultrasound see optical hydrophones

uni-travelling-carrier (UTC) photodetectors

fibre radio technology 174–5, 186

photodiodes 24, 72

photonic oscillators 92–3

uniform fibre Bragg gratings (UFBGs) 228

universal mobile telecommunications systems

(UMTC) 194

vector network analysers (VNAs) 297–8,

303–5, 307, 313, 316, 320–4

velocity match distributed photodetectors

(VMDP) 69–76, 81

velocity matching 18

vertical cavity surface emitting lasers

(VCSELs) 14–15


direct modulation 44–5, 50, 58–61


low-cost 58–61

waveguide photodetectors (WGPD) 69, 76, 93,

102–5

wavelength division multiplexed (WDM)

systems


fibre radio technology 171–2, 181–4


principles 23, 25

wavelength modulated sensors 247–8

wavelength-interleaved multiplexer

(WI-MUX) 181

wavelength-interleaved optical add-drop

multiplexer (WI-OADM) 181–2, 184

wideband photonic oscillators 102–6

XGM wavelength conversion 227

XPM see cross-phase modulation

ytterbium solid-state/fibre lasers 113

zinc telluride 113–14

342 Index

microwave photonics || index

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