microsoft basic computer training by pyc,ict,uol
TRANSCRIPT
Motherboard is
Multi-layered printed circuit boardCopper circuit paths called traces or
buses carry signals and voltages across the motherboard
Some layers carry data for input/output while other layers carry voltage
Motherboard
Holds The ProcessorMemoryExpansion SlotsConnects Directly or
Indirectly to Every Part of The PC
Basic Motherboard
IT Fundamentals 4
Types of ports
Serial ports
Parallel ports
Firewire Ports
USB Ports
Expansion Cards
Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)
Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)
Basic Input/Output System
All motherboards include a small block of Read Only Memory (ROM) which is separate from the main system memory used for loading and running software. The ROM contains the PC’s BIOS.
CMOS RAM
Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS)
Motherboards include a separate block of memory made for low power consumption CMOS RAM chips, which is kept alive by a battery even when the PC’s power is off.
The Computer Continuum 3-8
Input Devices
Input hardware: Those that deal with original data. Keyboard Mouse Voice recognition hardware Scanner Digital camera
The Computer Continuum 3-9
Input Devices
Type of AccessSequential - Obtained by proceeding
through the storage medium from the beginning until the designated area is reached (as in magnetic tape).
Random Access - Direct access (as in floppy and hard disks).
The Computer Continuum 3-10
Primary Memory Primary storage or memory: Is where the data and
program that are currently in operation or being accessed
are stored during use. Consists of electronic circuits:
Extremely fast and expensive. Two types:
RAM (non-permanent) • Programs and data can be stored here for the
computer’s use.• Volatile: All information will be lost once the
computer shuts down.ROM (permanent)
• Contents do not change.
CENG 351 11
Secondary Storage Devices
Two major types of secondary storage devices:
1. Direct Access Storage Devices (DASDs) Magnetic Discs
Hard disks (high capacity, low cost, fast) Floppy disks (low capacity, lower cost, slow)
Optical Disks CD-ROM = (Compact disc, read-only memory
2. Serial Devices Magnetic tapes (very fast sequential access)
Lesson 3 The CPU 12
The Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The Central Processing Unit is a silicon chip that is the ‘brain’ of of a computer system.
Control unit (CU)
Arithmetic and Logic unit (ALU)
Registers
It executes program instructions and data and controls all the devices within the machine
It’s internal organisation (architecture) consists of 3 main parts:
Lesson 3 The CPU 13
Inside the CPU
Control UnitArithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
Other registers
Memory Address Register
Memory Data
Register
Main Memory
Address bus
Data bus
Control Bus (Read / Write)
Electronic clock
Clock pulses
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Plug and Play Devices
Installed devices detected automatically
Detected devices configured automatically May need to locate or update device
driver
70-290: MCSE Guide to Managing a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment
15
Installing Ethernet Adapter
NETWORKS ARE BROKEN INTO 3 TOPOLOGIES. THEY ARE:
· BUS TOPOLOGY
· STAR TOPOLOGY
· RING TOPOLOGY
Basics of Networking
BUS TOPOLOGY ALLOWS INFORMATION TO BE DIRECTED FROM ONE COMPUTER TO THE OTHER. LOTS OF BINARY COLLISION THOUGH.
Basics of Networking
STAR TOPOLOGY IS THE MOST COMMON TYPE USED. ALL COMPUTERS ARE ATTACHED TO A HUB. LESS COLLISIONS AND MOST EFFICIENT.
Basics of Networking
RING TOPOLOGY- USES A TOKEN TO PASS INFORMATION FROM 1 COMPUTER TO THE OTHER. A TOKEN IS ATTACHED TO THE MESSAGE BY THE SENDER TO IDENTIFY WHICH COMPUTER SHOULD RECEIVE THE MESSAGE. AS THE MESSAGE MOVES AROUND THE RING, EACH COMPUTER EXAMINES THE TOKEN. IF THE COMPUTER IDENTIFIES THE TOKEN AS ITS OWN, THEN IT WILL PROCESS THE INFORMATION.
Basics of Networking
A DISADVANTAGE OF A TOKEN RING IS IF ONE COMPUTER IS BROKEN OR DOWN, THE MESSAGE CANNOT BE PASSED TO THE OTHER COMPUTERS.
Basics of Networking
Wiring: 1-3 White/Orange2-6 Orange3-1 White/Green6-2 Green4-4 Blue5-5 White/Blue7-7 White/Brown8-8 Brown
Typical Crossover Cable
Basics of Networking
TWISTED SHIELDED PAIR – USED IN PHONE LINES, NETWORKS
UNSHIELDED TWISTED PAIR “ “ “ “
COAXIAL CABLE – USED IN CABLEVISION GREAT FOR VIDEO
FIBRE OPTIC CABLES - USES LIGHT TO CARRY SIGNAL BUT HARD TO WORK WITH AND LOOSES SIGNAL OVER LONGER DISTANCES
COMMUNICATION CHANNELS
Basics of Networking
Crimping Tool Hub
Basics of Networking
LAN (Local Area Network)
A network of computers that are in the same physical location, such as home or building
Usually connected using Ethernet A standard on how computers communicate over a
shared media (cable)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Ethernet_RJ45_connector_p1160054.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:BNC_connector.jpg
Old: BNC connector for coaxial cable New: RJ45 for twisted pair cable
WLAN (Wireless LAN)
Wi-Fi (Wireless Fidelity) A wireless technology that connects computers
without cables Access Point (AP)
A device (base station) that connects wireless devices together
Usually connected to a wired-network ESSID (Extended Service Set ID)
A “name” for the AP, eg. mobilenet Hotspot
The area covered by wireless access points
Dial-up Services
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network 2 data channel (56K each) 1 voice channel
Broadband Services
xDSL (Digital Subscriber Line) A technology that provides digital data transmission
over unused frequencies on traditional telephone lines
For example, ADSL (Asymmetric DSL): DL > UL Speed
Downlink• 128Kbps - 4Mbps
Uplink• 64Kbps - 800Kbps
Splitters are needed to separate the voice and data signal
Broadband Services
Cable A technology that provides digital data transmission
over cable TV infrastructure Speed
Downlink• 128Kbps - 3~5Mbps
Uplink• 64Kbps - 128Kbps~1Mbps
Need a cable modem
Broadband Services
Satellite A technology that provide digital data transmission
over satellites Speed
Downlink• 500Kbps - 1Mbps
Uplink• 50Kbps - 100Kbps
Need a satellite dish
WAN (Wide Area Network)
A LAN spans a large geographic area, such as connections between cities
Usually connected using leased line T1 (1.5Mbps) T3 (45Mbps) OC3 (155Mbps) OC12 (622Mbps) OC48 (2.4Gbps)
Fiber optic lines
Telecommunication lines
Hub/Switch/Router
To connect multiple segments of networks into a larger one
Hub A multiport repeater to enhance signal
within the same LANSwitch
Like hub but with intelligent Better performance
Router Forward packets from one LAN to
another
Intranet vs. Internet
Intranet A private network that is contained
within an enterprise Could be LANs and WANs
Internet A public network of networks
Both are using TCP/IP
Host & IP Address
Correction from the book:“A host is a computer connected
directly to the Internet”“You home computer is not a host”
Each host needs an IP addressIP address
A 32-bit number, arranged in 4 numbers seperated by “.”
Eg. 74.125.19.147
IP structure
5 Classes of IP address A B C D and E
Class A reserved for governments
Class B reserved for medium companies
Class C reserved for small companies
IP structure
Class D are reserved for multicasting
Class E are reserved for future use
IP structure
Class A begins 1 to 126
Class B begins 128 to 191
Class C begins 192 to 223
Subnetting - Why?
Division of local networks
Greater number of networks
Simplifies addressing
DNS (Domain Name System)
Domain name to IP address conversion Eg. www.google.com → ??.???.??.??
Domain name or IP address lookup http://cqcounter.com/whois/
v6 Addresses
IPv4 - 32 bits arranged in four octects
IPv6 - 128 bits arranged in 32 nibbles
10.0.0.100001010.00000000.00000000.0
0000013ffe:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:
0001(0011-1111-1111-1110:0000-0000-0000-0000: ug … Too many bits!)
v6 Addresses
IPv4 - 32 bits arranged in four octects
IPv6 - 128 bits arranged in 32 nibbles
10.0.0.100001010.00000000.00000000.0
0000013ffe:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:
0001(0011-1111-1111-1110:0000-0000-0000-0000: ug … Too many bits!)
v6 Addresses
IPv4 - 32 bits arranged in four octects
IPv6 - 128 bits arranged in 32 nibbles
10.0.0.100001010.00000000.00000000.0
0000013ffe:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:
0001(0011-1111-1111-1110:0000-0000-0000-0000: ug … Too many bits!)
Firewalls
Firewalls provide protection against outside attackers by shielding your computer or network from malicious or unnecessary Internet
Firewalls can be configured to block data from certain locations while allowing the relevant and necessary data through
Firewalls can either be hardware and/or software based.
Firewalls
Windows XP/Vista /7 have a built in firewall
Some anti-virus software provide firewall
Blocks traffic based on... Content User Patterns Ports
The Big Picture
NetworkSwitch
InternetInternet
DSL Modem
DSL Modem)))
Firewall
What is Spyware?
Spyware is software that is installed on a user’s computer, many times without their knowledge, that sends out private information about you and your computer usage.
Spy-Ware
Degrades PC/internet performanceBrowser HijackingAnti-Spyware software:
Ad-Aware by Lavasoft Grisoft's AVG Anti-Spyware 7.5, Microsoft's Windows Defender 1.1
(free) Safer Networking's Spybot Search &
Destroy Webroot's Spy Sweeper 5.5-Vista
What is DHCP Addressing
“Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol” (RFC 2131)
Automatically assigns IP addresses to devices (I.e. hosts) on your network Prevents having to manually enter data Prevents typos that can cause connectivity
problems or disrupt the network (e.g., exchanging IP address and gateway address)
48
Voice over the IP
A recent application of Internet technology – Voice over IP (VoIP): Transmission of voice over Internet
How VoIP works
Continuously sample audio Convert each sample to digital form Send digitized stream across Internet in packets Convert the stream back to analog for playback
Why VoIP IP telephony is economic; High costs for traditional
telephone switching equipments.
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Voip Cont…
Challenge Voice transmission delay Call setup: call establishment, call termination,
etc. Backward compatibility with existing PSTN
(Public Switched Telephone Network)
IP Telephony Standards: ITU (International Telecommunication Union)
controls telephony standards. IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) controls
TCP/IP standards.
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Interconnection with Others
Media gateway: translates audio between IP network and PSTN.
Signaling Gateway: translates signaling operations.
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Signaling Protocols
Two major protocols: H.323, SIP
H.323, invented by ITU, defines four elements that comprising a signaling system: Terminal: IP phone Gatekeeper: provides location and signaling
functions; coordinates operation of Gateway. Gateway: used to interconnect IP telephone
system with PSTN, handling both signaling and media translation.
Multipoint Control Unit: provides services such as multipoint conferencing.