microevolution & macroevolution the changes of nature that shows us that some of darwin’s...

Microevolution & Microevolution &

MacroevolutionMacroevolution The changes of nature that shows us that some of The changes of nature that shows us that some of

Darwin’s hypotheses are correct – on a small scale, within Darwin’s hypotheses are correct – on a small scale, within species.species.

CYC 2011CYC 2011

Could parallel evolution Could parallel evolution occur?occur?

If the evolution model is valid, wings have If the evolution model is valid, wings have “evolved” four different times: in insects, in “evolved” four different times: in insects, in flying reptiles, in birds, and in bats.flying reptiles, in birds, and in bats.

If the evolution model is valid, eyes have If the evolution model is valid, eyes have “evolved” at least three times independently. “evolved” at least three times independently.

If something as complex as the eye has If something as complex as the eye has appeared several times, in the squid, in appeared several times, in the squid, in vertebrates, and in arthropods, it seems vertebrates, and in arthropods, it seems impossible that chance or randomness alone impossible that chance or randomness alone caused its origin.caused its origin.

Life is complex!Life is complex!

Life contains an organized structure that we refer to as DNA. Life contains an organized structure that we refer to as DNA.

Our complex systems are all, in the case of every known Our complex systems are all, in the case of every known organism, reproduced and assembled on the basis of organism, reproduced and assembled on the basis of “instructions” built into the DNA molecular system.“instructions” built into the DNA molecular system.

The DNA molecule not only has information required for the The DNA molecule not only has information required for the synthesis of the specific protein molecules needed by the cell, synthesis of the specific protein molecules needed by the cell, but also for its own replication. Therefore, reproduction and but also for its own replication. Therefore, reproduction and inheritance depend directly upon the DNA molecule, which is inheritance depend directly upon the DNA molecule, which is organized differently and specifically for each type of organism.organized differently and specifically for each type of organism.

DNA can only be replicated with the specific help of certain DNA can only be replicated with the specific help of certain protein molecules, which, in turn, can only produce at the protein molecules, which, in turn, can only produce at the direction of DNA. Each depends on the other, and both must be direction of DNA. Each depends on the other, and both must be present for replication to take place.present for replication to take place.

DNA discoveries call the science of “evolution” completely into DNA discoveries call the science of “evolution” completely into question.question.

Probability . . .Probability . . .

The probability of a complex system arising The probability of a complex system arising instantly by chance is calculated by modern instantly by chance is calculated by modern scientist to occur successfully at the rate of scientist to occur successfully at the rate of 1:101:10

Microevolution: what is it?Microevolution: what is it?

Microevolution is evolution on a small scale — within a single population. That means narrowing our focus to one branch of the tree of life.

If you could zoom in on one branch of the tree of life scale — the insects, for example — you would see another phylogeny relating all the different insect lineages. If you continue to zoom in, selecting the branch representing beetles, you would see another phylogeny relating different beetle species. You could continue zooming in until you saw the relationships between beetle populations.

Defining “Populations”Defining “Populations”

For animals, it's fairly easy to decide what a For animals, it's fairly easy to decide what a population is. It is a group of organisms that population is. It is a group of organisms that interbreed with each other — that is, they all interbreed with each other — that is, they all share a gene pool. So for our species of beetle, share a gene pool. So for our species of beetle, that might be a group of individuals that all live that might be a group of individuals that all live on a particular mountaintop and are potential on a particular mountaintop and are potential mates for one another. Biologists who study mates for one another. Biologists who study evolution at this level define evolution as a evolution at this level define evolution as a change in gene frequency within a population.change in gene frequency within a population.

Detecting Detecting microevolutionary microevolutionary

changechange Microevolution is defined as a change in gene frequency in a population and a Microevolution is defined as a change in gene frequency in a population and a

population as a group of organisms that share a common gene pool — like all population as a group of organisms that share a common gene pool — like all the individuals of one beetle species living on a particular mountaintop.the individuals of one beetle species living on a particular mountaintop.

Imagine that you go to the mountaintop this year, sample these beetles, and Imagine that you go to the mountaintop this year, sample these beetles, and determine that 80% of the genes in the population are for green coloration determine that 80% of the genes in the population are for green coloration and 20% of them are for brown coloration. You go back the next year, repeat and 20% of them are for brown coloration. You go back the next year, repeat the procedure, and find a new ratio: 60% green genes to 40% brown genes. the procedure, and find a new ratio: 60% green genes to 40% brown genes. http://evolution.berkeley.edu http://evolution.berkeley.edu

Mechanisms of microevolutionMechanisms of microevolution

MUTATION;MUTATION;

MIGRATION;MIGRATION;

GENETIC DRIFT;GENETIC DRIFT;

Imagine that you observe an increase in the Imagine that you observe an increase in the frequency of brown coloration genes and a frequency of brown coloration genes and a decrease in the frequency of green coloration decrease in the frequency of green coloration genes in a beetle population. Any combination of genes in a beetle population. Any combination of the mechanisms of microevolution might be the mechanisms of microevolution might be responsible for the pattern, and part of the responsible for the pattern, and part of the scientist's job is to figure out which of these scientist's job is to figure out which of these mechanisms caused the change.mechanisms caused the change.

MutationMutation

Some "green genes" randomly mutated to Some "green genes" randomly mutated to "brown genes" (although since any particular "brown genes" (although since any particular mutation is rare, this process alone cannot mutation is rare, this process alone cannot account for a big change in allele frequency account for a big change in allele frequency over one generation).over one generation).

MigrationMigration

Some beetles with brown genes immigrated Some beetles with brown genes immigrated from another population, or some beetles from another population, or some beetles carrying green genes emigrated.carrying green genes emigrated.

Genetic driftGenetic drift

When the beetles reproduced, just by random luck more When the beetles reproduced, just by random luck more brown genes than green genes ended up in the offspring. In brown genes than green genes ended up in the offspring. In the diagram at right, brown genes occur slightly more the diagram at right, brown genes occur slightly more frequently in the offspring (29%) than in the parent frequently in the offspring (29%) than in the parent generation (25%).generation (25%).

Natural SelectionNatural Selection

Beetles with brown genes escaped predation Beetles with brown genes escaped predation and survived to reproduce more frequently and survived to reproduce more frequently than beetles with green genes, so that more than beetles with green genes, so that more brown genes got into the next generation.brown genes got into the next generation.

What does the Bible say What does the Bible say about Microevolution?about Microevolution?

The Bible says nothing about microevolution.The Bible says nothing about microevolution.

This is a scientific process which is well-This is a scientific process which is well-documented within scientific research.documented within scientific research.

Microevolution, or “evolution” Microevolution, or “evolution” withinwithin a a species does not contradict the Bible in any species does not contradict the Bible in any way.way.

Biblical scholars sometimes call Biblical scholars sometimes call microevolution “Variation” which is microevolution “Variation” which is observable, scientific and Biblical.observable, scientific and Biblical.

Microevolution is Microevolution is supported by biologic supported by biologic

evidenceevidence

There are many examples of There are many examples of microevolution happening within microevolution happening within nature. nature.

Here are a few:Here are a few:

Ancient Penguin DNA Ancient Penguin DNA Reveals Microevolution Reveals Microevolution

on Ice: on Ice: Using perfectly preserved, ancient DNA, scientists Using perfectly preserved, ancient DNA, scientists

have demonstrated microevolution in a single have demonstrated microevolution in a single species over a span of some 6,000 years.species over a span of some 6,000 years.

The researchers examined well-preserved bones The researchers examined well-preserved bones of Adélie penguins of Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae)(Pygoscelis adeliae) found in found in Antarctica and compared them to the birds' living Antarctica and compared them to the birds' living descendants.descendants.

The scientists discovered small changes in gene The scientists discovered small changes in gene frequency, the relative percentage of an allele frequency, the relative percentage of an allele compared to nearby genes. Alleles are different compared to nearby genes. Alleles are different forms of a gene (the code for blue or brown eyes, forms of a gene (the code for blue or brown eyes, for example) that are inherited from each parent for example) that are inherited from each parent and that occupy a given space on a chromosomeand that occupy a given space on a chromosome..

Ancient Penguin DNA Ancient Penguin DNA Reveals Microevolution Reveals Microevolution

on Ice: on Ice: The evolutionary changes in the penguin The evolutionary changes in the penguin

genes have several possible causes. The most genes have several possible causes. The most likely may be a recurring natural event in the likely may be a recurring natural event in the birds' environment—the mega-icebergs that birds' environment—the mega-icebergs that intermittently alter the ways the penguins intermittently alter the ways the penguins migrate and breed.migrate and breed.

Biology professor David Lambert said that Biology professor David Lambert said that while many people might assume that natural while many people might assume that natural selection propels evolution, "virtually all selection propels evolution, "virtually all biologists define evolution as changes in gene biologists define evolution as changes in gene frequencies over time."frequencies over time."

The size of the sparrow:The size of the sparrow:

House sparrows were introduced to North House sparrows were introduced to North America in 1852. Since that time, the America in 1852. Since that time, the sparrows have “evolved” different sparrows have “evolved” different characteristics in different locations. characteristics in different locations. Sparrow populations in the north are Sparrow populations in the north are larger-bodied than sparrow populations in larger-bodied than sparrow populations in the south. This divergence in populations the south. This divergence in populations is probably at least partly a result of is probably at least partly a result of natural selection: larger-bodied birds can natural selection: larger-bodied birds can often survive lower temperatures than often survive lower temperatures than smaller-bodied birds can. Colder weather smaller-bodied birds can. Colder weather in the north probably selects for larger-in the north probably selects for larger-bodied birds. As this map shows, sparrows bodied birds. As this map shows, sparrows in colder places are now generally larger in colder places are now generally larger than sparrows in warmer locales.than sparrows in warmer locales.

Resistance . . .Resistance . . . Science has documented many examples of the evolution of Science has documented many examples of the evolution of

resistance — of pests to pesticides, weeds to herbicides, and resistance — of pests to pesticides, weeds to herbicides, and pathogens to medicines — all of which are cases of pathogens to medicines — all of which are cases of microevolution by natural selection. In the case of antibiotic microevolution by natural selection. In the case of antibiotic resistance, for example, a bacterial strain's huge population resistance, for example, a bacterial strain's huge population size and short generation time mean that natural selection size and short generation time mean that natural selection acts quickly. In each bacterial generation, new mutations acts quickly. In each bacterial generation, new mutations and gene combinations are generated. If any of these confer and gene combinations are generated. If any of these confer resistance to a drug to which the bacteria are exposed, resistance to a drug to which the bacteria are exposed, natural selection will favor those gene versions. Over the natural selection will favor those gene versions. Over the course of many bacterial generations (a small fraction of a course of many bacterial generations (a small fraction of a single human lifetime), the bacteria adapt to our defenses, single human lifetime), the bacteria adapt to our defenses, evolving right out from under our attempts to rid ourselves evolving right out from under our attempts to rid ourselves of them.of them.

A few more examples of A few more examples of microevolutionmicroevolution

This general scenario has played out many, This general scenario has played out many, many times. Just a few examples include:many times. Just a few examples include:

mosquitoes evolving resistance to DDTmosquitoes evolving resistance to DDT

whiteflies evolving resistance to pesticideswhiteflies evolving resistance to pesticides

gonorrheal bacteria strains evolving gonorrheal bacteria strains evolving resistance to penicillinresistance to penicillin

HIV strains evolving resistance to antiviral HIV strains evolving resistance to antiviral medicinesmedicines

Macroevolution: What Macroevolution: What your science teacher calls your science teacher calls

“Evolution.”“Evolution.” Macroevolution generally refers to evolution above the Macroevolution generally refers to evolution above the

species level. So instead of focusing on an individual species level. So instead of focusing on an individual beetle species, a macroevolutionary lens might require beetle species, a macroevolutionary lens might require that we zoom out on the tree of life, to assess the that we zoom out on the tree of life, to assess the diversity of the entire beetle clade and its position on diversity of the entire beetle clade and its position on the tree.the tree.

Evolution on a large Evolution on a large scalescale

Macroevolution encompasses the grandest trends Macroevolution encompasses the grandest trends and transformations in evolution, such as the and transformations in evolution, such as the origin of mammals and the radiation of flowering origin of mammals and the radiation of flowering plants. Macroevolutionary patterns are generally plants. Macroevolutionary patterns are generally what we see when we look at the large-scale what we see when we look at the large-scale history of life.history of life.

It is not necessarily easy to "see" It is not necessarily easy to "see" macroevolutionary history; there are no firsthand macroevolutionary history; there are no firsthand accounts to be read. Instead, evolutionists accounts to be read. Instead, evolutionists reconstruct the history of life using all available reconstruct the history of life using all available evidence they have found in geology, fossils, and evidence they have found in geology, fossils, and living organisms.living organisms.

What do evolutionist What do evolutionist scientists say?scientists say?

Once we've figured out Once we've figured out whatwhat evolutionary events have evolutionary events have taken place, we try to figure out taken place, we try to figure out howhow they happened. they happened. Just as in microevolution, basic evolutionary Just as in microevolution, basic evolutionary mechanisms like mechanisms like mutation,mutation, migration, migration, genetic drift,genetic drift, and and natural selectionnatural selection are at work and can help explain are at work and can help explain many large-scale patterns in the history of life. many large-scale patterns in the history of life.

These scientists claim that basic evolutionary These scientists claim that basic evolutionary mechanisms — mutation, migration, genetic drift, and mechanisms — mutation, migration, genetic drift, and natural selection — can produce major evolutionary natural selection — can produce major evolutionary change if given enough time.change if given enough time.

Patterns in Patterns in macroevolutionmacroevolution

Stasis: Stasis: Many lineages on the tree of life exhibit stasis, Many lineages on the tree of life exhibit stasis, which just means that they don't change much for a long time, which just means that they don't change much for a long time, as shown in the figure to the right.as shown in the figure to the right.

In fact, some lineages have changed so little for such a long time In fact, some lineages have changed so little for such a long time that they are often called living fossils. Coelacanths comprise a that they are often called living fossils. Coelacanths comprise a fish lineage that branched off of the tree near the base of the fish lineage that branched off of the tree near the base of the vertebrate clade. Until 1938, scientists thought the coelacanths vertebrate clade. Until 1938, scientists thought the coelacanths went extinct 80 million years ago. But in 1938, scientists went extinct 80 million years ago. But in 1938, scientists discovered a living coelacanth from a population in the Indian discovered a living coelacanth from a population in the Indian Ocean that looked very similar to its fossil ancestors. Hence, the Ocean that looked very similar to its fossil ancestors. Hence, the coelacanth lineage exhibits about 80 million years’ worth of coelacanth lineage exhibits about 80 million years’ worth of morphological stasis.morphological stasis.


Character change: Character change: Evolutions claim that lineages can change Evolutions claim that lineages can change quickly or slowly. Character change can happen in a single direction, quickly or slowly. Character change can happen in a single direction, such as evolving additional segments, or it can reverse itself by such as evolving additional segments, or it can reverse itself by gaining and then losing segments. Changes can occur within a single gaining and then losing segments. Changes can occur within a single lineage or across several lineages. In the figure to the right, lineage lineage or across several lineages. In the figure to the right, lineage A changes rapidly but in no particular direction. Lineage B shows A changes rapidly but in no particular direction. Lineage B shows slower, directional change.slower, directional change.

Trilobites, animals in the same clade as modern insects and Trilobites, animals in the same clade as modern insects and crustaceans, are believed to have lived over 300 million years ago. crustaceans, are believed to have lived over 300 million years ago. As shown below, their fossil record suggests that several lineages As shown below, their fossil record suggests that several lineages underwent similar increases in segment number over the course of underwent similar increases in segment number over the course of millions of years.millions of years.


Lineage-splitting (or speciation)Lineage-splitting (or speciation): Patterns of lineage-: Patterns of lineage-splitting can be identified by constructing and examining a splitting can be identified by constructing and examining a phylogeny. The phylogeny might reveal that a particular lineage has phylogeny. The phylogeny might reveal that a particular lineage has undergone unusually frequent lineage-splitting, generating a "bushy" undergone unusually frequent lineage-splitting, generating a "bushy" tuft of branches on the tree (Clade A, below). It might reveal that a tuft of branches on the tree (Clade A, below). It might reveal that a lineage has an unusually low rate of lineage-splitting, represented by lineage has an unusually low rate of lineage-splitting, represented by a long branch with very few twigs coming off (Clade B, below). Or it a long branch with very few twigs coming off (Clade B, below). Or it might reveal that several lineages experienced a burst of lineage-might reveal that several lineages experienced a burst of lineage-splitting at the same time (Clade C, below).splitting at the same time (Clade C, below).


Extinction: Extinction: Extinction is extremely important in the Extinction is extremely important in the history of life. It can be a frequent or rare event within history of life. It can be a frequent or rare event within a lineage, or it can occur simultaneously across many a lineage, or it can occur simultaneously across many lineages (mass extinction). Every lineage has some lineages (mass extinction). Every lineage has some chance of becoming extinct, and overwhelmingly, chance of becoming extinct, and overwhelmingly, species have ended up in the losing slots on this species have ended up in the losing slots on this roulette wheel: over 99% of the species that have ever roulette wheel: over 99% of the species that have ever lived on Earth have gone extinct. In this diagram, a lived on Earth have gone extinct. In this diagram, a mass extinction cuts short the lifetimes of many mass extinction cuts short the lifetimes of many species, and only three survive.species, and only three survive.

http://evolution.berkeley.eduhttp://evolution.berkeley.edu

Is evolution true?Is evolution true?

We must examine evolution from both a Biblical We must examine evolution from both a Biblical perspective and a scientific perspective.perspective and a scientific perspective.

Evolution is sometimes referred to as “Darwinism” Evolution is sometimes referred to as “Darwinism” because the work of Charles Darwin in because the work of Charles Darwin in The Origin of The Origin of the Speciesthe Species is the work that sparked the concept . is the work that sparked the concept .

Darwin was open to many new and different ideas Darwin was open to many new and different ideas in his day, and many believe would be appalled at in his day, and many believe would be appalled at the way that “evolutionists” who believe in a theory the way that “evolutionists” who believe in a theory through which they filter scientific data refuse to through which they filter scientific data refuse to consider the possibility that scientific evidence may consider the possibility that scientific evidence may be interpreted differently.be interpreted differently.

Darwin did not answer Darwin did not answer the “question”the “question”

Although many would like to say he did, Darwin did Although many would like to say he did, Darwin did not identify the “origin” of anything.not identify the “origin” of anything.

Darwin focused on the processes he observed in Darwin focused on the processes he observed in science.science.

He did not determine who or what caused things to He did not determine who or what caused things to be.be.

Today, most evolutionists believe that the earth Today, most evolutionists believe that the earth cooled and formed into rock, which was rained upon cooled and formed into rock, which was rained upon for millions of years, creating a “soup” of chemicals. for millions of years, creating a “soup” of chemicals. The chemicals came together and formed the first The chemicals came together and formed the first living creatures, which have evolved into all the living creatures, which have evolved into all the species we see today.species we see today.

Where did we come from?Where did we come from?What does the Bible say?What does the Bible say?

Scientists and philosophers, theologians and Scientists and philosophers, theologians and common people have been trying to answer common people have been trying to answer this question throughout time.this question throughout time.

There are several arguments for the existence There are several arguments for the existence of God, besides the argument “The Bible says of God, besides the argument “The Bible says so.”so.”

These arguments are referred in the philosophy These arguments are referred in the philosophy of religion as “cosmological” and “teleological” .of religion as “cosmological” and “teleological” .

These arguments search for the “First Cause” These arguments search for the “First Cause” of the universe.of the universe.

Intelligent DesignIntelligent Design

The design model is a theory of origins The design model is a theory of origins asserting that all life forms were designed to asserting that all life forms were designed to experience only limited genetic variations experience only limited genetic variations (microevolution) in order to adapt to and (microevolution) in order to adapt to and survive the stresses caused by environmental survive the stresses caused by environmental changes. changes.

Darrel Kautz, The Origin of Living ThingsDarrel Kautz, The Origin of Living Things

There is a creatorThere is a creator

The Bible says there is a creator, who designed The Bible says there is a creator, who designed the earth. We will call God the “First Cause.”the earth. We will call God the “First Cause.”

In Genesis we know that God created our world In Genesis we know that God created our world and all the living things in the worldand all the living things in the world

Since the Bible is not a science book, it does not Since the Bible is not a science book, it does not address changes within species; only that an address changes within species; only that an intelligent, loving creator designed them all.intelligent, loving creator designed them all.

If this is true, and I believe it is, we become If this is true, and I believe it is, we become more involved with moral truth and more involved with moral truth and responsibility, than with random biological responsibility, than with random biological changes of species.changes of species.

Evolutionary theoriesEvolutionary theories

GradualismGradualism: Organisms change at a VERY slow pace : Organisms change at a VERY slow pace which moves from micro evolutionary changes to the which moves from micro evolutionary changes to the emergence of new life forms.emergence of new life forms.

Punctuated EquilibriaPunctuated Equilibria: Organisms remain relatively : Organisms remain relatively static for long periods of time, when sudden static for long periods of time, when sudden environmental pressures cause sudden punctuations, environmental pressures cause sudden punctuations, or the bursting forth of new life forms. or the bursting forth of new life forms.

Theistic EvolutionTheistic Evolution: Where God is the “First cause” but : Where God is the “First cause” but then macroevolutionary theory is his vehicle for then macroevolutionary theory is his vehicle for creation.creation.

MutationMutation: The method whereby one species : The method whereby one species transitions into a new species.transitions into a new species.

Mutation in Mutation in macroevolutionmacroevolution

Mutation is the most important component in Mutation is the most important component in macroevolution; this is the mechanism to produce macroevolution; this is the mechanism to produce the required upward progress in complexity. the required upward progress in complexity. There are serious problems with mutations.There are serious problems with mutations.

Mutations are random; not directedMutations are random; not directed

Mutations are rare.Mutations are rare.

Good mutations are very, very rare.Good mutations are very, very rare.

The net effect of all mutations is harmfulThe net effect of all mutations is harmful

Mutations affect and are affected by many genesMutations affect and are affected by many genes

Probability . . .Probability . . .

Scientists have proven that a organism composed Scientists have proven that a organism composed of only 100 integrated parts, with each part of only 100 integrated parts, with each part fulfilling a unique function, would have the fulfilling a unique function, would have the probability of a successful chance linkage of only probability of a successful chance linkage of only 1:10 1581:10 158thth power (that’s 10 with 150 zeros!) power (that’s 10 with 150 zeros!)

NASA researchers found that the simplest type of NASA researchers found that the simplest type of living protein molecule was made of a chain of at living protein molecule was made of a chain of at least 400 linked amino acids . . .least 400 linked amino acids . . .

The probability of a DNA molecule linking, with its The probability of a DNA molecule linking, with its thousands of functioning enzymes, is incredibly thousands of functioning enzymes, is incredibly improbable – 4improbable – 41000 1000 (which equals 10(which equals 10600600))

Intelligent Design’s Intelligent Design’s Progressive ModelProgressive Model

Stages Genesis Event

Verses Science

1-2 Creation of the space-time universe

1-5 Big Bang of cosmology

(light bursts forth from darkness)

2-3 - Earth formed

- Water begins to condense

- Global sea emerges

- Atmosphere created (expanses)

6-8 -Volcanic activity ends-Atmosphere forms over the sea (troposphere – greenhouse effect)



Verses Science

3-4 - Dry land created

- Earth-moon system created

- Atmosphere becomes transparent

- Single-celled plant life created by now

4, 9-10 -Origin of double planet system(theory of the origin of the moon from the earth who create a basin in the earth for water to gather to one side)



Verses Science

4-5 -Creation of sea animals (multicellular to amphibians/reptiles/winged animals)-Creation of Great reptiles (i.e. dinosaurs)

14-19 Cambrian explosion/age of fish (array of multicellular animals having the body plans of virtually all creatures that now swim, fly or crawl throughout the world.)



Verses Science

5-6 -Creation of land animals (domesticated livestock, non-domesticated-wild )-Creation of mammals/human life

24-27 -Age of amphibians/reptiles

-Age of mammals/humanity

Intelligent Design’s Young Intelligent Design’s Young Earth ModelEarth Model

The young earth model views creation The young earth model views creation from a literal 6 day, 24 hr. creation. from a literal 6 day, 24 hr. creation. The universe is created with the The universe is created with the appearance of age. Adam, for appearance of age. Adam, for example, was not created as a baby, example, was not created as a baby, but as a full-grown man with the but as a full-grown man with the appearance of age. The same can be appearance of age. The same can be said for the creation of wine at Cana, said for the creation of wine at Cana, Jesus created wine from water; a Jesus created wine from water; a process that normally takes time; the process that normally takes time; the wine had an appearance of age, wine had an appearance of age, despite having been created just despite having been created just moments prior. Supernatural events moments prior. Supernatural events are not subject to the physical world. are not subject to the physical world. The creation of the universe is a The creation of the universe is a supernatural event. Matter, space and supernatural event. Matter, space and time exploded into existence at God’s time exploded into existence at God’s creation of the universe.creation of the universe.

Young Earth ModelYoung Earth Model

Citation Bible Event

Genesis 1:1-2 (Preparation)

In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. The earth was without form, and void; and darkness was on the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God was hovering over the face of the waters.

Creation of matter, space, and time.

BIG BANG

Genesis 1:3-5 (Day 1) Then God said “Let there be light” and there was light. And God saw the light, that it was good; and God divided the light from the darkness. God called the light Day, and the darkness He called Night. So the evening and the morning were the first day.

Creation of light and its physical properties.

Young Earth ModelYoung Earth ModelCitation Bible Event

Genesis 1:6-8 (Day 2)

Then God said “Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters and let it divide the waters from the waters. Thus God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament; and it was so. And God called the firmament Heaven. So the evening and morning were the second day.

Condensation of matter to form the earth; Creation of the watery planet

Genesis 1:9-13(Day 3)

Then God said “Let the waters under the heavens be gathered together into one place and let the dry land appear;” and it was so. And God called the dry land Earth, and the gathering together of the waters he called the seas. And God saw that it was good. Then God said, “let the earth bring forth grass, the herb that yields seed, and the fruit tree that yields fruit according to its kind, whose seed is in itself, on the earth;” and it was so. . . . And God saw that it was good. So the evening and the morning were the third day.

The appearance of land, and separation from water.

Plants are created with genetic variety.

Young Earth ModelYoung Earth ModelCitation Bible Event


Then God said, “Let there be lights in the firmament of the heavens to divide the day from the night; and let them be for signs and seasons, for days and years; and let them be for lights in the firmament of the heavens to give light on earth.” and it was so. Then God made two great lights; the greater light to rule the day, and the lesser light to rule the night. He made the starts also. . . . And God saw that it was good. SO the evening and the morning were the fourth day.

The matter in the universe is organized and turned on. The light and light sources are created; the sun, moon, and stars.


Then God said, “Let the waters abound with an abundance of living creatures, and let birds fly above the earth across the face of the firmament of the heavens.” So God created great sea creatures and every living thing that moves, with which the waters abounded, according to their kind, and every winged bird according to its kind. And God saw it was good. And God blessed them, saying “Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the waters in the seas, and let birds multiply on the earth. So evening and the morning were the 5th day.

All varieties of birds, sea animals are crated with genetic variety and limitations (kind).

Citation Bible Event

Genesis 1:25-31(Day 6)

Then God said, “Let the earth bring forth the living creature according to its kind: cattle and creeping things and beast of the earth, each according to its kind;” and it was so. And God made [them]. . . . And God saw that it was good. Then God said, “Let Us make man in Our image, according to Our likeness; let them have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over the cattle, over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creeps on the earth. So God created man in His own image; in the image of God He created him; male and female He created them. Then God blessed them and God said to them, “Be fruitful and multiply; fill the earth and subdue it; have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the birds of the air, and over every living thing that moves on the earth.” And god said, “See I have given you every herb that yields seed which is on the face of all the earth, and every tree whose fruit yields seed to you it shall be for food. Also, to every beast of the earth, to every bird of the air, and to everything that creeps on the earth, in which there is life, I have given every green herb for food;” and it was so. Then God saw everything that He had made, and indeed it was very good. So the evening ad the morning were the sixth day.

Land animals and insects with genetic variety and kind are created. Man is created in the image of God (the First Cause)

Spotted in 1959 and Spotted in 1959 and photographed by a Turkish photographed by a Turkish air-force pilot.air-force pilot. Noah’s Ark?Noah’s Ark?

Noah’s Ark & the FloodNoah’s Ark & the Flood

The deposits of coal and oil under the Earth’s The deposits of coal and oil under the Earth’s surface show that living matter was covered by surface show that living matter was covered by sedimentary deposits – reasonably during the sedimentary deposits – reasonably during the great flood. Oil and coal are the remains of living great flood. Oil and coal are the remains of living matter that has died.matter that has died.

Fossils occur only if living matter is immediately Fossils occur only if living matter is immediately buried. The large number of fossils are the result buried. The large number of fossils are the result of a catastrophic event: the flood of Noah’s day.of a catastrophic event: the flood of Noah’s day.

Sea life fossils are on the top of Mount Everest, in Sea life fossils are on the top of Mount Everest, in addition to the rest of the mountain chains.addition to the rest of the mountain chains.

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