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mikrobiologi farmasiTRANSCRIPT
MIKROBIOLOGI FARMASI (11.4466)
Ridho Islamie, S.Farm., M.Si., Apt.
Faculty of Pharmacy University of Surabaya
2015
Virus onkogenik • Virus penyebab kanker (10% induksi virus) • Virus DNA onkogenik:
HSV-‐1 à Kanker bibir & mulut, HSV-‐2 & HPV à Serviks EBV à Kanker limfoma BurkiI, HBV à Kanker haK/liver
• Virus RNA onkogenik à Retroviridae: HTLV-‐1 & 2 (Retrovirus à leukimia sel T & limfoma)
CIRI KHAS VIRUS ONKOGENIK Material geneRk + DNA sel inang ! Integrated Replikasi ! kromosom sel inang Mengubah karakterisRk sel inang
Prion • A prion is a small infecKous parKcle that contains a protein without nucleic acids
• Protein infeksius à Nervous system • Scrapie à Domba • Mad cow disease à Penyakit sapi gila • The gene for PrPC is located on chromosome 20 in humans
• Recent evidence suggests that PrPC is involved in regulaKng cell death
How protein can be infecRous?
Conversion of a normal host glycoprotein called PrPC (for cellular prion protein) into an infecRous form called PrPSc (for scrapie protein).
Viroid • InfecKous RNA molecules • Circular à small • Single-‐stranded RNA molecules
à the smallest pathogens. • Viroids cause a number of
important plant diseases and can have a severe agricultural impact
• No viroids are known that infect
animals or prokaryotes.
Viroids and plant diseases
Causing • growth stunRng, • a flat top, • premature plant
death
Tomato
Potato
Viral Pathogenesis
Viral Pathogenesis is the process by which a virus infecKon leads to infecKous disease Viral Tropism
Viral tropism is the specificity of viruses to enter and infect parKcular host cells and is determined in part by the ability of viruses to bind to receptors on those cells.
Viral Pathogenesis Mechanisms: 1. Cara masuk virus ke dalam tubuh 2. Replikasi pada lokasi infeksi 3. Penyebaran virus dan mulKplikasinya
pada organ target dimana penyakit infeksi tsb terjadi
4. Diseminasi virus secara sistemik ke organ-‐organ lain diseluruh tubuh
Pathogenic ProperKes of Viruses
Factors that affect pathogenic mechanisms are: 1. Accessibility of virus to Kssue: PenetraKon
ability 2. Cell suscepKbility to virus mulKplicaKon
(Cytopathic Effects of Viruses) 3. Virus suscepKbility to host defenses: Viruses
have a variety of mechanisms that enable them to evade destrucKon by the host’s immune response
Cytopathic Effects of Viruses
• The visible effects of viral infecKon are known as cytopathic effects (CPE): 1. cytocidal effects ! cell death 2. noncytocidal effects ! cell damage
• CPEs are used to diagnose many viral infecKons • InfecKon of a host cell by an animal virus usually kills the host cell
• Death can be caused by 1. the accumulaKon of large numbers of mulKplying
viruses 2. the effects of viral proteins on the permeability of the
host cell’s plasma membrane 3. inhibiKon of host DNA, RNA, or protein synthesis
Infeksi virus pada target organ spesifik
Sistem Respirasi
Sistem Saraf
Organ HaR Sistem Pencernaan
Kulit & Mata
Sistem limfaRk & Kardiovaskular
Influenza H5N1 H1N1 Adenovirus Rhinovirus Coronavirus SARS
Rabies Polio
HepaKKs Rotavirus Calicivirus Astrovirus Torovirus Adenovirus
Cacar Herpes Varicella-‐ zoster Measles Rubella HPV
Epstein-‐Barr CMV HIV Demam kuning Dengue Ebola Chikunguya
Latent & Persistent Viral InfecKons
LATENT VIRAL INFECTION A virus can remain in equilibrium with the host and not actually produce disease for a long period, oaen many years. Chicken pox virus (varicella à cacar)
PERSISTENT VIRAL INFECTION A persistent or chronic viral infecRon occurs gradually over a long period. Typically, persistent viral infecKons are fatal. Measles à EncephaliKs
Pencegahan infeksi virus
• Imunisasi – Cara meningkatkan imunitas seseorang terhadap invasi m.o patogen/toksin
• Vaksin – Suspensi m.o/substansi m.o à induksi sistem imunitas
• Produk Immunoglobulin • Pemberantasan vektor virus & sanitasi lingkungan
Imunisasi
AkRf
Buatan: Vaksinasi
Alamiah: Infeksi virus, bakteri, dll
Pasif
Buatan: AnKtoksin, anKbodi
Alamiah: AnKbodi dr plasenta dan
kolostrum
Beberapa cara imunisasi untuk memperoleh kekebalan tubuh
Tipe & Jenis vaksin untuk mencegah virus
Jenis Vaksin Tipe vaksin
HepaKKs A AnKgen virus yang dimaKkan
HepaKKs B Rekombinan vaksin
Influenza AnKgen virus yang dimaKkan atau komponen virus
Adenovirus Kpe 4 & 7 AnKgen virus yang dilemahkan
Polio AnKgen virus yang dimaKkan
Japanese enchepaliKs AnKgen virus yang dimaKkan
Vaksin Oral Poliovirus AnKgen virus yang dilemahkan
Rabies AnKgen virus yang dimaKkan
Smallpox AnKgen virus yang dilemahkan
Varicella AnKgen virus yang dilemahkan
Demam kuning AnKgen virus yang dilemahkan
AnRviral Drugs
Fusion inhibitor
Interferons
Neuraminidase inhibitors
Nonnucleoside reverse
transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)
Nucleoside analogs
NucleoRde analogs
Protease inhibitors
RNA polymerase inhibitor
SyntheRc amines
AnRviral Drugs
Category/drug Mechanism of ac5on Virus affected
Fusion inhibitor EnfuvirKde
Blocks HIV–T lymphocyte membrane fusion
HIV
Interferons αβγInterferons
Induces proteins that inhibit viral replicaKon
Broad spectrum (host-‐specific)
Neuraminidase inhibitors Oseltamivir (Tamiflu®) Zanamivir (Relenza®)
Block acKve site of influenza neuraminidase
Influenza A & B
Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) Nevirapine
Reverse transcriptase inhibitor
HIV
NucleoRde analogs (NtRTI) Cidofovir Tenofovir (TDF)
Viral polymerase inhibitor Reverse transcriptase inhibitor HIV
Cytomegalovirus, herpesviruses HIV
Category/drug Mechanism of ac5on Virus affected
Nucleoside analogs (NRTI) Acyclovir Ganciclovir Trifluridine Valacyclovir Vidarabine
Viral polymerase inhibitors
Herpes viruses, Varicella zoster Cytomegalovirus Herpesvirus Herpesvirus Herpesvirus, vaccinia, hepaKKs B virus
Abacavir (ABC) Didanosine (dideoxyinosine or ddI) Emtricitabine (FTC) Lamivudine (3TC) Stavudine (d4T) Zalcitabine (ddC) Zidovudine (AZT)
Reverse transcriptase inhibitors
HIV HIV HIV HIV, hepaKKs B virus HIV HIV HIV
Ribavirin Blocks capping of viral RNA Respiratory syncyKal virus, influenza A and B, Lassa fever
AnRviral Drugs
Category/drug Mechanism of ac5on Virus affected
Protease inhibitors Amprenavir Indinavir Lopinavir Nelfinavir Saquinavir
Viral protease inhibitor
HIV HIV HIV HIV HIV
Pyrophosphate analog Phosphonoformic acid (foscarnet)
Viral polymerase inhibitor Herpesviruses, hepaKKs B virus
RNA polymerase inhibitor Rifamycin
RNA polymerase inhibitor
Vaccinia, pox viruses
SyntheRc amines Amantadine Rimantadine
Viral uncoaKng blocker
Influenza A Influenza A
AnRviral Drugs
Human Immunodeficiency Virus HIV
HIV 2 HIV 1
• The genome of the retrovirus is unique.
• It consists of two idenRcal
single-‐stranded RNA molecules of the plus (+) orientaRon
HIV-‐Genome
gag, encoding structural proteins; pol, encoding reverse transcriptase and integrase; and env, encoding envelope proteins
HIV Life Cycle 1. Binding/aeachment 2. Fusion 3. Reverse TranscriptaRon 4. IntegraRon 5. TranscripRon &
TranslaRon 6. Assembly 7. Budding
Summary: ReplicaKon of Retrovirus (HIV)
1. Entry into the cell by fusion with the cytoplasmic membrane at sites of specific receptors
2. Removal of the virion envelope at the cytoplasmic membrane, but the genome and virus-‐specific enzymes remain in the virus core
3. Reverse transcripRon of one of the two idenKcal genomic RNA molecules into a ssDNA that is subsequently converted by reverse transcriptase to a linear dsDNA molecule, which then enters the nucleus
4. IntegraRon of retroviral DNA into the host genome 5. TranscripRon of retroviral DNA, leading to the formaKon of viral
mRNAs and viral genomic RNA 6. Assembly and packaging of the two idenKcal genomic RNA
molecules into nucleocapsids in the cytoplasm 7. Budding of enveloped virions at the cytoplasmic membrane and
release from the cell
HIV Treatment
• The role of anKvirals is to slow or halt disease progression
• AnK Retrovirals à Prolonged the life expectancy of paKents, although not without some important side effects
• AnKretroviral treatments à reduce HIV plasma levels for as much and as long as possible
• Several anKretroviral drugs are usually given together to avoid emerging viral resistance
Highly AcRve AnR Retovirals Therapy (HAART)
• HAART is the name given to aggressive treatment regimens used to suppress HIV viral replicaKon and the progression of HIV disease
• HAART regimen combines three or more different drugs. 1. Two (2) NRTIs + (NNRTI) à First line
– Zidovudine + Lamivudine + Nevirapine 2. Two (2) (NRTIs) + a protease inhibitor (PI) à
Second line – Tenofovir/Abacavir + Didanosin + Saquinavir
References • Tortora GJ, Funke BR, Case CL, 2013, Microbiology an
IntroducRon, 11th ediRon, Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, USA
• Denyer SP, Hodges NA, Gorman SP, 2011, Hugo and Russell’s: PharmaceuRcal Microbiology, 8th ediRon, Blackwell Science Ltd., Blackwell Publishing Company, USA
• PraKwi ST, 2008, Mikrobiologi Farmasi, Erlangga, Jakarta
• Radji M, 2013, Buku Ajar Mikrobiologi Panduan Mahasiswa Farmasi dan Kedokteran, Penerbit Buku Kedokteran EGC, Jakarta
• Radji M, 2010, Imunologi & Virologi, PT. ISFI Penerbitan, Jakarta
Paper Work (10%) • Topik:
1. HepaRRs A,B,C virus 2. Influenza A,B,C virus 3. Human Papillomavirus
(HPV) 4. Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV
1 & 2) 5. Varicella-‐Zoster Virus (V2V) 6. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) 7. Virus H5N1 (Bird) & H1N1
(Pig) 8. Measles virus 9. Chicken pox virus 10. Rubella virus
• Content: – Struktur Virus – Siklus hidup Virus – Penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus serta patogenesisnya
– Vaksin atau anRvirus disertai mekanismenya (Obat)
Times New Roman (12), 1,5 space, A4 Maksimum 10 halaman sudah termasuk cover+judul dan daaar pustaka
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