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MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475, Caprese, d. 1564, Roma)

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Page 1: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475, Caprese, d. 1564, Roma)

Page 2: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Charles Darwin1809-1882

The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858)

The Descent of Man (1871)

Darwin: Evolution durch Selektion

Voyage of the Beagle (1839)

Page 3: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Zeit

Darwin: Evolution durch Selektion

Page 4: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Zeit

Darwin: Evolution durch Selektion

Fortpflanzung - Variation

Page 5: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Zeit

Darwin: Evolution durch Selektion

Fortpflanzung - Variation - “Vererbung” - Umwelt

Page 6: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Zeit

Darwin: Evolution durch Selektion

Fortpflanzung - Variation - “Vererbung” - Umwelt

Page 7: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Zeit

Darwin: Evolution durch Selektion

Fortpflanzung - Variation - “Vererbung” - Umwelt

Page 8: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Zeit

Darwin: Evolution durch Selektion

Fortpflanzung - Variation - “Vererbung” - Umwelt

Page 9: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Zeit

Darwin: Evolution durch Selektion

Fortpflanzung - Variation - “Vererbung” - Umwelt

Page 10: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Zeit

Darwin: Evolution durch Selektion

Fortpflanzung - Variation - “Vererbung” - Umwelt

Page 11: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Zeit

Darwin: Evolution durch Selektion

Fortpflanzung - Variation - “Vererbung” - Umwelt

Page 12: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Zeit

Darwin: Evolution durch Selektion

Fortpflanzung - Variation - “Vererbung” - Umwelt

Page 13: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Zeit

Fortpflanzung - Variation - “Vererbung” - Umwelt

Darwin: Evolution durch Selektion

Page 14: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

C. Darwin (1839) Voyage of the Beagle

Darwins Finken

Verschiedene Spezies ernährensich auf unterschiedliche Weise

(Samen, Insekten etc.)

Page 15: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Oswald T. Avery 1877-1955

DNA als Erbmaterial

Avery OT, MacLeod CM, McCarty M (1944) J. Exp. Med. 79: 137-158

Page 16: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

DNA als Erbmaterial

James D. Watson1928-

Francis H.C. Crick1916-

Watson JD, Crick FHC (1953) Molecular structure of Nucleic Acids.

Nature 171: 737-738

Page 17: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Kräfte der Evolution

Selektion Nachkommenzahl ist abhängig von der genetischen Ausstattung eines Organismus

Mutation Neue genetische Varianten entstehen durch Fehler bei der Verdopplung der DNA

“Drift” Die Nachkommenzahl von Organismenunterliegt zufälligen Schwankungen

65 Mio - heute (“Zeitalter der Säugetiere”)

530 Mio - 245 Mio (Vielfalt und Vergehen)

245 Mio - 65 Mio (“Zeitalter der Dinosaurier”)

2.5 Mrd - 530 Mio (Bakterien, erste Algen)

3.8 Mrd - 2.5 Mrd (erste Bakterien)4.5 Mrd - 3.8 Mrd (Entstehung des Sonnensystems)

Kanozoikum

Mesozoikum

Paläozoikum

Proterozoikum

Hadaikum

Archaikum

Prä

kam

briu

mP

han

ero

zoik

um

Page 18: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

1. Selektion

Ein Gen mit zwei Zuständen (“Allelen”) A und B

AA > AB > BB

Nachkommenzahl evolutionärer Effekt

A verdrängt B“direktionale Selektion”

AA > BB > ABA verdrängt B

oder B verdrängt A

AB > AA > BB A und B koexistieren“balanzierte Selektion”

Page 19: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Sichelzellanämie und Malaria

- “Wechselfieber”, “Sumpffieber”- 300 Millionen Patienten weltweit- 1-2 Millionen Todesfälle pro Jahr- verursacht durch Plasmodium falciparum- übertragen durch die Anophelesmücke- P. falciparum dringt in Erythrozyten ein und verzehrt Hämoglobin

Hämoglobin-ß-Gen (HBB)

Genotyp Phänotyp

AA normalAS 20-40% SichelzellenSS 100% Sichelzellen

Page 20: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

percentage HbS

>1412-1410-128-10

6-84-62-4

Sichelzellen für P. falciparumschwerer zu penetrieren

Heterozygotenvorteil

endemicfalsiparum malaria

Sichelzellanämie und Malaria

HbS Heterozygote weniger anfällig gegen Malariainfektion

Page 21: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

2. Mutation

Hugo de Vries 1848-1935

“Die Änderungen des zahlenmäßigen Verhältnisses zwischen vorhandenen

Pangenen und die Entstehung neuer Arten von Pangenen bilden

die Hauptursache der Variabilität.”

“Die Entstehung von Prämutationen muß teilweise interne und teilweise

externe Ursachen haben. Dieersteren entscheiden darüber,

was geschieht; die letzteren bestimmen,

wann es geschieht”

rückübersetzt aus dem Englischen

Page 22: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

2. Mutation

Einzelbasen-Austausche70%

Mikroläsionen (≤≤≤≤20 nt)23%

Makroläsionen (>20 nt)7%

(neutrale) Rate von Einzelbasenaustauschen2×10-9 pro Nukleotid pro Jahr

Page 23: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

3. Drift

1 2 3 4 5 6

231635

Page 24: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

3. Drift

1 2 3 4 5 6

231635

234114

Page 25: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

3. Drift

1 2 3 4 5 6

231635

234114

565346

Page 26: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

3. Drift

1 2 3 4 5 6

231635

234114

565346

122562

Page 27: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

3. Drift

1 2 3 4 5 6

231635

234114

565346

122562

435525

Page 28: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

3. Drift

1 2 3 4 5 6

231635

234114

565346

122562

435525

341253

Page 29: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

3. Drift

1 2 3 4 5 6

231635

234114

565346

122562

435525

341253

152626

Page 30: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

3. Drift

1 2 3 4 5 6

231635

234114

565346

122562

435525

341253

152626

Page 31: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

3. Drift

1 2 3 4 5 6

231635

234114

565346

122562

435525

341253

152626

1 2 3 4 5 6

211161

116344

Page 32: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

3. Drift

1 2 3 4 5 6

231635

234114

565346

122562

435525

341253

152626

1 2 3 4 5 6

211161

116344

1 2 3 4 5 6

253555

356611

341114

441434

461656Fixationswahrscheinlichkeit: 100%für rot bzw. grün jeweils: 50%mittlere Spieldauer: 7,2

Page 33: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Drift und Mutation im Gleichgewicht

He =4Nµµµµ

1+4Nµµµµ

He

10-4 - 10-6 pro Generation

HeterozygotiePopulationsgrößeGenmutationsrate

log10(N)1 2 3 4 5 6

He

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0 µ=10-4

µ=10-5

µ=10-6

Sewall Wright1889-1988

Page 34: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

“Bottlenecks” und “effektive Populationsgröße”

0 1 2 3 5 6 74 ... t-2 t-1 t

N0 N2

N4 N7

Nt-2 Nt

Page 35: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

“Bottlenecks” und “effektive Populationsgröße”

Ne = 1 t

1 Nii=0

t-1

Σ-1

0 1 2 3 5 6 74 ... t-2 t-1 t

N0 N2

N4 N7

Nt-2 Nt

Ne

“effektive Populationsgröße”

Homo sapiens: 10.000

Page 36: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Ordnung: Primaten

Mensch/Menschenaffen

Altwelt-Affen

Neuwelt-AffenTarsierLorisLemuren

AffenHalbaffen

Page 37: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Familie: Menschenaffen

Orang-Utan Gorilla Schimpanse/Bonobo Mensch

Mio yrs

0

5

10

15

20

Gibbon

Hominidenaufrechter, bipedaler Ganggroßes Gehirn

WerkzeugeSpracheKultur

Page 38: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Paläoanthropologie

Mary D. Leakey1913-1996

Louis S.B. Leakey1903-1972Proconsul africanus - der erste Affe

Alter: ca. 20 Mio yrs

Page 39: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Die HominidenArdipithecus ramidus

- ca. 4,4 Mio yrs- fragmentarische Fossilienfunde in Äthiopien (1994)- lange affenartige Zehen- und Fingerglieder- schimpansenähnliches Gebiß mit langen Reißzähnen- dünnes Zahnschmelz- Waldbewohner

Page 40: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Die HominidenAustralopithecus afarensis

- ca. 3-4 Mio yrs- “Lucy” von Donald Johanson entdeckt in

Äthiopien (1978)

- lange affenartige Zehen- und Fingerglieder- 430-440 ml Gehirnvolumen

- ausgeprägte Prognatie (fliehende Stirn, vorstehender Oberkiefer)

Page 41: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Die HominidenAustralopithecus africanus

- ca. 2,3-3 Mio yrs- “Taung Baby” von Raymond Dart

entdeckt in Süd-Afrika (1924)

- kleinere Reißzähnen als A. afarensis

- 440-480 ml Gehirnvolumen

- weniger ausgeprägte Prognatie als A. afarensis

- Arme länger als Beine- fehlender Schädelkamm

Page 42: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Die HominidenHomo habilis/rudolfensis

- ca. 1,6-2,3 Mio yrs- Fossilfunde in Süd- und Ostafrika, China

- graziler Schädel und Knochenbau- 630 ml Gehirnvolumen

- kleine Backenzähne

- hohe Stirn- fehlender Brauenkamm- Werkzeuge, Hütten

Page 43: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Die HominidenHomo erectus/ergaster

- ca. 30.000 - 1,8 Mio yrs- Fossilfunde in Afrika und Asien

- breites Gesicht- 800-1100 ml Gehirnvolumen

- fliehende Stirn

- dicker Schädelknochen- ausgeprägter Brauenkamm

Eugene Dubois1858-1940

Der “Java-Mann” (1891)

Page 44: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Die HominidenHomo neanderthalis (?)

- ca. 30.000 - 250.000 yrs

- Fossilfunde in Europa und Asien

- 1300-1750 ml Gehirnvolumen

- Brauenkamm

- kein Prognatismus

- starke Wangenknochen

- ausgeprägtes Kulturwesen (Werkzeuge, Kunst, Waffen, Bestattungen, Kleidung etc.)

Page 45: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution
Page 46: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Die HominidenHomo sapiens

- heute - ca. 200.000 yrs- weltweites Vorkommen/Funde

- 1400 ml Gehirnvolumen- kleiner “Brauenkamm”

- steile Stirn- graziler runder Schädel- kleine Frontzähnen - standardisierte Werkzeuge

in schnellem Wechsel

- Transport und Handel- Nicht-Stein-Industrie

- Siedlungen- Fischfang- wachsende Populationsdichte

Page 47: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Multiregionaler Ursprung

Afrika Europa Asien Australien

Afrika

2 M

io y

rs

homo erectus

homo sapiens

Page 48: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Multiregionaler Ursprung

Afrika Europa Asien Australien

Afrika

2 M

io y

rs

homo erectus

homo sapiens

Page 49: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

“Out of Africa”

Afrika Europa Asien Australien

Afrika

2 M

io y

rs

homo erectus

homo sapiens

Page 50: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

“Out of Africa”

Afrika Europa Asien Australien

Afrika

2 M

io y

rs

homo erectus

homo sapiens

Page 51: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Molekulare Anthropologie

Population DNA-Sequenz (21 nt)

Japan TATGCTACATACAGGATGCAGFinnland TATGCAACCTACAGGTTGCAGSchimpanse“outgroup”

CAGGCTACCAACCTGATACAT

Bantu TAGACTATCTACCGGATGTAG

B J F

BJF

- 156

14

7-

-18

3

Japan Finnland Bantu Schimpanse

1 2

2

3

5

t =-ln(1-P)

µµµµ

Page 52: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Die “molekulare Uhr”

mitochondrial DNA (maternale Vererbung)

- letzte gemeinsame Vorfahre vor ca. 200.000 Jahrenlokalisiert in Ost-Afrika

- engere Verwandtschaft zwischen Afrikanern undEuropäern als zwischen Europäern und Neandertalern

Y-chromosomale DNA (paternale Vererbung)

- letzter gemeinsamer Vorfahre vor ca. 200.000 Jahren - weltweite Ausdehnung “afrikanischer” Chromosomen- Rückmigration vor 10.000 bis 50.000 Jahren

autosomale DNA (Vererbung durch beide Geschlechter)

- letzte gemeinsame Vorfahren vor ca. 800.000 Jahren - afrikanischer Ursprung wahrscheinlich

Page 53: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Die Debatte bleibt offen ...

“Out of Africa” multiregional

mitochondrial Y-chromosomal autosomal½N ½N 2N

Page 54: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

Genetik und “Rasse”Mountain JL, Cavalli-Sforza LL (1997)

Am. J. Hum. Genet. 61: 705-718.

144 Individuen12 Populationen75 DNA-Polymorphismen

Page 55: MICHELANGELO di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni (b. 1475 ... · Charles Darwin 1809-1882 The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (1858) The Descent of Man (1871) Darwin: Evolution

The Dawn of Man ?