methods of research chapter 6 qualitative research typologies

8/16/2019 Methods of Research Chapter 6 Qualitative Research Typologies

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“We hate numbers, we don’t like


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Phenomenology

• deals with individuals’ (maybe 10-

15) lived experience on a

phenomenon or a problem in term

called ‘encounters’ !or example"you might interview 15 widows and

as# them to describe their

experiences o$ the deaths o$ their

husbands %ou might interview

students who have experiences and

encounters with ‘bullies’• $oundational &uestion' hat is the

meaning" structure and essence o$

the lived experience o$ this

phenomenon by an individual or by

many individuals

• search $or commonalities across

individuals (rather than only

$ocusing on what is uni&ue to a

single individual) !or example" what

are the essences o$ peoples*

experience o$ the death o$ a lovedone

Experiences with the‘unknown power’?


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+thnography

• $ocuses on describing the culture o$a group o$ people ,ote that a cultureis the shared attitudes" values"

norms" practices" language" ritualsand material things o$ a group o$people !or example" you mightdecide to go and live in angyancommunities and study their cultureand health practices %ou may livewith people who belonged to the

‘third sex’ to understand their lives"problems" coping mechanisms andali#e

• $oundational &uestion' hat are thecultural characteristics o$ this groupo$ people or o$ this cultural scene

• +thnology" the comparative studyo$ cultural groups

• +thnohistory" the study o$ thecultural past o$ a group o$ people

• +thnocentrism" .udging others

based on your cultural standards


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/ase study research

• $ocus on providing a detailed

account on one or more cases !oran example" you might study caseso$ drop out students and $ind out thereason why r you might study theli$e o$ the people in the garbagedumpsite area who later on becomesuccess$ul businessmen

• $oundational &uestion' hat are thecharacteristics o$ this single case ora comparison o$ many cases

• applies multiple methods o$ datacollection that are o$ten used in case

study research (eg" interviews"observation" ethnography" oralhistory" &uestionnaires" etc)

• $inal report is rich (eg" vivid anddetailed) and holistic (eg" describesthe whole and its parts) descriptiono$ the case and its context

Is it povert in our ownmakin?


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rounded theory

• done to generate and develop a

theory $rom data that the researcher

collects !or example" you might

collect data $rom 20-30 parents andwho have pulled their children out o$

public schools and develop a theory

explaining how and why this

phenomenon occurs" ultimately

developing a theory o$ school pull-

out r you might develop a theory

on how and why the people o$

arindu&ue are selling their votes to

the traditional and clan politicians

• $oundational &uestion' hat theory

or explanation emerges $rom an

analysis o$ the data collected about

this phenomenon

• $inal report should include a

detailed and clear description o$ thegrounded theory

"ulled out #romschool!


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Dimension Approach or Subtype

Phenomenology Ethnography Case Study Grounded Theory

Research

purpose

To describe one

or moreindividual’s

experiences o a

phenomenon

To describe the

culturalcharacteristics o

a group o people

or their culturalpractices !changes

To describe one

or more cases in"depth and

address the

research#uestions orissues

To inductively

generate atheory describing

and explaining a

phenomenon

Primary datacollection

$n"depthintervie%s %ith&'"&( people

Participant"observation)P*A+ %ith agroup o people

over an extended

period o time

,se o multiplemethods)intervie%s-document

analysis- P*A-

etc.+

$n"depthintervie%s %ith/'"0' people andobservation %ith

them

Data analysisapproach

1rite theirnarratives- getthe 2meanings’ otheir narratives

and identiy theessence o the

phenomenon

3olisticallydescribe themand loo4 orcultural themes

3olisticdescription )%ithcombination onarratives-

statistics-documents- etc+

and loo4 orcultural themes

5egin %ith opencoding o theresult ointervie%s and

observations-then axial coding

and end %ithselective coding

6arrative reportocus

Rich descriptiono thecharacteristicsand essences othe people’s

experiences

Rich descriptiono context andcultural themes

Rich descriptiono the cases’context- themes-issues and theirimplications

Description othe topic andpeople studiesand end %ith thepresentation o

the theory. 7ist

o propositionsmay also be


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4istoriography• about events that occurred in the past

!or example" you might study the use o$

corporeal punishment in schools in the

1th century %ou might study how

political clientilism becomes a culture inarindu&ue or how 6slamic extremism

occurred in 7ulu• not a mere accumulation o$ $acts and

dates or even a description o$ past

events•+thnohistory" the study o$ the culturalpast o$ a group o$ people" their past

indigenous" $ol#loric" rural" etc

#nowledges• Prosopography" the techni&ues are

more a#in to profiling o$ biographical

details ($amily bac#ground" childhood

events" educational bac#ground"

religion" etc) that are $ound in common

or in the aggregate among a group of

people—e.g. heads o$ states" political

leaders" generals" pro$essors" terroristsand8or elites in society

Wh a rise on extremism in the"hilippines?


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4ermeneutics• considered as both philosophy and a

speci$ic mode o$ analysis" provides

the philosophical grounding $or

interpretivism 9s a mode o$ analysis"

it suggests a way o$ understandingtextual data• primarily concerned with the

meaning of a text or text-analogue"

wherein its meaning can be cultural"

political" economic" geographical"

technological" social relationship"oppression" migration" etc :he basic

&uestion in hermeneutics is' What is

the meaning of this text? • +xample o$ hermeneutic analysis is

the case o$ ‘rurality’ 4ow ‘rurality’ as

a text-analogue is de$ined by both the

‘outsider’ and the ‘insider’ :he aim is

to dig out how the people ma#e sense

o$ ‘rurality’ as a whole and the

relationship between people and the

organisation among them;social"

political" economic" ecological" etc

$ow it is to be‘rural’?

What is ‘ruralit’?


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,arrative analysis • 9 narrative is a


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Participatory 9ction ?esearch• involves individuals and groups

researching their own personal

beings" socio-cultural settings and

experiences :hey re$lect on their

values" shared realities" collectivemeanings" needs and goals

@nowledge is generated and power is

regained through deliberate actions

that nurture" empower and liberate

persons and groups :he researcher

wor#s in partnership with participantsthroughout the research process• example o$ P9? study involved

researchers wor#ing with parents o$

children with physical disabilities to

discover environmental situations

which presented substantial

challenges to their children :hrough

$ocus groups and individual interviews

with number o$ $amilies" participants

identi$ied the environmental $actors

which supported or hindered the daily

activities o$ their children (Aaw" 12)

"'( involves roups o#

individuals researchin about acertain problem and later onre)ect and shared theirexperiences in eneratinknowlede*


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7econdary 9nalysis• the re-analysis o$ data that was

originally compiled by another

researcher $or other purposes than

the one the present researcher

intends to use it $or • example are compiled criminal

reports" which can be analysed to

understand the rise and $all o$

certain actor• o$ten" secondary analysis involve

adding an additional variable to anexisting dataset :his variable will be

something that the researcher

collects on their own" $rom another

dataset or $rom another source o$

in$ormation• related techni&ue is the meta-

analysis o$ several di$$erent studies

dealing with the same research

&uestion 6t is decidedly &uantitative"

but involves some o$ the same

sorting and coding techni&ues$ound in &ualitative research


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read m lectures!

methods of research chapter 6 qualitative research typologies

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