Microbial metabolites

ANTIBIOTICS (STREPTOMYCIN)

PRESENTED BY:MINHAZ AHMEDINT. MSC 6TH SEMBBI11014Tezpur University

WHAT?

• Primary and Secondary Metabolites: Primary metabolites are produced during active cell growth, and secondary metabolites are produced near the onset of stationary phase

• Antibiotics are produced industrially by a process of fermentation, where the source microorganism is grown in large containers (100,000 – 150,000 liters or more) containing a liquid growth medium.

WHERE THEY WORK?

Rifamycins

Cell wall

PenicillinsCephalosporinscycloserine

polymyxinssulfonamides

ChloramphenicolStreptomycintetracyclines

Ribosomes

capsule

cytoplasm

StreptomycinSecondary metabolite produced by Streptomyces griseus.Change in environment condition and substrate availability influence final product.In fermentation a soyabean based medium is used with glucose as carbon source.Nitrogen source is combined in soyabean meal, limits growth.After growth the antibiotic levels in the culture begin to increase.

Source: www.indiamart.com

Source: pubs.rsc.org

Phases during fermentation of streptomycin

PHASE 1: Rapid growth producing mycelial biomasss.Little

production of Streptomycin is obtained.

PHASE 2: Additional production of mycelium.Streptomycin accumulates

in the medium.

PHASE 3: Process has completed.Finally the mycelium is

separated by filtration and antibiotic recovered.

Proteolytic activity of the microbe releases NH3 to the medium from the soybean meal, causing a rise in pH

The glucose and NH3 released are consumed during this phase.The pH remains fairly constant-between 7.6 and 9.0.

Indian antibiotic companies: Hindustan Antibiotics Limited (HAL) Megmus pharmaceuticalDisadvantages of fermentation for antibiotics: Complex and Expensive nutrients required Isolation of product is difficult

Antibiotic Producing microorganism Cephalosporin Cephalosporium acrimonium Chloramphenicol Streptomyces venezuelae Erythromycin Streptomyces erythreus Griseofulvin Penicillium griseofulvin Penicillin Penicillium chrysogenum Streptomycin Streptomyces griseus Tetracycline Streptomyces aureofaciens Gentamicin Micromonospora purpurea

References:

• Industrial enzymes, structure function and application- julio Poliana and Andrew P. MacCabe(2007)

THANK YOU