metabolisme protein asam amino 12 (2)
DESCRIPTION
genk lapo 12TRANSCRIPT
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METABOLISME PROTEIN ASAM AMINOby: tielumphd
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H2NAminogroup
C
Side chain
R
H
C
O
OH
Carboxylgroup
Non-ionized form
STRUKTUR ASAM AMINO
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H
H H H H H HO O O H H O H H O
N C C N NC C C C
H CH3CH2
OH
N-terminus
N C C
CH2
C
O
OH
CH2
N C C
CH
CH3H3C
CH2
OH
H H O
N C C
H H O
N C C
H H O
N C C
CH2
SH
OH
C-terminus
POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN
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Menurut Bond (1979), seperti hal hewan-hewan lain ikan membutuhkan komponen-komponen nutrisi seperti protein, karbohidrat, lemak, vitamin, mineral dan air.
Berdasarkan Weatherly et al . (1987) kandungan nutrisi akan berpengaruh pasda tingkah laku, kesehatan, fungsi fisiologis, reproduksi dan pertumbuhan ikan. Zat-zat gizi oleh ikan akan digunakan untuk menghasilkan tenaga, mengganti sel-seltubuh yang rusak, dan juga untuk tumbuh.
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LITERATUR PROTEIN
Protein berasal dari bahasa Yunani proteios yang berarti “yang pertama” atau “yang terpenting”
Protein merupakan unsur yang sangat dibutuhkan oleh tubuh ikan, terutama untuk menghasilkan energi maupun untuk pertumbuhan( penelitian Watanabe, 1988)
Menurut Fujaya (1999), kebutuhan protein untuk ikan berbeda-beda menurut spesiesnya dan pada umumnya berkisar antara 20%--60%
Suprayudi et al . (1994) variasi dan kebutuhan akan protein dipengaruhi oleh jenis ikan, umur ikan, daya cerna ikan, kondisi
lingkungan, kualitas protein, temperatur air, dan sumber protein tersebut.
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LITERATUR PROTEIN
Ikan, terutama karnivora membutuhkan kandungan protein dalam pakannya mencapai sekitar 300% lebih tinggi dari pada kebutuhan protein pakan untuk hewan darat dan burung (NRC, 1983; Tacon & Cowey, 1985; Zonneveld et al ., 1991; Pillay, 1993)
Tingginya kebutuhan protein pakan bagi ikan disebabkan karena ikan cenderung menggunakan protein sebagai sumber energi dibandingkan karbohidrat dan lemak (Tacon & Cowey, 1985; Halver, 1989).
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Reaksi-reaksi Protein
Asam amino merupakan sumber utama untuk glukosa melalui jalur glukoneogenesis, tetapi gliserol dari trigliserida juga dapat digunakan.
Glukoneogenesis dan glikogenolisis penting untuk memback up sumber glukosa pada saat puasa.
Asam amino dalam tubuh terutama digunakan untuk sintesis protein. Tetapi, jika asupan glukosa rendah, asam amino dapat diubah menjadi glukosa melalui jalur yang disebut glukoneogenesis yaitu pembentukan glukosa baru dari prekursor nonkarbohidrat
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Struktur supramolekul
Protein asam nukleat polisakarida lipid
Asam amino nukleotida gula sederhana*) gliserol asam lemak
α- ketoacids ribosa pyruvat(C3) asetat (C2)C3, C4, C5 nitrogen pyruvat (C3)
Karbon (C), hidrogen (H), oksigen (O) Nitogen (N), fosfor (P), sulfur (S)
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Makanan (protein)
Asam Amino
HATI
ASAM KETO
UREA
S. AS SITRATSEL TUBUH
ESENSIAL
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Protein dalam
makanan
Asam Amino
A. A dalam darah
A.A. dl HATI (ektrasel)
A.A. Dalam darah A. A. dl Hati (intra sel)
PROTEIN
Senyawa N lain A. A. ektra sel
A. A. intra sel
PROTEIN
A. Keto Asam lemak S
urea
Sik. A. Sitrat A. Keto NH3
pencernaan
absorbsi
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karbohidrat lipid protein
Mulut: pencernaan mekanik & cairan ludah (enzim saliva)
poli/oligo/disakarida lipid prot & polipeptida
Lambung: enzim pepsin & lipase; asam lambung (HCl)
poli/oligo/disakarida lipid/trigliserida prot & polipeptida
Usus halus: cairan pankreas (tripsin, kimotripsin, karboksipeptidase, amilase, lipase, ribonuklease, deoksiribonuklease, kolesterol esterase); cairan empedu/hati; enzim kelenjar usus (aminopeptidase, dipeptidase, sukrase, mltase, laktase, fosfatase,
glukosidase); bakteri usus halus
monosakarida gliserol,as.lemak asam amino (gluk,frukt,galaktosa) as.fosfat
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Amino Acids
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20 AminoAcids
Note: VariableR Group
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Asam amino dalam darah/tubuh manusia
Jumlah asam amino dalam darah tergantung jumlah yang diterima dan jumlah yang digunakan
Proses absorbsi asam amino dalam dinding usus adalah proses transport aktif yang memerlukan energi (ATP,NADH,ADP)
Dalam keadaan berpuasa. Konsentrasi asam amino dalam darah 3.5-5 mg/ 100ml darah. Setelah ada asupan makanan menjadi 5-10mg/100ml darah. Dan turun kembali setelah 6 jam.
(standart untuk analisa SGPT dan SGOT)
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Alanine carries amino groups from muscle to the liver for excretion
Ala
α-keto- glutarate
pyruvate
CO2-
C=O
CH3
Glu
NH4+
glucose
CO2-
+H3N C H
CH3
urea
liver
Alaα-keto- glutarate
muscle protein
pyruvate
CO2-
C=O
CH3
Glu
amino acids
glucose
CO2-
+H3N C H
CH3
muscle blood O
H2N-C-NH2
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Reaksi metabolisme asam amino dalam tubuh
Meliputi reaksi pelepasan gugus asam amino Kemudian perubahan kerangka karbon
A1. transaminasi : Proses katabolisme asam amino berupa pemindahan gugus amino darisuatu asam amino ke senyawa lain (keto. Asam piruvat, ketoglutarat atau oksaloasaetat). Sehingga (keto)senyawa tersebut dirubah menjadi asam amino. Sedangkan asam amino dirubah menjadi senyawa keto)
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The first step in catabolism of most amino acids is transamination
α-ketoglutarate glutamate
α-keto acid
amino acid
The main function of transamination is to funnel amino groups into a small number of amino acids, particularly Glu & Asp.
Some amino transferases (“transaminases”) are specific for α-ketoglutarate and Glu; others use oxaloacetate and Asp.
CO2-
CO2-
C=OCH2
CH2
CO2-
CO2-
+H3N C H
CH2
CH2
CO2-
+H3N-C-H
R
CO2-
R
C=O
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Reaksi enzimatis pada asam amino
Enzim utama reaksi transaminasi adalah:Alanin transaminase alaninGlutatamat transaminase glutamat
A.2 Reaksi Deaminasi oksidatif:Asam glutamat dapat mengalami deaminasi
oksidatif mengunakan glutamat dehidrogenase, menghasilkan NH4+
NADP & NAD sebagai akseptor elektron
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The amino groups of glutamic acid and glutamine can be released as ammonia in liver mitochondria
H2ONAD+ or NADP+
Glu
α-keto acids
cellular protein
ingested protein
NADH or NADPH + H+
α-keto-glutarate
CO2-
+H3N C H
R
CO2-
CO2-
C=OCH2
CH2
CO2-
CO2-
+H3N C H
CH2
CH2
CO2-
C=O
Ramino acids
Gln from muscle & other tissue
NH4+ But ammonia is toxic,
particularly to neural tissue. Organisms must get rid of it.
CONH2
CO2-
+H3N C H
CH2
CH2
transaminases
glutamate dehydrogenase
NH4+
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Pembentukan Asetil koenzim A
Merupakan senyawa penghubung antara metabolisme asam amino dengan sikulus asam sitrat(merubah menjadi energi)
1. jalur asam piruvat
2. jalur asam asetoasetat
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AMINO ACID DEGRADATION INTERMEDIATESAMINO ACID DEGRADATION INTERMEDIATES
CO2
CO2
Pyruvate
Acetyl-CoA Acetoacetate
Citrate
Isocitrate
α-ketoglutarateSuccinyl-CoA
Fumarate
Oxaloacetate
CitricAcidCycle
CO2
Glucose
Ala SerCys Thr*Gly Trp*
Ile*Leu•
Lys•
Thr*
Leu• Trp*Lys• Tyr*Phe*
AsnAsp
AspPhe*Tyr*
Ile*MetVal
Arg HisGlu ProGln
Glucogenic
Ketogenic
* Both Glucogenic and Ketogenic
• Purely Ketogenic
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JALUR BIOKIMIA PRODUKSI Energi ENERGI
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Most mammals convert amino-acid nitrogen to urea for excretion
NH4+
ammonium ion
uric acid
H2N-C-NH2 urea
O
NH4+
O
O
HN
NH
NH
NH
O
most terrestrial vertebrates
birds & reptilesfish & other aquatic vertebrates
Some animals excrete NH4
+ or uric acid.
amino acidsThe carbon chains are broken down to molecules that feed into the TCA cycle.
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AMINO ACID BIOSYNTHESIS OVERVIEW(USE OF COMMON INTERMEDIATES)
GLUCOSE GLUC-6-PHOSPHATE RIB-5-PHOS→ HIS ↓ ↓ 3-PHOSPHOGLYCERATE SERINE ↓ ↓
↓ GLYCINE E-4-PHOS + PEPCYSTEINE
↓ ↓ PHE→TYR PYRUVATE ALA TRP ↓ VAL
CITRATE LEU, ILE ↓
OXALOACETATE, α-KETOGLUTARATE ASP, ASN, GLU, GLN, PRO, ARG, LYS, THR, MET
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Biosintesa protein (central dogma)
DNA RNA Protein
Replikasi
transkripsi translasi
RNA terdiri atas : mRNA (mesenger RNA)(5%)
rRNA (ribosomal RNA) (70%)
t RNA ( transfer RNA
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Protein Synthesis
Copyright 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 6-18
Gene expressionGene expression: information coded in a gene is used to : information coded in a gene is used to synthesize a product—a protein or a molecule of RNA.synthesize a product—a protein or a molecule of RNA.
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H2N
H
H
C CO
OH
Carboxylgroup
H2N
H
CH3
C CO
OHAminogroup
H2N
H
H
C
O
C N CC
HH
CH3
OH
O
Peptidebond
+ H2O+
FORMATION OF A DIPEPTIDE BY WAY OF A PEPTIDE BOND
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H
H H H H H HO O O H H O H H O
N C C N NC C C C
H CH3 CH2
OH
N-terminus
N C C
CH2
C
O
OH
CH2
N C C
CH
CH3H3C
CH2
OH
H H O
N C C
H H O
N C C
H H O
N C C
CH2
SH
OH
C-terminus
H2N
H
H
C CO
OHCarboxylgroup
H2N
H
CH3
C CO
OHAminogroup
H2N
H
H
C
O
C N CC
HH
CH3
OH
O
Peptidebond
+ H2O
H2N Gly Ala Ser Asp
N-terminus
21 3 54 6 7 8
Phe Val Tyr Cys
C-terminus
COOH
+
SUMMARY OF PROTEIN STRUCTURE
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TABLE 3.2 A Summary of Protein Structure
Level Description
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
The sequence ofamino acids
Formation ofα-helices and β-pleated sheets
Overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide
Quaternary Shape produced bycombinations ofpolypeptides
Stabilized by:
Peptide bonds
Hydrogen bonding betweenpeptide groups along thepeptide backbone
Bonds and other interactionsbetween R-groups, or between R-groups and thepeptide backbone
Bonds and other interactionsbetween R-groups, and between peptide backbonesof different polypeptides
Gly Ser Asp Gls
Example: Hemoglobin
PROTEIN STRUCTURE
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Several common functional groups in a single biomolecule.
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Last summary
Belajar biokimia nutrisi protein bukan hanya menghitung jumlah kalor dan hasil sintesa tetapi juga mempelajari jalur metabolisme asam amino tsb yang mencakup anabolisme dan katabolisme reaksi.
Adapted from Lehninger, mathew van holde, et al shg ppt ini dwi bahasa
Selamat belajar…