metabolism the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
TRANSCRIPT
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METABOLISMThe sum of all chemical
reactions in an organism.
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A. ANABOLIC = Involves building larger molecules from smaller ones (these are endergonic)
2 Kinds of Metabolic Reactions
Amino Acid + Amino Acid + Amino Acid Protein
B. CATABOLIC = Involves breaking down larger molecules into smaller ones (these are typically exergonic)
Protein Amino Acid + Amino Acid + Amino Acid
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ENERGY FOR LIFEENERGY is defined as, The ability to do
WORK2 Kinds of energy
1. POTENTIAL ENERGY- Stored energy eg. Energy stored in food
2. KINETIC ENERGY- Energy of Motion eg. Moving organism
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Did you see evidence of Kinetic Energy?
Time Lapse of Raddish Seed Germination
What is the source of the Kinetic Energy?
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Exergonic and Endergonic Reactions in Metabolism
• An exergonic reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy and is spontaneous
• An endergonic reaction absorbs free energy from its surroundings and is nonspontaneous
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
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Exergonic Reaction
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Exergonic Reaction
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Endergonic Reaction
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Where Does the Energy Come From For Activation And To Drive Endergonic Reactions?
ATPAdenosine Triphosphate
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Where Does ATP Come From?
It’s Made By Cells Using one of Two Methods
A. PHOTOSYNTHESIS
and B. RESPIRATION
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Energy Processes
• In photosynthesis, the products of one reaction get consumed in the next reaction. This series of reactions is called a biochemical pathway.
– Almost like many assembly lines connected together
• Equation for photosynthesis Carbon Dioxide + Water -> Oxygen + Biomolecules
(carbos. )
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Algae changes the world
• Early Earth had an atmosphere with no oxygen in it
• The only living things emitted oxygen as a waste product
• This changed the atmosphere
• Ironically, those species died
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chloroplasts
• Chloroplasts absorb light
• Flattened discs inside are called thylakoids
• Stacks of thylakoids = granum
• Fluid that all this is sitting in = stroma
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Lights, Chlorophyll, Action
• We see energy of different wavelengths as different kinds of color
• Pigments are compounds that absorb light
• If a color is absorbed it doesn’t reflect
• The color black absorbs most of the colors
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Pigments
• Chlorophyll is a pigment– It comes in two kinds a and b
• a absorbs more red light than b• b only helps a so its an accessory pigment• Green light is reflected from chlorophylls so
plants appear green
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absorption spectra of photosynthetic pigments
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Other pigments
• Carotenoids absorb other colors and reflect earth tones
• You don’t normally see it until chlorophyll dies• When does that happen during the year?
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Converting light Chemical Energy
• Pigments capture light• We’re going to store it in ATP & NADPH
– Oxygen is a waste product of this reaction
• Pigments are clustered in photosystems
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Steps of photosynthesis1. Electrons get excited in photosystem II, and they
want to leave.2. Primary electron acceptor is sitting next to
photosystem II, waiting to take those electrons3. There’s a chain of molecules waiting to grab these
electrons. Together, they’re all called the electron transport chain.
• Energy from this is used to make a concentration gradient of H+
4. More light comes into another photosystem, photosystem I, another set of electrons start getting passed along
5. Finally energy from the electrons getting passed along is used to put a hydrogen on NADP+ making it NADPH
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Electron transport, simplified a little
All going on in a thylakoid1. Chlorophyll a molecules in Photosystem II get
excited from light2. e- are passed to the primary e- acceptor3. e- go down an electron transport chain4. These e- come into Photosystem I because
Photosystem I just gave away a pair5. Another electron transport chain combines NADP+
with a Hydrogen atom to get NADPHNote where water gets split in all of this
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CHEMIOSMOSISCreating ATP using a membrane protein
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Chemiosmosis
• Part of the light reactions is the creation of ATP
• The energy for this comes from the concentration gradient of Hydrogen protons (H+)
• There are more H+ inside the cell than outside• ATP Synthase lets H+ out and harnesses energy
from that to make ATP
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We can’t let the plants get away with it
• The opposite of photosynthesis is cellular respiration
• Equation for cellular respirationBiomolecules + Oxygen -> Carbon Dioxide + Water
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Now You Should Be Able To:• Define Metabolism and give examples of 2 contrasting types of
metabolic reactions
• Give an example of organisms doing work • Explain how ATP performs cellular work
• Explain why an investment of activation energy is necessary to initiate the spontaneous reaction
• Describe the mechanisms by which enzymes lower activation energy
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• Explain where plants get the energy they need to do their work
• Explain the role of light and pigments in photosynthesis
• Explain the role of electron carrier molecules in photosynthesis
• State the overall equation for photosynthesis
• Identify factors that affect the rate at which photosynthesis occurs